SMART BILLING SYSTEM

A Major Project-II Report

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of
Degreeof Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and
Communication Engineering

Submitted to
RAJIV GANDHI PROUDYOGIKI VISHWAVIDYALAYA, BHOPAL (M.P.)

Major Project-II Report

Submitted by

Zohra Muneera (0157EC201093) Saral Bajpai (0157EC201070)

Yuvraj Singh Thakur (0157EC201092)

Under the Supervision of

Prof. Rahul Sharma Dr. Aparna Gupta
Project Guide Project In-Charge

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Lakshmi Narain College of Technology and Science, Bhopal
Session Jan-June 2023-24

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 Lakshmi Narain College of Technology and Science, Bhopal (M.P.)
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

VISION OF THE INSTITUTE

Being an Institute of Global repute producing technical professionals with innovative and
entrepreneurial mindset working for the mankind with ethics and moral values.

MISSION OF THE INSTITIUTE

• To develop infrastructural and teaching learning systems to create an ecosystem where global
standards of learning are attained with patriotism and human values.
• To facilitate and felicitate the learner for having close interaction with industries, research
organizations and incubation centers.
• To develop the young aspirant who creates and develop engineering systems and solutions for
the benefit of the mankind.
• To groom the learner in becoming technical professional abreast of ethics and moral values.

VISION OF THE DEPARTMENT

To be world-wide recognized for adopting and keeping innovation and entrepreneurship
mindset as abreast of learning to produce professionals as valuable, ethical and moral resource
for industry and society.
MISSION OF THE DEPARTMENT
• To establish an ecosystem where students could grow with innovative practices followed in
communication engineering.

• Adopt the global approaches to transform the young aspirant into engineering professional
catering the society with ethical and patriotic zeal.

• Facilitate and felicitate the learners to have close interactions with the industry experts and
researchers for keeping them updated of the current and future needs of the society.

• To develop the mindset of learners for being innovative and entrepreneurial in becoming
successful professional.

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 Lakshmi Narain College of Technology and Science, Bhopal (M.P.)
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEO’s)

PE01: The graduate will have the knowledge and skills of analog and digital
communication in providing necessary solutions to the real world problems.

PE02: The graduate will be able to design, develop, analyze and implement
the modern tools and systems involving principles of electronics and
telecommunication engineering.

PE03: The graduate will be following the ethical practices of the core
industry and supporting software industry in providing most acceptable
solution to the society.

PE04: The graduate will have the innovative mindset of learning and
implementing the latest technological advancements and research outcomes in
the electronic hardware and software to keep pace with the rapid
developments in socio economic world.

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 Lakshmi Narain College of Technology and Science, Bhopal (M.P.)
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSO’s)

PSO1: To analyze, design and develop solutions of real time problems and
industry needs.

PSO2: Ability of effectively communicating with the professionals and

preparation of reports, documents and presentation while working in teams.

PSO3: Knowledge and understanding of latest developments in the field of

VLSI, Embedded system, Networking, Matlab and other major tools
necessary for keeping pace with the industry.

PSO4: Ability of solving complex engineering problems with ethical and

law full approach to prevent the society and environment from adverse
impacts.

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 Lakshmi Narain College of Technology and Science, Bhopal (M.P.)
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the work embodied in this project entitled “SMART BILLING SYSTEM”
has been satisfactorily completed by ZOHRA MUNEERA, SARAL BAJPAI AND YUVRAJ
SINGH THAKUR. It is a bonafide piece of work, carried out under our guidance in the
Department of ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING,
LAKSHMI NARAIN COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE, Bhopal for the partial
fulfilment of the bachelor of technology during academic year Jan-June 2023-24.

Under the Supervision

Prof. Rahul Sharma Dr. Aparna Gupta

Project Guide Project In-Charge

Approved by

Dr. Soheb Munir

Head of the department

Forwarded by

Dr. V.N Bartaria

Principal, LNCTS

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 Lakshmi Narain College of Technology and Science, Bhopal (M.P.)
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

DECLARATION

We ZOHRA MUNEERA, SARAL BAJPAI AND YUVRAJ SINGH THAKUR Students of Bachelor of
Technology, Branch Electronics & Communication Engineering, LAKSHMI NARAIN COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE, BHOPAL hereby declare that the work presented in this Major Project
II “SMART BILLING SYSTEM” is outcome of our own work, is bonafide, correct to the best of our
knowledge and this work has been carried out taking care of engineering ethics. The work presented does not
infringe any patented work and has not been submitted to any university for the award of any degree or any
professional diploma.

Zohra Muneera (0157EC201093)

Saral Bajpai (0157EC201070)

Yuvraj Singh Thakur (0157EC201092)

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 Lakshmi Narain College of Technology and Science, Bhopal (M.P.)
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Words shall never be able to pierce through the Gamut's of emotions that are
Suddenly exposed during the routine of our college life. We would like to thank,
Prof. Rahul Sharma, Project Guide for guiding and correcting us at each instant
and for her continuous motivation. At the same time, we would also like to thank Dr.
Aparna Gupta, Project In-charge of Electronics and Communication
Engineering, for her well-wishes and also to provide her kind support and valuable
knowledge on the subject from time to time.

We express our heart-felt thankfulness to Dr. Soheb Munir, H.O.D. of Electronics

and Communication Engineering, LNCTS, Bhopal for his unfailure inspiration,
whole hearted co-operation and constant encouragement throughout the progress of
the dissertation and incisive comments gave immense confidence to complete the
work. Also, we are grateful to Dr. Ashok Kumar Rai, Director Administration,
LNCT Group for providing us a positive learning environment and Dr. V. N.
Bartaria Principal, LNCTS for giving us a chance to fulfill our potential.

Zohra Muneera (0157EC201093)

Saral Bajpai (0157EC201070)
Yuvraj Singh Thakur (0157EC201092)

VII
 CONTENTS
List of Abbreviations............................................................................................................ X
List of Figures………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..XI
List of Tables ......................................................................................................................XII
Photograph Of Project………………………………………………………………………………………………….XIII
ABOUT US ......................................................................................................................... XV
ABSTRACT .........................................................................................................................XVI
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION………………………………………………...1-4
1.1 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................... 2
1.2 BACKGROUND........................................................................................................ 3
1.3 OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................................ 3
1.4 SCOPE..................................................................................................................... 4
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW…………………………………………5-6
2.1 SMART SHOPPING CART WITH AUTOMATIC CENTRAL BILLING SYSTEM ............ 6
2.2 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF SUPERMARKET MANAGEMENT SYSTEM....6
2.3 RFID BASED ADVANCED SHOPPING TROLLEY FOR SUPERMARKET……………….…..6
2.4 OPTIMIZATION OF SHOPPING PRODUCT USING AUTOMATIC BILLING……………..6
2.5 AUTOMATIC BILLING FOR ENHANCED SUPERMARKET USING RFID………………….6
CHAPTER 3 WORKING……………………………………………………….7-10
3.1 WORKING ............................................................................................................. 8
3.2 STEPS OF COMMUNICATION .............................................................................. 8
3.3 MULTIPLE TAGS .................................................................................................... 9
3.4 TAG COLLISION PROBLEM ................................................................................... 9
3.5 ALGORITHM ......................................................................................................... 9
CHAPTER 4 INTRODUCTION TO RFID…………………………………...11-17
4.1 BASIC DEFINATION RFID ...................................................................................12
4.2 RFID VS BARCODE ..............................................................................................12
4.3 TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENTS IN RFID ......................................................13
4.4 ARCHITECTURE OF RFID. ……………………………………………………………………………….14
4.5 STANDARDS FOR RFID……………………………………………………………………………….…..15
4.6 AREA OF APPLICATION OF RFID…………………………………….……………………………….16

CHAPTER 5 HARDWARE TOOLS………………………………………….18-33

5.1 ARDUINO .......................................................................................................... 19
5.2 LCD………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......24
5.3 EM 18 RFID READER ....................................................................................... …26
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 5.4 RFIDTAG…………………………………………………….…………………..29

5.5 HC-12 TRANSCEIVER ......................................................................................... 31

CHAPTER 6 SOFTWARE TOOLS…………………………………………..34-38

6.1 ARDUINO ........................................................................................................ 35
6.2 SOFTWARE SERIAL LIBRARY ............................................................................... 37
6.3 LIQUID CRYSTAL 12C LIBRARY ............................................................................ 38
CHAPTER 7 METHODOLOGY…………………………………………….39-41
7.1 DESCRIPTION .................................................................................................... 40
CHAPTER 8 TESTING AND SIMULATION……………………………......42-45

8.1 TESTING AND SIMULATION…………………………………………………………………………..43

CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………....….46-47
CHAPTER 10 REFERENCE…………………………………………………48-49
10.1 REFERENCE………………………………………………………………………………………………….49
ANNEXURE I…………………………………………………………....50-51
IMPACT ON SOCIETY……………………………………………………………………………………..…….51
ANNEXURE II…………………………………………………………...52-53
ENVIORNMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY…………………………………………………………………53
ANNEXURE III…………………………………………………………..54-58
PRESENTATION SLIDES……………………………………………………………………………………..…54
ANNEXURE IV……………...………………………………..…………….59-65
PUBLISHED PAPER………………………………………………………………….60

IX
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

RFID – Radio Frequency Identification

LCD – Liquid Crystal Display

GND – Ground

NC – No Connection

VCC – Voltage Common Collector

ROM – Read Only Memory

LF – Low Frequency

HF – High Frequency

UHF – Ultra High Frequency

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 SMART BILLING SYSTEM

List of Figures
Figure (i) Checkin Message ..................................................................................XIII
Figure (ii) Checkout Message............................................................................... XIV
Figure 3.1 Communication Channel .......................................................................... 8
Figure 3.2 Flowchart ................................................................................................ 10
Figure 5.1 Arduino…………………………………………………………………21
Figure 5.2 Pin Diagram LCD………………………………………………………25
Figure 5.3.1 EM 18 Module ......................................................................................26
Figure 5.3.2 EM 18 Rfid Reader ...............................................................................26
Figure 6.3.3 RFID System Principle………………………………………………..28
Figure 5.4.1.RFID Tag……………………………………………………………. 29
Figure 5.4.2 RFID Tag Inside……………………………………………………....30
Figure 5.5.1 HC12 Transceiver ................................................................................ 32
Figure 5.5.2 Pin Diagram of HC-12………………………………………………..33
Figure 6.1 Software Installation(1)………………………………………………35
Figure 6.2 Software Installation(2)……………………………………………... 36
Figure 6.3 Software Installation(3)……………………………………………....36
Figure 7.1 Direction of flow of information in the Billing System…..………… 40
Figure 7.2 Direction of flow of information to Personal Computer……………..41
Figure 8.1 Interface of Smart Billing System……………………………………43
Figure 8.2 RFID Cards……………………………………………………….......43
Figure 8.1 Rice Card Scanned…………………………………………………... 44
Figure 8.1 Output of 1st Card…………………………….…………………….…44
Figure 8.1 Oil Card Scanned……………….…………………………………….45
Figure 8.1 Output of 2nd Card……………...……………………………….….…45

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 SMART BILLING SYSTEM

List of Tables

Table 5.1 Pin Specification Of Arduino .................................................................. 22-23

Table 5.2 Pin Specifications Of LCD .....................................................................….25
Table 5.3 Pin Configuration Of EM 18 Module..................................................... ….27

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 SMART BILLING SYSTEM

PHOTOGRAPH OF PROJECT

Fig (i)
Check in Message

XIII
 SMART BILLING SYSTEM

Fig(ii)
Check Out Message

XIV
 SMART BILLING SYSTEM

ABOUT US
My name is Zohra Muneera. At present I am pursuing the bachelor of technology in

electronics and communication engineering from Lakshmi Narain college of

technology & Science, Bhopal. I am an enthusiastic student, hardworking and love

to work on a team and supports teamwork.

My name is Saral Bajpai. At present I am pursuing the bachelor of technology in

electronics and communication engineering from Lakshmi Narain college of

technology & Science, Bhopal. I am an enthusiastic, punctual and hardworking

student, and love to work in a team and supports teamwork.

My name is Yuvraj Singh Thakur. At present I am pursuing the bachelor of

technology in electronics and communication engineering from Lakshmi Narain

college of technology & Science, Bhopal. I am enthusiastic, punctual and

hardworking student, and love to work in a team and supports teamwork.

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 SMART BILLING SYSTEM

ABSTRACT
The modern technology has increased the standard of living for the humans. This resulted in large crowds
at shopping malls. To handle the large crowd, we must reduce the process of the billing time. This is done
using smart shopping system based on RFID. Items that are put in a smart shopping cart are read one by
one and the bill is generated and displayed. After the final bill is generated, the customer pays the bill by
using their Pre charged cards provided by the shopping mall. The aim is to reduce the time consumption
needed for the billing system. The Internet of Things (IoT) is changing human lives by connecting
everyday objects together. For example, in a grocery store all items can be connected with each other,
forming a smart shopping system. In such an IoT system, an inexpensive RFID tag can be attached to each
product which, when placed into a smart shopping cart, can be automatically read bya cart equipped with
an RFID reader. As a result, billing can be conducted from the shopping cart itself, preventing customers
from waiting in a long queue at checkout. Additionally, smart shelving can be added into this system,
equipped with RFID readers, and can monitor stock, perhaps also updating a central server. Another
benefit of this kind of system is that inventory management becomes much easier, as all items can be
automatically read by an RFID reader instead of manually scanned by a laborer. To validate the feasibility
of such a system, in this work we identify the design requirements of a smart shopping system, build a
prototype system to test functionality, and design a secure communication protocol to make the system
practical, to the best of our knowledge.

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 SMART BILLING SYSTEM

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

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Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Lakshmi Narain College of Technology and Science, Bhopal
 SMART BILLING SYSTEM

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION
At the time, this vision required major technology improvements. After all, how would we connect
everything on the planet? What type of wireless communications could be built into devices? What
changes would need to be made to the existing Internet infrastructure to support billions of new devices
communicating? What would power these devices? What must be developed to make the solutions cost
effective? There were more questions than answers to the IOT concepts in 1999. Today, many of these
obstacles have been solved. The size and cost of wireless radios has dropped tremendously. IPv6 allows
us to assign a communications address to billions of devices . Electronics companies are building Wi-Fi
and cellular wireless connectivity into a wide range of devices. ABI Research estimates over five billion
wireless chips will ship in 2013.2 Mobile data coverage has improved significantly with many networks
offering broadband speeds. While not perfect, battery technology has improved and solar recharging has
been built into numerous devices. There will be billions of objects connecting to the network with the next
several years. For example, Cisco’s Internet of Things Group (IOTG) predicts there will be over 50 billion
connected devices by 2020. Shopping mall, which is a retail business, assume an imperative part in India's
financial improvement, there are still a few issues in its stock administration, grocery store stores,
settlement and different angles, genuinely confining the intensity of ventures. Shopping mall is a place
where people get their daily necessities ranging from food products, clothing, electrical appliances etc.
Sometimes customers have problems regarding the incomplete information about the product on sale and
waste of unnecessary time at the billing counters. Continuous improvement is required in the traditional
billing system to improve the quality of shopping experience to the customers .Now day’s numbers of
large as well as small shopping malls has increased throughout the global due to increasing public demand
& spending. At the time of festivals, special discounts, holidays, etc. there is a huge rush in shopping
malls. The use barcode reading technique in such situations always results in waste time since customer
has to wait till whole items get scanned. These advantages can be avoided by using IOT based intelligent
trolley proposed in this paper. This system uses RFID technique instead of barcode. Proposed system uses
separate RFID reader for each trolley and RFID Tag for each product. When customer buys any product
RFID reader reads the tag which is present on the product. The cost of product and the total bill of shopping
items can be displayed on LCD. IOT based intelligent trolley presented here is easy to use and does not
requires the special training to customers. RFID technique hasmany advantages over barcode systems.
RFID reader reads the tag from a distance of 300 feet whereas barcode can read the information at distance
not greater than 15 feet.

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Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Lakshmi Narain College of Technology and Science, Bhopal
 SMART BILLING SYSTEM

So the use of RFID is more useful than traditional barcode reading technique. Here use of RFID is
helpful for customer. Using this system, customer will have the information about price of every item
that are scanned in, total price of the item and also brief about the product. So use of this IOT based
intelligent trolley for shopping malls is helpful for customer as well as owners.

1.2 BACKGROUND
The Internet of Things may be a hot topic in the industry but it’s not a new concept. In the early 2000’s,
Kevin Ashton was laying the groundwork for what would become the Internet of Things (IOT) at MIT’s
Auto ID lab . Ashton was one of the pioneers who conceived this nation as he searched for ways that
Proctor & Gamble could improve its business by linking RFID information to the Internet . The concept
was simple but powerful. If all objects in daily life were equipped with identifiers and wireless
connectivity, these objects could be communicating with each other and be managed by computers. In a
1999 article for the RFID Journal Ashton wrote : “If we had computers that knew everything there was to
know about things using data they gathered without any help from us we would be able to track and count
everything, and greatly reduce waste, loss and cost . We would know when things needed replacing,
repairing or recalling, and whether they were fresh or past their best. We need to empower computers with
their own means of gathering information, so they can see, hear and smell the world for themselves, in all
its random glory. RFID and sensor technology enable computers to observe identify and understand the
world without the limitations of human entered data.”

1.3 OBJECTIVES

The proposed system objectives are

1. To make smart INDIA byavoiding long queues in shopping malls and to consume time.
2. To use less power technlogys and less expensive devices and fast communication wifi modules.
3. In the present-day shopping system one of the difficulties is to follow queue through the billing
process which is time consuming. Hence this project aims to reduce the average time spent by the
customer at the shopping mall by implementing automatic billing system using Rf- Idtechnology.

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Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Lakshmi Narain College of Technology and Science, Bhopal
 SMART BILLING SYSTEM

1.4 SCOPE
The automatic billing cart are often created automatic by implementing the sensors. By using this method
there will be no compelled to pull heavily pulled trolly’s. The trolly with the liquid crystal display screens
provides discounts and offers and that tally to merchandise automatically. conjointly liquid crystal display
is often supplied searching by that client get the precise data, merchandise gift totally at individual
locations. so, in future this communication system will replace with the Li-Fi technology that oversized
space and transforming data makes it eco-friendly.
RFID technology uses radio waves to automatically identify people or objects. After sixty years of
development RFID is being used in many fields. There are some problems needed to overcome before
RFID technology becomes widespread in the world. One major problem is the high costs, the other is
privacy issue. After avoiding problems, the RFID technology will be a big help to human. Price of RFID
tags are expected to decrease. RFID tags will only become cheaper and more powerful with improving
technology and design experience. Some standards for RFID system are under development. Also, there
is improvement in tag life expectancy and durability in past few years. The RFID technology brings new
opportunities as well as challenges to the AIDC infrastructure. Although RFID suffers from many
limitations but still Demand for RFID systems is increasing day by day. RFID tags can combine with
sensors of different kinds. This would allow the tag to report not simply the same information over and
over but identifying information along with current data picked up by sensors. Over times, the proportion
of ―scan-it-yourself‖ will increase. RFID technology does not replace barcode. This technology improves
barcode by adding functions which existing barcode technology fail to achieve

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Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Lakshmi Narain College of Technology and Science, Bhopal
 SMART BILLING SYSTEM

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

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Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Lakshmi Narain College of Technology and Science, Bhopal
 SMART BILLING SYSTEM

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Chandrashekhar P, Ms.T. Sangeetha “Smart shopping cart with automatic central billing system
through RFID and zigbee”
Radio frequency identification (RFID) is a rapidly growing technology that has the potential to make great economic
impacts on many industries. While RFID is a relatively old technology, more recent advancements in chip manufacturing
technology are making RFID practical for new applications and settings, particularly consumer item level tagging. These
advancements have the potential to revolutionize supply-chain management, inventory control, and logistics. At its most
basic, RFID systems consist of small transponders, or tags, attached to physical objects.

2.2 O.Obikoya,"Design and Implementation of Supermarket Management System"

In the 1980s the term complex adaptive system was coined at the interdisciplinary Santa Fe Institute by John H. Holland,
Murray Gell-Mann and others.
System is therefore an organized, purposeful structure that consists of interrelated and interdependent elements
(components, entities, factors, members, parts etc.). These elements continually influence one another (directly or
indirectly) to maintain their activity and the existence of the system, in order to achieve the goal of the system.

2.3 T. Manikandan, M. Aejaz, N. M. Nithin Krishna, A. P. Mohan Kumar and R. Manigandan, "RFID
based advanced shopping trolley for supermarket"
RFID has an edge over standard barcodes. This is owing to a severe drawback of line of sight technology as well as the
short lifespan of these barcode tags. RFID tags,on the other hand are resistant to tampering and can read and write
encrypted data.These tags can store large amounts of data, such as product information like unique product identifier,
product name, price and expiry date.

2.4 S. V. K. Lakshmi, R. V. Elatchiya, S. Balamurugan and V. Shanmugam, "Optimization of shopping

product strategy using automatic billing and machine learning-enabled smart trolley"
In this fast moving world people don’t want to waste their time in waiting. According to a study people mostly lose their
time for waiting in a grocery or shopping mall for billing. To overcome this difficulty fute cart would serve better. In fute
cart, scanning and billing of the product and also some additional utilisations can be done as soon as the product is put
into the cart. Preliminarily, the idea is to build a module which will automatically start billing when the product is
dropped into it.

2.5 A. Perumal, A. Vinoth, R. Sriraman and K. Kumar, "Automatic Billing Trolley for an Enhanced
Supermarket using RFI
Many customers find it challenging to wait in a lengthy line for the billing of their purchases. This results in financial loss
and a subpar bill for the incorrect consumer. In grocery stores or supermarkets, trolleys are utilised to make shopping
easier. By automatically identifying the products being added to the cart and pro Many customers find it challenging to
wait in a lengthy line for the billing of their purchases. This results in financial loss and a subpar bill for the incorrect
consumer. In grocery stores or supermarkets, trolleys are utilised to make shopping easier. By automatically identifying
the products being added to the cart and providing the relevant information on the user interface, the suggested smart cart
can make the shopping experience easier. Shopping malls are still popular, even if it is common to see individuals getting
excited about online shopping via e-commerce websites. There are many different types of shopping carts available in
malls and shopping centers. This study presents a technologically-assisted intelligent shopping cart that can recognise
products. The primary objective of this effort is to reduce wait times in congested supermarkets and other shopping
centres using an innovative cart system that makes use of RFID technology to provide an intelligent approach to the
billing process.viding the relevant information on the user interface, the suggested smart cart can make the shopping
experience easier. Shopping malls are still popular, even if it is common to see individuals getting excited about online
shopping via e-commerce websites. There are many different types of shopping carts available in malls and shopping
centers. This study presents a technologically-assisted intelligent shopping cart that can recognise products. The primary
objective of this effort is to reduce wait times in congested supermarkets and other shopping centres using an innovative
cart system that makes use of RFID technology to provide an intelligent approach to the billing process.

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Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Lakshmi Narain College of Technology and Science, Bhopal
 SMART BILLING SYSTEM

CHAPTER 3
WORKING

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Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Lakshmi Narain College of Technology and Science, Bhopal
 SMART BILLING SYSTEM

CHAPTER 3

WORKING
3.1 Working

Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is a technology that uses electromagnetic fields to automatically identify and track
tags attached to objects. The system consists of three main components: the RFID tag, the RFID reader, and the backend
database. The RFID tag, typically a small electronic device, contains a unique identifier and possibly other information.
When the tag passes within range of the RFID reader, which emits radio waves, it detects the tag and reads its
information. The reader then sends this data to the backend database for processing. RFID technology can be passive,
where the tag is powered by the electromagnetic field generated by the reader, or active, where the tag has its own power
source and can transmit data over longer distances. RFID systems are used in various applications such as inventory
management, access control, and supply chain tracking, offering benefits like increased efficiency, accuracy, and
automation. However, concerns about privacy and security have also been raised due to the potential for unauthorized
access and tracking of individuals or items.

3.2 Steps Of Communication through Communication Channel

1.Host manages Reader(s) and issues Commands
2.Reader and tag communicate via RF signal
3.Carrier signal generated bythe reader
4. Carrier signal sent out through the antennas
5. Antennas receive the modulated signal and send them to the Reader.
6.Reader decodes the data.
7.Results returned to the host application

Fig 3.1: Communication Channel

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Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Lakshmi Narain College of Technology and Science, Bhopal
 SMART BILLING SYSTEM

3.3 Multiple Tags

When multiple tags are in range of the reader,All the tags will be excited at the same time. Makes it very
difficult to distinguish between the tags.
Collision avoidance mechanisms:
• Probabilistic: – Tags return at random times
• Deterministic: – Reader searches for specific tags

3.4 Tag Collision Problem

Multiple tags simultaneously respond to query – Results in collision at the reader Several approaches
3.4.1 Tree algorithm
3.4.2 Memoryless protocol
3.4.3 Contactless protocol
3.4.4 I -code protocol

These are several approaches of algorithms and protocols used for the Tag collision problems.

3.5 ALGORITHM
Step 1: Initially the cart is reset.
Step2:Then the Rfid TAG is read by the reader.if the tag is read at odd number of time then the item is
added into the cart.
Step3:If the Rfid TAG is read at an even number of times it gets subtracted from the cart.
Step4:Again, after pressing the reset button the total billing amount is displayed on the LCD screen.
Step5: Then using the pre-charged cart the amount is debited form the cart.
Step6: After the final billing is done it is transmitted via HC-12 transmitter and it is observed at the
billing section by the respective person

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Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Lakshmi Narain College of Technology and Science, Bhopal
 SMART BILLING SYSTEM

Fig 3.2: Flowchart Of Algorithm In The System

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Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Lakshmi Narain College of Technology and Science, Bhopal
 SMART BILLING SYSTEM

CHAPTER 4
INTRODUCTION TO RFID

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Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Lakshmi Narain College of Technology and Science, Bhopal
 SMART BILLING SYSTEM

CHAPTER 4
INTRODUCTION TO RFID

4.1 BASIC DEFINATION OF RFID

RFID or Radio Frequency Identification System is a technology-based identification system which helps
identifying objects just through the tags attached to them, without requiring any light of sight between the
tags and the tag reader. All that is needed is radio communication between the tag and the reader. Radio
Frequency Identification (RFID) technology has been attracting considerable attention with the
expectation of improved supply chain visibility for both suppliers and retailers. It will also improve the
consumer shopping experience by making it more likely that the products they want to purchase are
available. As the technology keeps on changing day to day with the advancement of science new field of
technology is being implemented in industry. Previously before the introduction of Rfid technology,
barcodes have been implemented.

4.2 RFID VS BARCODE

The barcode has been introduced in the year 1932 a small group of students from Harvard University,
London first developed the concept of Automatic Product identification by passing a high intensity light
through Morse code. Which gradually developed to Bar-coding system from the year,1948 soon the bar-
coding technology opened for public use from 1967. In 1967, the first the first bar coding was introduced
to the retail world on a packet of Wrigley’s Gum. Thirty-eight years later the number of applications bar
code technology has exploded, going far beyond.
RFID advantages over barcodes.
1. No line of sight required for reading
2. Multiple items can be read with a single scan
3.Each tag can carry a lot of data (read/write)
4.Individual items identified and not just the category.
5.Passive tags have a virtually unlimited lifetime.

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4.3 TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCENMENTS IN RFID

The RFID chip has come a long way since its invention, see the journey below

1940's - Radar technology was used to identify enemy and friendly aircrafts in WWII. Technically this
was the first use of RFID
1948 - Scientist and inventor Harry Stockman creates RFID and is credited with the invention.
1963 - Inventor RF Harrington formulates new RFID ideas which include scattering data and
information.
1977 - The first RFID transmitting license plate is created.
2000 - By this time over 1000 patents have been submitted using the RFID technology.

Experts believe that Rfid will be ubiquitous in 20 years, this may be hard to believe if you are not one of
the business on the cutting edge of RFID technology but may have adopted this technology to reduce the
cost and streamline operation.
Radio frequency identification (RFID) is a general term that is used to describe a system that transmits
the identity (in the form of a unique serial number) of an object wirelessly, using radio waves. RFID
technologies are grouped under the more generic Automatic Identification (Auto ID) technologies. The
barcode labels that triggered a revolution in identification systems long time ago, are inadequate in an
increasing number of cases. They are cheap but the stumbling block is their low storage capacity and the
fact that they cannot be reprogrammed.
A feasible solution was putting the data on silicon chips. The ideal situation is contactless transfer of data
between the data carrying device and its reader. The power required to operate the electronic data carrying
device would also be transferred from the reader using contactless technology. These procedures give
RFID its name.
One grand commercial vision for RFID is to change the way demand-supply chain moves. In the current
almost stone-age scenario, manufacturer produces goods based on forecasts and hopes all of them will
beconsumed before the shelf life gets them.
Good, if the market is consistent. Horrible, if a sudden surge makes the supply fall short and hence
everyone in the chain miss on profits. Disastrous, if demand dies suddenly and losses are passed along
the chain.

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In a not so distant future, RFID enabled stores will monitor the consumption in real time. Shelf will signal
the inventory when it needs more stuff and inventory will pull supplies from the manufacturer based on
its level of stock. Simple concept, not-so-difficult implementation and revolutionary results in the
pipeline. That’s RFID, in short.

4.4 Architecture of RFID:

Before RFID can be understood completely, it is essential to understand how Radio Frequency
communication occurs. RF (Radio Frequency) communication occurs by the transference of data over
electromagnetic waves. By generating a specific electromagnetic wave at the source, its effect can be
noticed at the receiver far from the source, which then identifies it and thus the information.
In an RFID system, the RFID tag which contains the tagged data of the object generates a signal
containing the respective information, which is read by the RFID reader, which then may pass this
information to a processor for processing the obtained information for that application.
Thus, an RFID System can be visualized as the sum of the following three components:
1. RFID tag or transponder
2. RFID reader or transceiver
3. Data processing subsystem
An RFID tag is composed of an antenna, a wireless transducer and an encapsulating material. These tags
can be either active or passive. While the active tags have on-chip power, passive tags use the power
induced by the magnetic field of the RFID reader.
Thus, passive tags are cheaper but with lower range (<10mts) and more sensitive to regulatory and
environmental constraints, as compared to active tags.
An RFID reader consists of an antenna, transceiver and decoder, which sends periodic signals to inquire
about any tag in vicinity. On receiving any signal from a tag, it passes on that information to the data
processor. The data processing subsystem provides the means of processing and storing the data.

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4.5 Standards For RFID

Standards are critical in RFID. Be it payment systems or tracking goods in open supply chains.
A great deal of work has been going on to develop standards for different RFID frequencies and
applications.
RFID standards deal with the following: -
4.5.1 Air Interface Protocol - The waytags and readers communicate
4.5.2 Data Content - Organizing of data
4.5.3 Conformance - Tests that products meet the standard
4.5.4 Applications - How applications are used
The way the world has gone about developing the standards is a bit complex. There are two major and
somewhat conflicting organizations into the business - ISO and Auto-ID Centre (now handled by EPC
Global). Without going too much into the conflict, we'll review the standards proposed by both these
organizations.

Tags are required to be disposable (manufacturer may not get the tags back from the retailer to reuse it).
Hence, the primary mission for any standard developer is to make the tags low cost. It should operate in
UHF, as only UHF delivers read range needed for supply chain applications. And since the goods are
needed to be tracked as they move across the globe, the standards must be open and globally accepted.
There should also be an accompanying network architecture, which would enable anyone to look up
information associated with a serial number stored on a tag. The network too needs to be based on open
standards.

EPC standards for tags are the class 0 and class 1 tags:
Class 1: a simple, passive, read-only backscatter tag with one-time, field programmable non-volatile
memory.
Class 0: read-only tag that was programmed at the time the microchip was made.
Class 1 and Class 0 have a couple of shortcomings, in addition to the fact that they are not interoperable.
One issue is that they are incompatible with ISO standards. The new EPC standard ~V Gen2 is designed
to be fast tracked with ISO standards but for some disagreements over the 8-bit Application Family
Identifier (AFI).
ISO has developed RFID standards for automatic identification and item management. This standard,
known as the ISO 18000 series, covers the air interface protocol for systems likely to be used to track
goods in the supply chain. They cover the major frequencies used in RFID systems around the world.

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The seven parts are:

18000~V1: Generic parameters for air interfaces for globally accepted frequencies
18000~V2: Air interface for 135 KHz
18000~V3: Air interface for 13.56 MHz
18000~V4: Air interface for 2.45 GHz
18000~V5: Air interface for 5.8 GHz
18000~V6: Air interface for 860 MHz to 930 MHz
18000~V7: Air interface at 433.92 MHz

4.6 Area of Application of RFID

There are two main area of applications, defined broadly as proximity:
(short range) and vicinity (long range).
Long range or vicinity applications can generally be described as track and trace applications, but the
technology provides additional functionality and benefits for product authentication. RFID enables greater
automation of data collection process. Most companies spend considerable effort in knowing what’s in
their warehouse. RFID will help them dig deeper and much more easily, tracking to the detail of even each
unit, long after it has left the factory or warehouse. RFID allows all this data to be transferred securely.
Companies use independent suppliers, data from each of them can be carried on tags and uploaded to the
Company's central system. Imagine the control that the Company will have ona product's life cycle. The
creation of successes and defeats can be better understood. There have been numerous instances when
companies had to recall the entire product due to a fault in a minor component. Imagine the costs involved
in recalling a whole car for a mistake in the AC system! RFIDs can make such recalls much more focussed.
There would be better data about postproduction performance. A car could have individually tagged
components. Data could be collected everywhere, accident sites, repair shops, even the garage. Even inside
the factory, tags could enable faster and focussed fault tracing.

The Just in Time (JIT) practice followed by many companies, where components are used when they are
delivered and delivered just before being needed, can lead to out of stock situations. RFID will eliminate
the problem. The eventual aim of RFID in retail and manufacturing ~W eliminate the intermediary. A
perfect supply chain would require no distribution center. Products would be delivered directly from the
factory to the retail center.

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Some other areas where passive RFID has been applied in recent past are:
4.6.1 Person Identification
4.6.2 Food Production Control
4.6.3 Vehicle Parking Monitoring
4.6.4 Toxic Waste Monitoring
4.6.5 Valuable Objects Insurance Identification
4.6.6 Asset Management
4.6.7 Access Control
Short range or proximity applications are typically access control applications. Some main areas are:
4.6.8 Access control
4.6.9 Mass transit ticketing

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CHAPTER 5
HARDWARE TOOLS

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CHAPTER 5

HARDWARE TOOLS

5.1 Arduino

Arduino is a surface mount breadboard embedded version with integrated USB. It is a smallest, complete,
and breadboard friendly. It has everything that Diecimila/Duemilanove has (electrically) with more
analog input pins and onboard +5V AREF jumper. Physically, it is missing power jack. The Nano is
automatically sense and switch to the higher potential source of power, there is no need for the power
select jumper.
Nano’s got the breadboard-ability of the Boarduino and the Mini+USB with smaller footprint than either,
so users have more breadboard space. It’s got a pin layout that works well with the Mini or the Basic
Stamp (TX, RX, ATN, HC-12 Receiver GND on one top, power and ground on the other). This new
version 3.0 comes with ATMEGA328 which offer more programming and data memory space. It istwo
layers. That make it easier to hack and more affordable.

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Specifications:

Microcontroller : Atmel AT mega 328

Operating Voltage: 5V
Input Voltage: 7-12V
Input Voltage(limits): 6-20V
Digital I/O Pins: 14
Analog Input Pins: 8
DC Current per I/O Pin: 40 mA
Flash Memory: 32Kb
SRAM: 2Kb
EEPROM: 1Kb
Clock Speed: 16 Mhz
Dimensions: 0.701 x 1.701

Features:

• Automatic reset during program download

• Power OK Blue LED
• Green(TX) , Red(RX) and Orange (L) LED
• Auto Sensing/Switching Power Input
• Small mini USB for programming and serial monitor
• ICSP header for direct program download
• Standard 0.11 spacing DIP(Breadboard Friendly
• Manual reset switch

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The Arduino can be powered via the mini-B USB connection, 6-20V unregulated external power supply
(pin 30), or 5V regulated external power supply (pin 27). The power source is automatically selected to
the highest voltage source.
The key features are –
• Arduino boards are able to read analog or digital input signals from different sensors and turn it
into an output such as activating a motor, turning LED on/off, connect to the cloud and many other
actions. You can control your board functions by sending a set of instructions to the
microcontroller on the board via Arduino IDE (referred to as uploading software).
• Unlike most previous programmable circuit boards, Arduino does not• need an extra piece of
hardware (called a programmer) in order to load a new code onto the board. You can simply use
a USB cable.
• Additionally, the Arduino IDE uses a simplified version of C++,• making it easier to learn to
program.
• Finally, Arduino provides a standard form factor that breaks the• functions of the micro- controller
into a more accessible package.
BOARD DESCRIPTION

Fig 5.1: Arduino

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TABLE 5.1:Pin specification of Arduino

1 Power USB
Arduino board can be powered by using the USB cable from your computer. All you need to
do is connect the USB cable to the USB connection (1).
2 Power (Barrel Jack)
Arduino boards can be powered directly from the AC mains power supply by connecting it to
the Barrel Jack (2).
3 Voltage Regulator
The function of the voltage regulator is to control the voltage given to the Arduino board and
stabilize the DC voltages used by the processor and other elements.
4 Crystal Oscillator
The crystal oscillator helps Arduino in dealing with time issues. How does Arduino calculate
time? The answer is, by using the crystal oscillator. The number printed on top of the Arduino
crystal is 16.000H9H. It tells us that the frequency is 16,000,000 Hertz or 16 MHz.

5,17 Arduino Reset

You can reset your Arduino board, i.e., start your program from the beginning. You can reset
the UNO board in two ways. First, by using the reset button (17) on the board. Second, you
can connect an external reset button to the Arduino pin labelled RESET (5).
6,7,8,9 Pins (3.3, 5, GND, Vin)
3.3V (6) Supply 3.3 output volt
5V (7) Supply 5 output volt
Most of the components used with Arduino board works fine with 3.3 volt and 5 volt.
GND (8)(Ground) - There are several GND pins on the Arduino, any of which can be used to
ground your circuit.
Vin (9) - This pin also can be used to power the Arduino board from an external power
source, like AC mains power supply.
10 Analog pins
The Arduino UNO board has six analog input pins A0 through A5. These pins can read the
signal from an analog sensor like the humidity sensor or temperature sensor and convert it
into a digital value that can be read by the microprocessor.

11 Main microcontroller
Each Arduino board has its own microcontroller (11). You can assume it as the brain of your
board. The main IC (integrated circuit) on the Arduino is slightly different from board to
board. The microcontrollers are usually of the ATMEL Company. You must know what IC
your board has before loading up a new program from the Arduino IDE. This information is
available on the top of the IC. For more details about the IC construction and functions, you
can refer to the data sheet.

12 ICSP pin
Mostly, ICSP (12) is an AVR, a tiny programming header for the Arduino consisting of MOSI,
MISO, SCK, RESET, VCC, and GND. It is often referred to as an SPI (Serial Peripheral
Interface), which could be considered as an "expansion" of the output. Actually, you are
slaving the output device to the master of the SPI bus.

14 TX and RX LEDs
On your board, you will find two labels: TX (transmit) and RX (receive). They appear in two
places on the Arduino UNO board. First, at the digital pins 0 and 1, to indicate the pins
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responsible for serial communication. Second, the TX and RX led (13). The TX led flashes
with different speed while sending the serial data. The speed of flashing depends on the baud
rate used by the board. RX flashes during the receiving process.

15 Digital I/O
The Arduino UNO board has 14 digital I/O pins (15) (of which 6 provide PWM (Pulse Width
Modulation) output. These pins can be configured to work as input digital pins to read logic
values (0 or 1) or as digital output pins to drive different modules like LEDs, relays, etc. The
pins labeled I can be used to generate PWM.
16 AREF
AREF stands for Analog Reference. It is sometimes, used to set an external reference voltage
(between 0 and 5 Volts) as the upper limit for the analog input pins.

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5.2 LCD (LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY)

Types of LCDs include:
Twisted Nematic (TN)- which are inexpensive while having high• response times. However, TN displays
have low contrast ratios, viewing angles and color contrasts.
In Panel Switching displays (IPS Panels)- which boast much better• contrast ratios, viewing angles and
colour contrast when compared to TN LCDs.
Vertical Alignment Panels (VA Panels)- which are seen as a medium• quality between TN and IPS
displays.
Advanced Fringe Field Switching (AFFS)- which is a top performer• compared IPS displays in colour
reproduction range.
Many microcontroller devices use 'smart LCD' displays to output visual information. LCD displays
designed around LCD NT-C1611 module, are inexpensive, easy to use, and it is even possible to produce
a readout using the 5X7 dots plus cursor of the display. They have a standard ASCII set of characters and
mathematical symbols. For an 8-bit data bus, the display requires a +5V supply plus 10 I/O lines (RS RW
D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0). For a 4-bit data bus it only requires the supply lines plus 6 extra lines(RS
RW D7 D6 D5 D4). When the LCD display is not enabled, data lines are tri-state and they do not interfere
with the operation of the microcontroller.
FEATURES:
5.2.1 Interface with either 4-bit or 8-bit microprocessor.
5.2.2 Display data RAM
5.2.3 80x 8 bits(80 characters).
5.2.4 Character generator ROM
(5). 160 different 5 7 do-tmatrix character patterns.
(6). Character generator RAM
(7) 8 different user programmed 5 7 do-tmatrix patterns.
(8) Display data RAM and character generator RAM may be Accessed by the microprocessor.
(9) Numerous instructions
(10) Clear Display, Cursor Home, Display ON/OFF, Cursor ON/OFF, Blink Character, Cursor Shift,
Display Shift.
(11). Built-in reset circuit is triggered at power ON.
(12). Built-in oscillator

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PIN DESCRIPTION

Fig 5.2 : Pin diagram of 1x16 lines

TABLE 5.2 :Pin specifications of LCD:

PIN SYMBOL FUNCTION

1 Vss Power Supply(GND)
2 Vdd Power Supply(+5V)
3 Vo Contrast Adjust
4 RS Instruction/Data Register Select
5 R/W Data Bus Line
6 E Enable Signal
7-14 DB0-DB7 Data Bus Line
15 A Power Supply for LED B/L(+)
16 K Power Supply for LED B/L(-)

FEATURES:
• 5 x 8 dots with cursor
• Built-in controller (KS 0066 or Equivalent)
• + 5V power supply(Also available for + 3V)
• 1/16 duty cycle
• B/L to be driven by pin 1, pin 2 or pin 15, pin 16 or A.K (LED)
• N.V. optional for + 3V power supply

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5.3 EM-18 RFID READER:

EM-18 RFID reader is one of the commonly used RFID readers to read 125KHz tags. It features low cost,
low power consumption, small form factor and easy to use. It provides both UART and Wiegand26
output formats. It can be directly interfaced with microcontrollers using UART and with PCusing an
RS232 converter.

Fig 5.3.1:EM 18 RFID READER Module

Fig 5.3.2 EM 18 RFID READER

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TABLE 5.3: Pin configuration of EM-18 module

Pin Description
Number
VCC Should be connected to positive of power source.

GND Should be connected to ground.

BUZZ Should be connected to BUZZER

NC No Connection

NC No Connection

SEL SEL=1 then o/p=RS232

SEL-O then o/p= WEIGAND

TX DATA is given out through TX of RS232

DATA1 WEIGAND interface DATA HIGH pin

DATAO WEIGAND interface DATA LOW pin

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EM-18 FEATURES & SPECIFICATIONS:

• Operating voltage of EM-18: +4.5V to +5.5V
• Current consumption:50Ma
• Can operate on LOW power
• Operating temperature: 0ºC to +80ºC
• Operating frequency:125KHz
• Communication parameter:9600bps
• Reading distance: 10cm, depending on TAG
• Integrated Antenna

WORKING OF EM-18 RFID READER MODULE

The module radiates 125KHz through its coils and when a 125KHz passive RFID tag is brought into this
field it will get energized from this field. These passive RFID tags mostly consist of CMOS IC EM4102
which can get enough power for its working from the field generated by the reader.

Fig 5.3.3: RFID – System Principle

By changing the modulation current through the coils, tag will send back the information contained in the
factory programmed memory array.

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5.4 RFID TAG

Fig 5.4.1: RFID Tag

RFID tags are a type of tracking system that uses smart barcodes in order to identify items. RFID is short
for ―radio frequency identification,‖ and as such, RFID tags utilize radio frequency technology. These
radio waves transmit data from the tag to a reader, which then transmits the information to an RFID
computer program. RFID tags are frequently used for merchandise, but they can also be used to track
vehicles, pets, and even patients with Alzheimer’s disease.
An RFID tag may also be called an RFID chip. RFID tag includes microchip with radio antenna mounted
on substrate which carries 12 Byte unique Identification number.
There are two main types of RFID tags:
• Battery-operated
• Passive.

As the name suggests, battery-operated RFID tags contain an onboard battery as a power supply, whereas
a passive RFID tag does not, instead working by using electromagnetic energy transmitted from an RFID
reader. Battery operated RFID tags might also be called active RFID tags. Passive RFID tags are a much
more economical choice than active RFID tags, and cost around 20 cents each. This makes them a popular
choice for supply chain management, race tracking, file management, and access control applications.
While a passive RFID tag does not require a direct line of sight to the RFID reader,it has a much shorter
read range than an active RFID tag. They are small in size, lightweight, and can potentially last a lifetime.

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WORKING OF RFID TAGS

An RFID tag works by transmitting and receiving information via an antenna and a microchip — also
sometimes called an integrated circuit or IC. The microchip on an RFID reader is written with whatever
information the user wants.
Passive RFID tags use three main frequencies to transmit information: 125 – 134 KHz, also known as
Low Frequency (LF), 13.56 MHz, also known as High Frequency (HF) and Near-Field Communication
(NFC), and 865 – 960 MHz, also known as Ultra High Frequency (UHF). The frequency used affects the
tag’s range. When a passive RFID tag is scanned by a reader, the reader transmits energy to the tag which
powers it enough for the chip and antenna to relay information back to the reader. The reader then
transmits this information back to an RFID computer program for interpretation.
There are two main types of passive RFID tags:
• Inlays
• Hard tags.
Inlays are typically quite thin and can be stuck on various materials, whereas hard tags are just as the
name suggests, made of a hard, durable material such as plastic or metal.

Fig 5.4.2: RFID Tag Inside.

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APPLICATIONS:
Although RFID tags have similar applications to barcodes, they are far more advanced. For instance,
reading information from a RFID tag does not require line-of-sight and can be performed over a distance
of a few meters. This also means that a single tag can serve multiple readers at a time, compared to only
one for a bar code tag. These tags can be attached to almost any object. Although the usual target objects
are apparel, baggage, containers, construction materials, laundry and bottles, they also may be attached to
animals, humans and vehicles. Some RFID tags are designed for rugged, outdoor-based applications.
These are built to endure natural and incandescent light, vibration, shock, rain, dust, oil and other harsh
conditions. They are normally passive in that to function; they do not require batteries and can operate
24/7 without risk of power loss. Such heavy-duty tags are usually attached to trucks, cargo containers and
light rail cars for cargo tracking, fleet management, vehicle tracking, vehicle identification and supply
container tracking, among other.

5.5 HC-12 TRANSCEIVER

HC-12 wireless serial port communication module is a new-generation multichannel embedded wireless
data transmission module. Its wireless working frequency band is 433.4-473.0MHz, multiple channels
can be set, with the stepping of 400 KHz, and there are totally 100 channels. The maximum transmitting
power of module is 100mW (20dBm), the receiving sensitivity is -117dBm at baud rate of 5,000bps in
the air, and the communication distance is 1,000m in open space.
The module is encapsulated with stamp hole, can adopt patch welding, and its dimension is 27.8mm ×
14.4mm × 4mm (including antenna cap, excluding spring antenna), so it is very convenient for customers
to go into application system. There is a PCB antenna pedestal ANT1 on the module, and user can use
external antenna of 433M frequency band through coaxial cable; there is also an antenna solder eye ANT2
in the module, and it is convenient for user to weld spring antenna. User could select one of these antennas
according to use requirements. There is MCU inside the module, and user don’t need to program the
module separately, and all transparent transmission mode is only responsible for receiving and sending
serial port data, so it is convenient to use. The module adopts multiple serial port transparent transmission
modes, and user could select them by AT command according to use requirements. The average working
current of three modes FU1, FU2 and FU3 in idle state is 80μa, 3.6mA an 16mA respectively, and the
maximum working current is 100mA (in transmitting state).

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Fig 5.5.1:HC12 Transceiver

Si4463 Transceiver
The Si4463 provides the wireless communication in this circuit. It has a maximum transmit power of 20
dBm (100 Mw) and receive sensitivity of - 129 dBm. Two 64-byte Rx and Tx FIFO memories are built
into the chip along with a great many advanced features that are not implemented in the HC-12 design.
See the datasheet for more information on multiband operation, frequency hopping, etc.
The STM8S003FS Microcontroller
This is an 8-bit microcontroller with 8 kB of flash memory, 128 bytes of EEPROM, and a 10-bit ADC. It
supports UART, SPI, and I²C and has multiple I/O pins. It offers many of the same capabilities as its AT
Mega and XMC counterparts. It is programmed to control the Si4463 as well as handle the UART
communication between the HC-12 and whatever it isconnected to on the other end.
The HC-12 Transceiver Module
Combined with other components, the Si4463 and STM8S003 create the HC-12 transceiver, which
provides a 4-pin TTL-level UART interface (Vcc, Gnd, Tx, Rx), with a 5th pin that is used to enter
"command" mode for changing the module's configuration. The HC-12 has 100 supported channels
spaced 400 kHz apart, eight transmit levels, eight supported baud rates, and three different working
modes.

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FEATURES:
• Long-distance wireless transmission (1,000m in open space/baud rate5,000bps in the air)
• Working frequency range (433.4-473.0MHz, up to 100communication channels)
• Maximum 100mW (20dBm) transmitting power (8 gears of power can be set)
• Three working modes, adapting to different application situations
• Built-in MCU, performing communication with external device through serial port
• The number of bytes transmitted unlimited to one time
• Update software version through serial port

SPECIFICATIONS
• Working frequency: 433.4MHz to 473.0MHz
• Supply voltage: 3.2V to 5.5VDC
• Communication distance: 1,000m in the open space
• Serial baud rate: 1.2Kbps to 115.2Kbps（default 9.6Kbps）
• Receiving sensitivity: -117dBm to -100dBm
• Transmit power: -1dBm to 20dBm
• Interface protocol: UART/TTL
• Operating temperature: -40℃to +85℃
• Dimensions: 27.8mm x 14.4mm x 4mm

Fig:5.5.2: Pin diagram of HC12

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CHAPTER 6
SOFTWARE TOOLS

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CHAPTER 6

SOFTWARE TOOLS

6.1 Arduino
The open-source Arduino Software (IDE) makes it easy to write code and upload it to the board. It runs
on Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux. The environment is written in Java and based on Processing and
other open source software. This software can be used with any Arduino board .
INSTALLATION
In this project Arduino 4.0is installed. We can choose between the Installer (.exe) and the Zip packages.
If you use the first one that installs directly everything you need to use the Arduino Software (IDE),
including the drivers. With the Zip package you need to install the drivers manually. The Zip file is also
useful if you want to create a portable installation. When the download finishes, proceed with the
installation and please allow the driver installation process when you get a warning from the operating
system.

Fig 6.1
Choose the components to install

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Fig 6.2

Choose the installation directory (suggested to keep the default one)

Fig 6.3

The process will extract and install all the required files to execute properly the Arduino Software

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Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Lakshmi Narain College of Technology and Science, Bhopal
 SMART BILLING SYSTEM

6.2 Software Serial Library

The Arduino hardware has built-in support for serial communication on pins 0 and 1 (which also goes to
the computer via the USB connection). The native serial support happens via a piece of hardware (built
into the chip) called a UART. This hardware allows the AT mega chip to receive serial communication
even while working on other tasks, as long as their room in the 64 byte serial buffer.

The Software Serial library has been developed to allow serial communication on other digital pins of the
Arduino, using software to replicate the functionality (hence the name "Software Serial"). It is possible to
have multiple software serial ports with speeds up to 115200 bps. A parameter enables inverted signaling
for devices which require that protocol.
To use this library, we have to write
#include<SoftwareSerial.h>

Installation:
This can be installed in arduino ide using library manager(contains all libraries)

Limitations:
The library has the following known limitations:
• If using multiple software serial ports, only one can receive data at a time.
• Not all pins on the Mega and Mega 2560 support change interrupts, so• only the following can be
used for RX: 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 50, 51, 52, 53, A8 (62), A9 (63), A10 (64), A11 (65), A12
(66), A13 (67), A14 (68), A15 (69).
• Not all pins on the Leonardo and Micro support change interrupts, so• only the following can be
used for RX: 8, 9, 10, 11, 14 (MISO), 15 (SCK), 16 (MOSI).
• On Arduino or Genuino 101 the current maximum RX speed is57600bps
• On Arduino or Genuino 101 RX doesn't work on Pin 13

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Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Lakshmi Narain College of Technology and Science, Bhopal
 SMART BILLING SYSTEM

6.3 Liquid Crystal I2C library:

The library allows to control I2C displays with functions extremely similar to Liquid Crystal library. This
library allows an Arduino board to control Liquid Crystal displays (LCDs) based on the Hitachi HD44780
(or a compatible) chipset, which is found on most text-based LCDs. The library works with in either 4-
or 8-bit mode (i.e. using 4 or 8 data lines in addition to the rs, enable, and, optionally, the rw control
lines).
To use this library, we have to write
#include<LiquidCrystal.h>

INSTALLATION:
This can be installed in Arduino ide using library manager (contains all libraries).

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Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Lakshmi Narain College of Technology and Science, Bhopal
 SMART BILLING SYSTEM

CHAPTER 7
METHODOLOGY

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Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Lakshmi Narain College of Technology and Science, Bhopal
 SMART BILLING SYSTEM

CHAPTER 7

METHODOLOGY

7.1 DESCRIPTION

An RFID tag (of frequency 125khz) is attached to every product in the mall and the reader (EM-18) is
attached to the trolley. At the time of purchase, the tag attached to the product is scanned by the reader.
Each tag has a unique EPC. Based on the EPC received by the Arduino, the information of the product is
displayed on the LCD along with the updated cost. This information is also sent to central PC with the
help of HC-12 transmitter at the trolley and HC-12 receiver at the PC .If the customer wants to remove
the added product, the product should be scanned again. Then the cost of the corresponding product will
be deducted from the bill. The push button is provided at the trolley to indicate the end of the shopping.
On pressing of push button, the final bill is displayed on the LCD and the payment through pre-charged
card can be done. Recharged cards are unique RFID tags provided for each customer. These cards contain
the information such as the customer identification number and the balance available in the card.by
scanning pre-charged cards, payment is done at the trolley itself. Finally, LCD shows the balance available
in their card .This whole information is available on the serial monitor of central PC TRANSMITTER.

Fig : 7.1 Direction of Information Being sent in the System

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Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Lakshmi Narain College of Technology and Science, Bhopal
 SMART BILLING SYSTEM

Fig:7.2 Direction of information from HC-12 Receiver to Personal Computer

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Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Lakshmi Narain College of Technology and Science, Bhopal
 SMART BILLING SYSTEM

CHAPTER 8
TESTING AND SIMULATION

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Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Lakshmi Narain College of Technology and Science, Bhopal
 SMART BILLING SYSTEM

8.1 TESTING AND SIMULATION

Fig 8.1
Interface of Smart Billing System

Fig 8.2

Rfid Cards

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Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Lakshmi Narain College of Technology and Science, Bhopal
 SMART BILLING SYSTEM

Fig 8.3
Rice Card has been Scanned

Fig 8.4
Output of 1st Card

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Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Lakshmi Narain College of Technology and Science, Bhopal
 SMART BILLING SYSTEM

Fig 8.5
Oil Card has been scanned

Fig 8.6
Output of 2nd card

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Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Lakshmi Narain College of Technology and Science, Bhopal
 SMART BILLING SYSTEM

CONCLUSION

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Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Lakshmi Narain College of Technology and Science, Bhopal
 SMART BILLING SYSTEM

CONCLUSION

CONCLUSION

The Work done with the help of Rf-Id technology, EM-18 reader and Arduino. Its aim is to reduce the
time of billing in long queues so that the customers get benefited and the same time inventory management
becomes so easy. It can be implemented in shopping malls where there is a large crowd and huge rush
into malls. In the world of Automation, this automatic billing system plays a major role in the upliftment
of technology. This technology will replace the present barcode system which is present being followed.
Hence this technology can help people to make their lives easy and time saving too.

We detail the design of a complete system and build a prototype to test its functions. We also design a
secure communication protocol and present security analysis and performance evaluations.

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Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Lakshmi Narain College of Technology and Science, Bhopal
 SMART BILLING SYSTEM

CHAPTER 10
REFERENCE

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Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Lakshmi Narain College of Technology and Science, Bhopal
 SMART BILLING SYSTEM

CHAPTER 10
REFERENCE

10.1 REFERENCE
1. A conference paper on ―IoT Applications on Secure Smart Shopping System "by Ruinian Li, Tianyi Song,
Nicholas Capurso, Jiguo Yu, Jason Couture, and Xiuzhen Cheng

2. Hubert, M. blut, C. Brock,C.Backhaus and T. Eberhardt ―Acceptance of smart phone based mobile
shopping: mobile benefits, customer characteristics, perceived risks and the impact of application
context”,IEEE 2018

3. Chandrashekhar P, Ms.T. Sangeetha ―Smart shopping cart with automatic central billing system through
RFID and zigbee‖,IEEE,2014

4.O.Obikoya, "Design and Implementation of Supermarket Management System", Yaba College of

Technology, 2016.

5. R. Doshi, A. Sutar, S. Aher, S. Dalvi and B. R. Chandani, "RFID based smart trolley for automatic billing
system", International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing, vol. 7, no. 6

6. A. Perumal, A. Vinoth, R. Sriraman and K. Kumar, "Automatic Billing Trolley for an Enhanced
Supermarket using RFID", 2023 7th International Conference on Computing Methodologies and
Communication (ICCMC)

7. T. Manikandan, M. Aejaz, N. M. Nithin Krishna, A. P. Mohan Kumar and R. Manigandan, "RFID based
advanced shopping trolley for supermarket", Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences

8. R.Raffik, D. Rakesh, M. Venkatesh and P. Samvasan, "Supply Chain Control and Inventory Tracking
System using Industrial Automation Tools and IoT", 2021 International Conference on Advancements in
Electrical Electronics Communication Computing and Automation (ICAECA)

9. A. Kumar, A. Gupta, S. Balamurugan, S. Balaji and R. Marimuthu, "Smart shopping cart", 2017
International Conference on Microelectronic Devices Circuits and Systems (ICMDCS)

10. A.Yewatkar, F. Inamdar, R. Singh and A. Bandal, "Smart cart with automatic billing product information
and product recommendation using RFID and ZigBee with anti-theft", Procedia Computer Science

11. S. V. K. Lakshmi, R. V. Elatchiya, S. Balamurugan and V. Shanmugam, "Optimization of shopping

product strategy using automatic billing and machine learning-enabled smart trolley", IOP Conference Series:
Materials Science and Engineering

12. K. R. Ravindranath, A. I. Sanjay and C. M. Prashant, "RFID based supermarket shopping system", 2017
International Conference on Big Data IoT and Data Science (BID)

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Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Lakshmi Narain College of Technology and Science, Bhopal
 SMART BILLING SYSTEM

ANNEXURE I
IMPACT ON SOCIETY

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Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Lakshmi Narain College of Technology and Science, Bhopal
 SMART BILLING SYSTEM

ANNEXURE I
IMPACT ON SOCIETY

The proposal of “SMART BILLING SYSTEM” is very useful to our society. RFID technology is amongst
the most revolutionary technologies that will shape tomorrow’s pervasive retail sales. This technology
offers an important set of opportunities which improve the shopping experience of customers when
visiting any self-service stores. Indeed this technology is increasingly promising to the extent of a potential
replacement the barcode system as a new low cost RFID tag manufacturing procedures have emerged.
.

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Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Lakshmi Narain College of Technology and Science, Bhopal
 SMART BILLING SYSTEM

ANNEXURE II
ENVIORNMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY

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Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Lakshmi Narain College of Technology and Science, Bhopal
 SMART BILLING SYSTEM

ANNEXURE II

ENVIORNMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY

The project “Smart Billing System” is not only eco-friendly but also fulfills long term requirements. This
project is eco-friendly, does not produce much of e waste, as a single system can be reused for any other
customer as soon as it is used by the previous customer. This also provides more efficiency for billing an
efficient and correct amount of the purchased goods.

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Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Lakshmi Narain College of Technology and Science, Bhopal
 SMART BILLING SYSTEM

ANNEXURE III
PRESENTATION SLIDES

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Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Lakshmi Narain College of Technology and Science, Bhopal
 SMART BILLING SYSTEM

ANNEXURE III
PRESENTATION SLIDE

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Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Lakshmi Narain College of Technology and Science, Bhopal
 SMART BILLING SYSTEM

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Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Lakshmi Narain College of Technology and Science, Bhopal
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Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Lakshmi Narain College of Technology and Science, Bhopal
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Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Lakshmi Narain College of Technology and Science, Bhopal
 SMART BILLING SYSTEM

ANNEXURE IV
PUBLISHED PAPER

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Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Lakshmi Narain College of Technology and Science, Bhopal
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Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Lakshmi Narain College of Technology and Science, Bhopal
 SMART BILLING SYSTEM

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Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Lakshmi Narain College of Technology and Science, Bhopal
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Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Lakshmi Narain College of Technology and Science, Bhopal
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Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Lakshmi Narain College of Technology and Science, Bhopal
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Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Lakshmi Narain College of Technology and Science, Bhopal
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Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Lakshmi Narain College of Technology and Science, Bhopal