Technical Guide for Solid State Relays

CSM_SSR_TG_E_8_1

Overview of SSRs
■ What Are SSRs?
Difference between SSRs and SSRs (Representative Example of Switching
Mechanical Relays for AC Loads)
SSRs (Solid State Relays) have no movable contacts. SSRs are not
very different in operation from mechanical relays that have movable Triac
contacts. SSRs, however, employ semiconductor switching Input Output
elements, such as thyristors, triacs, diodes, and transistors. Light
Furthermore, SSRs employ optical semiconductors called
photocouplers to isolate input and output signals. Photocouplers Phototriac
change electric signals into optical signals and relay the signals coupler
through space, thus fully isolating the input and output sections while Triac
Phototriac coupler
relaying the signals at high speed.
Most SSRs are
SSRs consist of electronic parts with no mechanical contacts. No operation Long life No arcing
SPST-NO
noise
Therefore, SSRs have a variety of features that mechanical relays do
not incorporate. The greatest feature of SSRs is that SSRs do not
use switching contacts that will physically wear out.
SSRs are ideal for a wide range of applications due to the following

Zero cross function

Input circuit
performance characteristics.

Trigger circuit
• They provide high-speed, high-frequency switching operations.
• They have no contact failures.
• They generate little noise.
• They have no operation noise.

Configuration of SSRs
Isolated input circuit
High-speed, Minimal Heat A surge Leakage
high-frequency noise dissipation voltage current
switching generation is required. may damage
the elements.
Drive circuit Snubber circuit
Electrical isolation

Output circuit
Drive circuit
Input circuit

Input Output
terminals terminals

Semiconductor
SSR Circuit output element
Configuration
Diode, capacitor, resistor,

Power MOSFET, power

Diode, LED, resistor,

transistor, thyristor,
Resistor, capacitor,
Phototriac coupler

Input Output
terminals
and transistor

and transistor

terminals
Photocoupler

and varistor

and triac

SSR
Component
Configuration

Resistor LED Photocoupler Capacitor

Power transistor (for DC loads)

Power MOS FET (for AC and DC loads)
Thyristor (for AC loads)
Triac (for AC loads)

1
Electromagnetic Relay (EMR)
An EMR generates electromagnetic force when input voltage is
applied to the coil. The electromagnetic force moves the armature
that switches the contacts in synchronization. EMRs are not only
mounted to control panels, but also used for a wide range of
applications. The principle of the operation of EMRs is simple and it
is possible to manufacture EMRs at low costs.
Contact

Input Output

Electro-
magnetic
force Coil

Arc Contact failures

generation may result

Possible bouncing
and chattering

Contact

Multi-pole
construction possible

Service life of 100,000

Coil to 100,000,000
operations
Output
Operation noise

No leakage current

Input Wide ranges of power

supply voltages and
load power supply
Rated operating voltage voltages
± tolerance (10%)

2
Control of SSRs (ON/OFF Control, conventionally zero cross control. With conventional zero cross
control, however, the output remains ON continuously for a specific
Cycle Control, Optimum Cycle Control, period of time, whereas with optimum cycle control, the ON/OFF
status is determined each cycle to improve output accuracy.
Phase Control)
Precaution for Cycle Control and Optimum Cycle Control
ON/OFF control is a form of control where a heater is turned ON or With cycle control, inrush current flows five times every second
OFF by turning an SSR ON or OFF in response to voltage output (because the control cycle is 0.2 s). With a transformer load, the
signals from a Temperature Controller. The same kind of control is following problems may occur due to the large inrush current
also possible with an electromagnetic relay but if control where the (approximately 10 times the rated current), and controlling the
heater is turned ON and OFF at intervals of a few seconds over a power at the transformer primary side may not be possible.
period of several years, then an SSR must be used.
1. The SSR may be destroyed if there is not sufficient leeway in
With cycle control (G32A-EA), output voltage is turned ON/OFF at a the SSR rating.
fixed interval of 0.2 s. Control is performed in response to current 2. The breaker on the load circuit may be tripped.
output from a Temperature Controller in the range 4 to 20 mA.
The basic principle used for optimum cycle control is zero cross With phase control, output is changed every half-cycle in response to
control, which determines the ON/OFF status each half cycle. A current output signals in the range 4 to 20 mA from a Temperature
waveform that accurately matches the average output time is output. Controller. Using this form of control, high-precision temperature
The accuracy of the zero cross function is the same as for control is possible, and is used widely with semiconductor equip-
ment.

ON/OFF Control Cycle Control Optimum Cycle Control Phase Control

(High-accuracy Zero (Single Phase)
Cross Control)
ON/OFF status determined each half cycle.

ON OFF ON OFF OFF ON

2s 2s Half a cycle

Voltage output SSR + Temperature Current output Power

Temperature
SSR Temperature Current output SSR + Cycle EJ1 RS-485 G3ZA
Controller Controller controller
Controller Control Unit (PLC) communications Power
Controller

Enables low-cost, noiseless Enables noiseless operation Many heaters can be control Enables precise temperature
operation without maintenance with high-speed response. using communications. control and increases the
requirements. Enables noiseless operation heater’s service life.
with high-speed response.

Configuration and Operating Principle MOS FET Relay Names

of MOS FET Relays This type of product has a relatively short history, and companies
use a variety of names and brands. The following table shows
MOS FET relays are SSRs that use power MOS FETs in output examples for signals (equivalent to the G3VM).
elements. In order to operate the power MOS FETs, photodiode
arrays are used as light-receiving elements. When current flows into Manufacturer Name in catalog
the input terminal, the LED lights. This light generates a Toshiba Photo Relay
photoelectromotive force in the photodiode array, and this acts as a
gate voltage that turns ON the power MOS FET. By connecting 2 Matsushita Electric Works Photo MOS Relay
power MOS FETs using a source common, control of AC loads is NEC MOSFET Relay
possible. There are models for control of DC loads, which have just OKI Electric Industry Photo MOS Switch
one power MOS FET.
Okita Works Photo DMOS-FET Relay
Photodiode array
Power MOS FET HP Solid-state Relay
Drain
+ Gate
OMRON MOS FET Relay
Varistor
Control circuit

Source
Output
Input

LED

Gate

−
Drain
There is no varistor in the G3VM MOS FET relay for signalling.

3
■ SSR Internal Circuit Configuration Examples
Load Zero cross Isolation Circuit configuration Model
specifications function
AC load Yes (See Photo- G3H
Photocoupler
note 1.) coupler

Zero cross
Triac G3B

Trigger
Input Input Snubber Output

circuit
circuit
terminals circuit circuit terminals G3F
G3NA (AC input)
No Phototriac G3NE
Phototriac coupler G3J
Triac

Trigger
Input G3F

circuit
Input Snubber Output
terminals circuit circuit terminals
G3H
G3TA-OA
Yes (See Phototriac G3PA-VD
Photocoupler
note 1.)

Zero cross
Triac G3PE (single phase)

Trigger
Input Snubber Output

circuit
Input

circuit
terminals circuit circuit terminals G3NA (DC input)
G3NE
Yes (See Phototriac Phototriac G3PE-2(N) (three
Thyristor module
note 1.) coupler phases) (See note 2.)

Zero cross

Trigger
Snubber Output

circuit
circuit
circuit terminals
Input circuit

Input
terminals Phototriac
Thyristor module
coupler
Zero cross

Trigger
circuit
Snubber Output
circuit

circuit terminals

Yes (See Phototriac Phototriac coupler Thyristor module G3PE-3(N) (three

note 1.) phases) (See note 2.)
Zero cross

Trigger

Snubber Output
circuit
circuit

circuit terminals

Phototriac coupler Thyristor module

Input circuit

Zero cross

Input
Trigger

Snubber Output
circuit
circuit

terminals circuit terminals

Phototriac coupler Thyristor module

Zero cross

Trigger

Snubber Output
circuit
circuit

circuit terminals

Yes (See Photo- G3NA-4@@B

Thyristor module
note 1.) coupler Photocoupler
G3PH
Zero cross

Trigger

Input Input Snubber Output

circuit

G3PA-4@@B
circuit

terminals circuit circuit terminals

DC load --- Photo- Photocoupler

G3FD, G3HD-X03
coupler Counter
G3BD
circuit
Drive

Input Input Output electromotive

force
Output
terminals circuit transistor protective
diode
terminals G3TA-OD
G3NA-D
Photo- Photodiode G3HD-202SN
coupler
diode
circuit
Drive

coupler Input Input Output

Varistor
terminals circuit terminals

AC/DC load No Photo- Photodiode G3FM

coupler
diode
Output
circuit

circuit
Drive

coupler Input Input Output

Varistor
terminals circuit terminals

Note: 1. The zero cross function turns ON the SSR when the AC load voltage is 0 V or close to 0 V. SSRs
with the zero cross function are effective in the following ways.
• Clicking noise when a load is turned ON is reduced.
• Effects on the power supply are reduced by suppressing inrush current with loads, such as Output
lamps, heaters, and motors, thereby reducing inrush current protection circuits. (load voltage)

2. For 200-V models, use a triac on the output switching elements.

ON
Input
OFF

4
SSR Glossary
Glossary
Terms Meaning
Circuit Photocoupler Transfers the input signal while insulating inputs and outputs.
functions Phototriac coupler
Zero cross circuit A circuit which starts operation with the AC load voltage at close to zero-phase.
(Refer to page 4.)
Trigger circuit A circuit for controlling the triac trigger signal, which turns the load current ON and OFF.
Snubber circuit A circuit consisting of a resistor R and capacitor C that prevents faulty ignition from occurring in the
SSR triac by suppressing a sudden rise in the voltage applied to the triac.
Input Rated voltage The voltage that serves as the standard value of an input signal voltage.
Operating voltage The permissible voltage range within which the voltage of an input signal voltage may fluctuate.
Input impedance The impedance of the input circuit and the resistance of current-limiting resistors used. Impedance
varies with the input signal voltage for the constant current input method.
Must operate voltage Minimum input voltage when the output status changes from OFF to ON.
Must release voltage Maximum input voltage when the output status changes from ON to OFF.
Input current The current value when the rated voltage is applied.
Output Load voltage The effective supply voltage at which the SSR can be continuously energized with the output
terminals connected to a load and power supply in series.
Maximum load current The effective value of the maximum current that can continuously flow into the output terminals
under specified cooling conditions (such as the size, materials, thickness of the heat sink, and
ambient temperature radiating conditions).
Leakage current The effective value of the current that can flow into the output terminals when a specified load
voltage is applied to the SSR with the output turned OFF.
Output ON voltage drop The effective value of the AC voltage that appears across the output terminals when the maximum
load current flows through the SSR under specified cooling conditions (such as the size, materials,
thickness of heat sink, and ambient temperature radiation conditions).
Minimum load current The minimum load current at which the SSR can operate normally.
Charac- Operate time A time lag between the moment a specified signal voltage is imposed to the input terminals and the
teristics output is turned ON.
Release time A time lag between the moment the imposed signal input is turned OFF and the output is turned
OFF.
Insulation resistance The resistance between the input and output terminals or I/O terminals and metal housing (heat
sink) when DC voltage is imposed.
Dielectric strength The effective AC voltage that the SSR can withstand when it is applied between the input terminals
and output terminals or I/O terminals and metal housing (heat sink) for more than 1 minute.
Ambient operating The ranges of temperature and humidity in which the SSR can operate normally under specified
temperature and humidity cooling, input/output voltage, and current conditions.
Storage temperature The temperature range in which the SSR can be stored without voltage imposition.
Others Withstand surge current The maximum non-repeat current that can flow to the SSR. Expressed using the peak value at the
(See note.) commercial frequency in one cycle.
Counter-electromotive Extremely steep voltage rise which occurs when the load is turned ON or OFF.
force
Bleeder resistance The resistance connected in parallel to the load in order to increase apparently small load currents,
so that the ON/OFF of minute currents functions normally.
Note: This value was conventionally expressed as the “withstand inrush current”, but has been changed to “withstand surge current” because the
former term was easily mistaken for inrush current of loads.

5
Precautions for Correct Use of SSRs
■ Before Actual Operation 2. Inductive Noise
Do not wire power lines alongside the input lines. Inductive noise
1. The SSR in operation may cause an unexpected accident. may cause the SSR to malfunction. If inductive noise is imposed
Therefore it is necessary to test the SSR under the variety of on the input terminals of the SSR, use the following cables
conditions that are possible. As for the characteristics of the SSR, according to the type of inductive noise, and reduce the noise
it is necessary to consider differences in characteristics between level to less than the reset voltage of the SSR.
individual SSRs. Twisted-pair wires: For electromagnetic noise
2. The ratings in this catalog are tested values in a temperature Shielded cable: For static noise
range between 15°C and 30°C, a relative humidity range between A filter consisting of a combination of capacitor and resistor will
25% and 85%, and an atmospheric pressure range between 88 effectively reduce noise generated from high-frequency
and 106 kPa. It will be necessary to provide the above conditions equipment.
as well as the load conditions if the user wants to confirm the
ratings of specific SSRs.

■ Input Circuit
Input-side Connection
There is variation in the input impedance of SSRs. Therefore, do not

Load
connect multiple inputs in series. Otherwise malfunction may occur.
Filter
Input Noise
High-frequency
SSRs need only a small amount of power to operate. This is why the device
input terminals must shut out electrical noise as much as possible.
Noise applied to the input terminals may result in malfunction. The
following describes measures to be taken against pulse noise and Note: R: 20 to 100 Ω
inductive noise. C: 0.01 to 1 μF

1. Pulse Noise
A combination of capacitor and resistor can absorb pulse noise
Input Conditions
effectively. The following is an example of a noise absorption 1. Input Voltage Ripples
circuit with capacitor C and resistor R connected to an SSR.
When there is a ripple in the input voltage, set so that the peak
voltage is lower than the maximum operating voltage and the root
voltage is above the minimum operating voltage.
Peak voltage
Pulse width R
Root voltage
C
0V
E
Pulse voltage 2. Countermeasures for Leakage Current
When the SSR is powered by transistor output, the reset voltage
The value of R and C must be decided carefully. The value of R may be insufficient due to leakage current of transistor during
must not be too large or the supply voltage (E) will not be able to power OFF. To counteract this, connect bleeder resistance R as
satisfy the required input voltage value. The larger the value of C shown in the diagram below and set the resistance so that the
is, the longer the release time will be, due to the time required for voltage applied to both ends of the resistance is less than half of
C to discharge electricity. the reset voltage of the SSR.
Pulse width ( μ s)

Bleeder resistance R

0.0
1μ The bleeder resistance R can be obtained in the way shown
F
below.
E
R≤
IL−I
E: Voltage applied at both ends of the bleeder resistance = half of
Pulse voltage (V) the reset voltage of the SSR
IL: Leakage current of the transistor
Note: For low-voltage models, sufficient voltage may not be applied
to the SSR because of the relationship between C, R, and the I: Reset current of the SSR
internal impedance. When deciding on a value for R, check the
input impedance for the SSR.

6
 The actual value of the reset current is not given in the datasheet
and so when calculating the value of the bleeder resistance, use Applicable Input Impedance (Example)
G3CN
the following formula.
Reset current = Minimum value of reset voltage
for SSR
Input impedance

For SSRs with constant-current input circuits (e.g., G3NA, G3PA,

Input impedance (k Ω)
G3PB), calculation is performed at 0.1 mA. 10

Input current (mA)

The calculation for the G3M-202P DC24 is shown below as an
example.
1V Input current
Reset current I = = 0.625 mA
1.6 kΩ

Bleeder resistance R = 1 V × 1/2

IL - 0.625 mA Input impedance

3. ON/OFF Frequency
An SSR has delay times called the operating time and reset time.
Loads, such as inductive loads, also have delay times called the
operating time and reset time. These delays must all be
considered when determining the switching frequency. Input voltage (V)
4. Input Impedance
In SSRs which have wide input voltages (such as G3F and G3H), ■ Output Circuit
the input impedance varies according to the input voltage and
changes in the input current. For semiconductor-driven SSRs,
changes in voltage can cause malfunction of the semiconductor, AC ON/OFF SSR Output Noise Surges
so be sure to check the actual device before usage. See the • If there is a large voltage surge in the AC power supply where
following examples. SSRs are used, the CR snubber circuit built into the SSR between
the SSR load terminals will not be sufficient to suppress the surge,
Applicable Input Impedance for a Photocoupler-type SSR
without Indicators (Example) and the SSR transient peak element voltage will be exceeded,
G3F, G3H (Without Indicators) causing overvoltage damage to the SSR.
Varistors should generally be added because measuring surges is
often difficult (except when it has been confirmed that there is no
surge immediately before use).
• Built-in surge absorption elements are included only with the
G3NA, G3S, G3PA, G3PE, G3PC, G3NE, G3J, G3NH, G9H,
G3DZ, G3RZ, and G3FM. When switching an inductive load ON
Input impedance (k Ω)

Input current
and OFF, be sure to take countermeasures against surge, such as
Input current (mA)

adding a surge absorbing element.

• The following is an example of measures in which a surge voltage
absorption element has been added.
OMRON confirmed the amount of resistance for the SSR output at
the following impulse withstand voltage test conditions.
Conditions: Between all I/O terminals and heat sink: 6 kV
Between input terminals and output terminals: 4.5 kV
Between output terminals: 4.5 kV
Input impedance
Load

Input voltage (V) Varistor

Applicable Input Impedance for a Photocoupler-type SSR

with Indicators (Example)
G3B, G3F, G3H (With Indicators) Select an element which meets the conditions in the table below as
the surge absorbing element.

Voltage Varistor voltage Surge resistance

100 to 120 VAC 240 to 270 V 1,000 A min.
200 to 240 VAC 440 to 470 V
Input impedance (k Ω)

380 to 480 VAC 820 to 1,000 V

Input current (mA)

Input current
Output Connections
Do not connect SSR outputs in parallel. With SSRs, both sides of the
output will not turn ON at the same time, so the load current cannot
be increased by using parallel connections.

Input impedance

Input voltage (V)

7
DC ON/OFF SSR Output Noise Surges Selecting an SSR with Differing Loads
When an L load, such as a solenoid or electromagnetic valve is The following provides examples of the inrush currents for different
connected, connect a diode that prevents counter-electromotive loads.
force. If the counter-electromotive force exceeds the withstand
voltage of the SSR output element, it could result in damage to the AC Load and Inrush Current
SSR output element. To prevent this, insert the element parallel to
the load, as shown in the following diagram and table. Load Sole- Incan- Motor Relay Capaci- Resis-
noid descent tor tance
lamp load

Load
Inrush Approx. Approx. Approx. Approx. Approx. 1
current/ 10 times 10 to 15 5 to 10 2 to 3 20 to 50
Normal times times times times
current
As an absorption element, the diode is the most effective at Wave-
suppressing the counter-electromotive force. The release time for the form

Inrush current
solenoid or electromagnetic valve will, however, increase. Be sure to
check the circuit before use. To shorten the time, connect a Zener

Normal current
diode and a regular diode in series. The release time will be
shortened at the same rate that the Zener voltage (Vz) of the Zener
diode is increased.

Table 1. Absorption Element Example

Absorption
element
Diode Diode + Varistor CR
Zener diode
Effective- ❍ ❍ Δ ×
ness 1. Heater Load (Resistive Load)
Load without an inrush current. Generally used together with a
voltage-output temperature controller for heater ON/OFF
switching. When used with an SSR with zero cross function,
suppresses most noise generated. This type of load does not,
however, include all-metal and ceramic heaters. Since the
resistance values at normal temperatures of all-metal and
(Reference) ceramic heaters are low, an overcurrent will occur in the SSR,
1. Selecting a Diode causing damage. For switching of all-metal and ceramic heaters,
Withstand voltage = VRM ≥ Power supply voltage × 2 select a Power Controller (G3PX) with a long soft-start time, or a
Forward current = IF ≥ Load current constant-current type SSR.
2. Selecting a Zener Diode Heater load
Zener voltage = Vz < (SSR’s connector − emitter voltage)* − Temperature
(Power supply voltage + 2 V) Controller
Zener surge reverse power = PRSM > Vz × Load current × Safety (voltage-output
type)
factor (2 to 3)
Note: When the Zener voltage is increased (Vz), the Zener diode 2. Lamp Load
capacity (PRSM) is also increased. Large inrush current flows through incandescent lamps, halogen
lamps, and so on (approx. 10 to 15 times higher than the rated
AND Circuits with DC Output SSRs current value). Select an SSR so that the peak value of inrush
current does not exceed half the withstand surge current of the
Use the G3DZ or G3RZ MOS FET relays for the following type of SSR. Refer to “Repetitive” (indicated by dashed lines) shown in
circuit. Do not use general transistor SSRs, otherwise the circuit may the following figure. When a repetitive inrush current of greater
not be reset. than half the withstand surge current is applied, the output
element of the SSR may be damaged.
Inrush current (A. Peak)

250
Logic circuit
Input Output input

SSR 200

150
Non-repetitive
SSR

100

Self-holding Circuits Repetitive

50
Self-holding circuits must use mechanical relays. SSRs cannot be
used to design self-holding circuits.
0
10 30 50 100 300 500 1,000 5,000

Power supply time (ms)

8
3. Motor Load 7. Small-capacity Loads
When a motor is started, an inrush current of 5 to 10 times the Even when there is no input signal to the SSR there is a small
rated current flows and the inrush current flows for a longer time. leakage current (IL) from the SSR output (LOAD). If this leakage
In addition to measuring the startup time of the motor or the current is larger than the load release current, the SSR may fail to
inrush current during use, ensure that the peak value of the inrush reset.
current is less than half the withstand surge current when Connect the bleeder resistance R in parallel to increase the SSR
selecting an SSR. The SSR may be damaged by counter- switching current.
electromotive force from the motor when the SSR is turned OFF.
Be sure to install overvoltage protection. E
R< E: Load (relays etc.) reset voltage
4. Transformer Load IL-I I: Load (relays etc.) reset current
When the SSR is switched ON, an energizing current of 10 to 20 IL: Leakage current from the SSR
Bleeder resistance R
times the rated current flows through the SSR for 10 to 500 ms. If
there is no load in the secondary circuit, the energizing current

Load power supply

will reach the maximum value. Select an SSR so that the
Load
energizing current does not exceed half the withstand surge
current of the SSR.
5. Half-wave Rectified Circuit
AC electromagnetic counters and solenoids have built-in diodes,
which act as half-wave rectifiers. For these types of loads, a half- Bleeder resistance standards:
wave AC voltage does not reach the SSR output. For SSRs with 100-VAC power supply, 5 to 10 kΩ, 3 W
the zero cross function, this can cause them not to turn ON. Two 200-VAC power supply, 5 to 10 kΩ, 15 W
methods for counteracting this problem are described below.
These two methods, however, cannot be used to switch a half- 8. Inverter Load
wave rectified break coil. We recommend using an SSR that is Do not use an inverter-controlled power supply as the load power
designed to switch DC loads. supply for the SSR. Inverter-controlled waveforms are
Refer to DC ON/OFF SSR Output Noise Surges on page 8 and rectangular. The extremely large dV/dt may cause the SSR to
implement countermeasures for counter-electromotive force. misfire and prevent it from resetting.
Application is not possible for 200-VAC half-wave rectified circuits An inverter-controlled power supply may be used on the input
(peak voltage of 283 V) side provided the effective voltage is within the normal operating
(a) Connect a bleeder resistance with approximately 20% of the voltage range of the SSR.
SSR load current.
Bleeder resistance

Load

ΔV/ΔΤ = dV/dt: voltage increase ratio The dV/dt ratio tends to infinity,
so the SSR will not turn OFF.
(b) Use SSRs without the zero cross function. 9. Capacitive Load
The supply voltage plus the charge voltage of the capacitor is
6. Full-wave Rectified Loads applied to both ends of the SSR when it is OFF. Therefore, use an
AC electromagnetic counters and solenoids have built-in diodes SSR model with an input voltage rating twice the size of the
which act as full-wave rectifiers. The load current for these types supply voltage.
of loads has a rectangular wave pattern, as shown in the diagram Limit the charge current of the capacitor to less than half the
below. withstand surge current of the SSR.

Load

Circuit current
wave pattern

Accordingly, AC SSRs use a triac (which turns OFF the element

only when the circuit current is 0 A) in the output element. If the
load current waveform is rectangular, it will result in a SSR reset
error. When switching ON and OFF a load whose waves are all
rectified, use a -V model or Power MOS FET Relay.
-V-model SSRs: G3F-203SL-V, G3H-203SL-V
Power MOS FET Relay:G3DZ, G3RZ, G3FM

9
■ Load Power Supply ■ Operation and Storage
Environment Precautions
1. Rectified Currents
If a DC load power supply is used for full-wave or half-wave rectified 1. Ambient Operating Temperature
AC currents, be sure that the peak load current does not exceed the
maximum usage load power supply of the SSR. Otherwise, The rated value for the ambient operating temperature of the SSR is
overvoltage will cause damage to the output element of the SSR. for when there is no heat build-up. For this reason, under conditions
where heat dissipation is not good due to poor ventilation, and where
Full-wave rectification
Peak voltage
Half-wave rectification
Peak voltage
heat may build up easily, the actual temperature of the SSR may
SSR SSR
exceed the rated value resulting in malfunction or burning.
operating operating
voltage voltage When using the SSR, design the system to allow heat dissipation
maximum maximum sufficient to stay below the Load Current vs. Ambient Temperature
0 value 0 value
characteristic curve. Note also that the ambient temperature of the
SSR may increase as a result of environmental conditions (e.g.,
2. Operating Frequency for AC Load climate or air-conditioning) and operating conditions (e.g., mounting
in an airtight panel).
Power Supply
The operating frequency range for AC load power supply is 47 to 2. Operation and Storage Locations
63 Hz.
Do not use or store the SSR in the following locations. Doing so may
result in damage, malfunction, or deterioration of performance
3. Low AC Voltage Loads characteristics.
If the load power supply is used under voltage below the minimum • Locations subject to direct sunlight
operating load voltage of the SSR, the loss time of the voltage • Usage in locations subject to ambient temperatures outside the
applied to the load will become longer than that of the SSR operating range specified for individual products
voltage range. See the following load example. (The loss time is A < • Usage in locations subject to relative humidity outside the range
B.) specified for individual products or locations subject to
Make sure that this loss time will not cause problems, before condensation as the result of severe changes in temperature
operating the SSR. • Storage in locations subject to ambient temperatures outside the
range specified for individual products
If the load voltage falls below the trigger voltage, the SSR will not turn
ON, so be sure to set the load voltage to 75 VAC min. (24 VAC for • Locations subject to corrosive or flammable gases
G3PA-VD and G3NA-2@@B.) • Locations subject to dust (especially iron dust) or salts
• Locations subject to shock or vibration
• Locations subject to exposure to water, oil, or chemicals

3. Extended Storage of the SSR

If the SSR is stored for an extended period of time, the terminal will
Trigger voltage
be exposed to the air, reducing its solderability due to such effects as
0 oxidation. Therefore, when installing a Relay onto a board after a
Trigger voltage long time in storage, check the state of the solder before use.
A
B
4. Vibration and Shock
A and B: Loss time
Do not subject the SSR to excessive vibration or shock. Otherwise
the SSR may malfunction or failure to operate may result due to
deformation or damage to parts inside the SSR.
Voltage waveform To prevent the SSR from abnormal vibration, do not install the Unit in
locations or by means that will subject it to the vibrations from other
devices, such as motors.
t

5. Solvents
Current waveform Do not allow the SSR to come in contact with solvents, such as
thinners or gasoline. Doing so will dissolve the markings on the SSR.
t
6. Oil
An inductance (L) load causes a current phase
delay as shown above. Therefore, the loss is not as Do not allow the SSR terminal cover to come in contact with oil.
great as that caused by a resistive (R) load. Doing so will cause the cover to crack and become cloudy.
This is because a high voltage is already imposed
on the SSR when the input current to the SSR
drops to zero and the SSR is turned OFF.

4. Phase-controlled AC Power Supplies

Phase-controlled power supply cannot be used.

10
■ Working with SSRs
1. Leakage Current 5. SSR Mounting and Dismounting
A leakage current flows through a snubber circuit in the SSR even Direction
when there is no power input. Therefore, always turn OFF the power
to the input or load and check that it is safe before replacing or wiring Mount or dismount the SSR from the Socket perpendicular to the
the SSR. Socket surface. If it is mounted or dismounted with an inclination
from the diagonal line, terminals of the SSR may bend and the SSR
Switch element Snubber circuit may not be properly inserted in the Socket.
Trigger circuit
Input circuit

Varistor
Leakage
current
6. Wiring for Wrapping Terminal Socket
Refer to the following table and conduct wiring properly. Improper
wiring may cause the lead wires to detach.
2. Screw Tightening Torque
Model Wrap- Model Applicable Sheath Num- Stan- Draw- Appli-
Tighten the SSR terminal screws properly. If the screws are not tight, ping (bit) wires length ber of dard out cable
type to be effec- termi- force sleeve
the SSR will be damaged by heat generated when the power is ON. AWG Dia. remove tive nal (kg)
Perform wiring using the tightening torque shown in the following d (mm) turns (mm)
table. PY@Q Single- 21-A 26 0.4 43 to 44 Ap- 1×1 3 to 8 1-B
N turn prox. 6
SSR Terminal Screw Tightening Torque wrap-
ping of 22-A 24 0.5 36 to 37 Ap- 4 to 13 2-B
sheathed 23-A prox. 6
22 0.65 41 to 42 4 to 15 20-B
SSR model Screw size Recommended tightening line
torque PT@Q Normal 20-A 20 0.8 37 to 38 Ap- 1.0 × 5 to 15
G3PC, G32A, M3.5 0.78 to 1.18 N·m N wrapping prox. 4 1.5
Sockets, etc.
Note: The PY@QN uses a 0.65-mm-dia. wire that can be turned six
G3NA, G3PA-10/20A M4 0.98 to 1.37 N·m times.
G3NA, G3PA-40A M5 1.57 to 2.35 N·m The PT@QN uses a 0.8-mm-dia. wire that can be turned four
G3HN-@@75 M6 3.92 to 4.9 N·m times.

G3HN-@@150 M8 8.82 to 9.8 N·m

7. Tab Terminal Soldering Precautions
Note: Excessive tightening may damage the screws. Tighten screws
to within the above ranges. Do not solder the lead wires to the tab terminal. Otherwise the SSR
(e.g., G3NE) components will be damaged.

3. SSR Mounting Panel Quality 8. Cutting Terminals

If the G3NA, G3NE, or G3PE models with separate heat sinks are to
be mounted directly onto the control panel, without the use of a heat Do not cut the terminal using an auto-cutter. Cutting the terminal with
sink, be sure to use a panel material with low thermal resistance, devices such as an auto-cutter may damage the internal
such as aluminum. Be sure to apply silicon grease for heat components.
dissipation (e.g., the YG6260 from Toshiba or the G746 from Shin-
Etsu) to the mounting surface. 9. Deformed Terminals
Do not mount the SSR on a panel with high thermal resistance such
as a panel coated with paint. Doing so will decrease the radiation Do not attempt to repair or use a terminal that has been deformed.
efficiency of the SSR, causing heat damage to the SSR output Otherwise excessive force will be applied to the SSR, and it will lose
element. Do not mount the SSR on a panel made of wood or any its original performance capabilities.
other flammable material. Otherwise the heat generated by the SSR
will cause the wood to carbonize, and may cause a fire. 10.Hold-down Clips
4. Surface-mounting Socket Exercise care when pulling or inserting the hold-down clips so that
their form is not distorted. Do not use a clip that has already been
1. Make sure that the surface-mounting socket screws are tightened deformed. Otherwise excessive force will be applied to the SSR,
securely when mounted. If the Unit is subjected to shock or causing it not to perform to its full capacity, and also it will not have
vibration and the socket mounting screws are loose, the Socket enough holding power, causing the SSR to be loose, and resulting in
and the SSR, or the lead wires may detach. The surface- damage to the contacts.
mounting Sockets can be snapped on to the 35-mm DIN Track.
2. Use a holding bracket to ensure proper connection between the 11.PCB SSR Soldering
SSR and Socket. Otherwise the SSR may detach from the socket
if an excessive vibration or shock is applied. • SSRs must be soldered at 260°C within five seconds. For models,
however, that conform to separate conditions, perform soldering
according to the specified requirements.
• Use a rosin-based non-corrosive flux that is compatible with the
material of the SSR.

12.Ultrasonic Cleaning
Do not use ultrasonic cleaning. If the SSR is cleaned using ultrasonic
cleaning after it has been mounted to the PCB, resonance due to
ultrasonic waves may result in damage to the SSR’s internal
components.

11
SSR Troubleshooting

No The SSR may be

adversely affected by The SSR
the residual voltage cannot be
Is the input at the previous stage, used unless a
a leakage current, or
indicator OFF? inductive noise sine wave
through the input current is
line. supplied.

Rectangular
Yes Yes Yes waveform

Is the operation Is the load

indicator lit? Is the load
power supply
Select Yes if current turned No AC
AC, DC, or a
there is no OFF when the
rectangular
operation input line is
waveform
indicator. disconnected.
current?
START
DC
Problem

Refer to page 20
The SSR stays for the Forward Yes No
ON and Reverse Use an SSR for Is the SSR for
(Short circuit) Operation of DC load driving. AC output?
Three-phase
Motor

Use a multimeter Yes

Is the operation and check the Use a multimeter
The SSR does indicator OFF? Yes voltage of the input and check the
voltage of the
not turn ON Select Yes if terminals with the
output terminals.
(Open circuit there is no input connected. Is
the operating Is the load voltage
error) operation voltage applied to applied to the
indicator. the terminals? terminals?

No No Yes
No

Is a half-wave
rectification or
Is the polarity phase control No
Check the power supply used
of the input for the load while
correct? wiring. the SSR has a
zero cross
function?

Yes Yes

Reconnect the
input line. The Use an SSR
SSR is not that does not
broken unless it have a zero
is an SSR for cross function.
PCBs.

12
 The SSR has a
Refer to Full- failure, such as
wave Rectified a load short
Loads on page circuit or
9. Yes external surge
failure.
No
Yes No

Is the load a Is the load a one Does the inrush

Is a full-wave with a high inrush current exceed
No minute one No Yes the withstand
rectification L current, such as a
with a motor, lamp, or surge current of
load
maximum input power the SSR?
connected? transformer?
of 50 mA?

Is an L load, Is a diode for

Is the polarity such as a absorbing
of the output No valve, Yes
counter-
correct? solenoid, or electromotive Yes
relay force
connected? connected?

Yes No No

No
Reconnect the Does the inrush Connect a diode for
current of the absorbing counter- Yes
output line. SSR exceed the electromotive force.
The SSR is not withstand surge Refer to DC ON/OFF
broken. current? SSR Output Noise
Surges on page 8.

Yes

It is probable that the

Is AC input SSR has an output
applied to the Yes element failure
caused by the inrush
SSR for DC current. Consider
input? using an SSR with a
higher capacity.

Yes No

The SSR has a

failure, such as
Use an SSR for a load short
AC input. circuit or
external surge
failure.

13
Q&A for SSRs
We think an SSR is faulty. Can a voltage tester be What is the difference in switching with a thyristor
Q1 used to check an SSR to see if current is flowing? Q3 and a triac?

No, that is not possible. There is no difference between them as long as

A1 The voltage and current in the tester’s internal circuits
are too low to check the operation of the
A3 resistive loads are switched. For inductive loads,
however, thyristors are superior to triacs due to the
semiconductor element in the SSR (a triac or inverse parallel connection of the thyristors.
thyristor). The SSR can be tested as described below For the switching element, an SSR uses either a triac
if a load is connected. or a pair of thyristors connected in an inverse parallel
connection.
● Testing Method
Connect a load and power supply, and check the
voltage of the load terminals with the input ON and
OFF. The output voltage will be close to the load
power supply voltage with the SSR turned OFF. The
voltage will drop to approximately 1 V with the SSR
turned ON. This is more clearly checked if the dummy
load is a lamp with an output of about 100 W.
Triac Thyristors connected in an
inverse parallel connection
100 W lamp There is a difference between thyristors and triacs in
response time to rapid voltage rises or drops. This
Load
difference is expressed by dv/dt (V/μs). This value of
INPUT SSR LOAD thyristors is larger than that of triacs. Triacs can switch
inductive motor loads that are as high as 3.7 kW.
Furthermore, a single triac can be the functional
equivalent of a pair of thyristors connected in an
What kind of applications can power MOS FET inverse parallel connection and can thus be used to
Q2 relays be used for?
contribute to downsizing SSRs.
Note: dv/dt = Voltage rise rate.
1. Applications where it is not known whether the load
A2 connected to the relay is AC or DC.
Example: Alarm output of robot controller.
V

2. Applications with high-frequency switching of

loads, such as for solenoid valves with internally,
fully rectified waves, where the relay (e.g., G2R) ΔV
has to be replaced frequently.
Power MOS FET relays have a longer lifetime than
other relays and so the replacement frequency is T
less. ΔT
The terminals of the G3RZ are compatible with ΔV/ΔT = dv/dt: Voltage rise rate
those of the G2R-1A-S and so these models can
be exchanged.
Note: Confirm the input voltage, polarity, and output Resistive load Inductive load
capacity before application. 40 A max. Over 40 A 3.7 kW max. Over 3.7 kW
3. Applications with high-voltage DC loads. Triac OK OK OK Not as good
In order to switch a 100-VDC, 1-A load with a relay, Two OK OK OK OK
an MM2XP or equivalent is required. With the thyristors
G3RZ power MOS FET relay, however, switching at
this size is possible.
4. Applications where SSRs are used with a bleeder Is it possible to connect Solid-state Relay for AC
resistance.
The leakage current for power MOS FET relays is
Q4 loads in series (AND circuit)?
very small (10 μA max.) and so a bleeder
resistance is not required. Yes, it is. SSRs are connected in series mainly to
A4 prevent short circuit failures. Each SSR connected in
series shares the burden of the surge voltage. The
overvoltage is divided among the SSRs, reducing the
load on each.
A high operating voltage, however, cannot be applied
to the SSRs connected in series. The reason is that
the SSRs cannot share the burden of the load voltage
due to the difference between the SSRs in operating
time and reset time when the load is switched.
Input Output

INPUT SSR LOAD

Load

INPUT SSR LOAD

14
 What needs to be done for surge absorption What is the zero cross function?
Q5 elements for SSRs for DC loads? Q6
Output Noise Surge Countermeasures for SSRs for The zero cross function turns ON the SSR when the
A5 DC Load Switching A6 AC load voltage is close to 0 V, thus suppressing the
When an L load, such as a solenoid or noise generation of the load current when the load
electromagnetic valve, is connected, connect a diode current rises quickly.
that prevents counter-electromotive force. If the The generated noise will be partly imposed on the
counter-electromotive force exceeds the withstand power line and the rest will be released in the air. The
voltage of the SSR output element, it could result in zero cross function effectively suppresses both noise
damage to the SSR output element. To prevent this, paths.
insert the element parallel to the load, as shown in the A high inrush current will flow when the lamp is turned
following diagram and table. ON, for example. When the zero cross function is
used, the load current always starts from a point close
to 0 V. This will suppress the inrush current more than
Load SSRs without the zero cross function.
INPUT SSR
Without the zero cross function:
Voltage drops due to sudden change in
current and noise is generated.
As an absorption element, the diode is the most Power
effective at suppressing the counter-electromotive supply
voltage Radiated noise
force. The release time for the solenoid or
electromagnetic valve will, however, increase. Be sure
to check the circuit before use. To shorten the time, Load
connect a Zener diode and a regular diode in series. current
The release time will be shortened at the same rate
ON
that the Zener voltage (Vz) of the Zener diode is SSR
increased. input

Table 1. Absorption Element Example With the zero cross function:

Absorp-
tion ele- Power
Diode Diode + Varistor CR supply
ment Zener diode voltage

Effective- Most Most Somewhat Ineffective

ness effective effective effective
Load
current
+ + + +
ON
SSR
input

− − − −

Is it possible to connect two 200-VAC SSRs in

Reference Q7 series to a 400-VAC load?
1. Selecting a Diode
Withstand voltage = VRM ≥ Power supply voltage × 2 No, it is not. The two SSRs are slightly different to
Forward current = IF ≥ load current A7 each other in operating time. Therefore, 400 VAC will
2. Selecting a Zener Diode be imposed on the SSR with a longer operating time.
Zener voltage =
Vz < (Voltage between SSR’s collector and emitter)* − (Power
supply voltage + 2 V)
Zener surge power =
PRSM > VZ × Load current × Safety factor (2 to 3)
Note: When the Zener voltage is increased (VZ), the Zener diode
capacity (PRSM) is also increased.

15
 Is it possible to connect Solid-state Relays for What precautions are necessary for forward/
Q8 outputs in parallel (OR circuit)? Q10 reverse operation of the singlephase motor?

Yes, it is. SSRs are connected in parallel mainly to Refer the following table for the protection of capacitor
A8 prevent open circuit failures. Usually, only one of the A10 motors driven by SSRs.
SSR is turned ON due to the difference in output ON
voltage drop between the SSRs. Single-phase Load current of Protection of motor in
Therefore, it is not possible to increase the load 100 V recommended SSR forward/reverse operation
current by connecting the SSRs in parallel. R
If an ON-state SSR in operation is open, the other 25 W AC 2 to 3 A R = 6 Ω, 10 W
SSR will turn ON when the voltage is applied, thus
maintaining the switching operation of the load. 40 W
Do not connect two or more SSRs in parallel to drive a 60 W AC 5 A R = 4 Ω, 20 W
load exceeding the capacity each SSRs; the SSRs 90 W R = 3 Ω, 40 to 50 W
may fail to operate.

Single-phase Load current of Protection of motor in

200 V recommended SSR forward/reverse operation
R
25 W AC 2 to 3 A R = 12 Ω, 10 W
40 W
2.2 kW 2.2 kW G3J
G3J 60 W AC 5 A R = 12 Ω, 20 W
Example: 90 W R = 8 Ω, 40 W
It is not possible to
countrol a 3.7-kW heater Precautions for Forward/Reverse Operation
with two SSRs for 2.2kW 1. In the following circuit, if SSR1 and SSR2 are turned
M 3.7 kW connected in parallel.
ON simultaneously, the discharge current, i, of the
capacitor may damage the SSRs. Therefore, a
minimum 30-ms time lag is required to switch between
What is silicon grease? SSR1 and SSR2. If the malfunction of the SSRs is
Q9 possible due to external noise or the counter-
electromotive force of the motor, connect L or r in
series with either SSR1 or SSR2 whichever is less
Special silicon grease is used to aid heat dissipation.
A9 The heat conduction of this special compound is five
frequently use. A CR absorber (consisting of 0.1-μF
capacitor withstanding 630 V and 22-Ω resistor
to ten times higher than standard silicon grease. withstanding 2 W) can be connected in parallel to
This special silicon grease is used to fill the space each SSR so that the malfunctioning of the SSRs will
between a heat-radiating part, such as an SSR, and be suppressed.
the heat sink to improve the heat conduction of the SW1
SSR. + Motor

Unless special silicon grease is applied, the INPUT SSR

generated heat of the SSR will not be radiated SW2
- 1

Load power supply

properly. As a result, the SSR may break or
deteriorate due to overheating.
+
Available Silicon Grease Products for Heat
INPUT SSR
Dissipation - 2
Toshiba Silicone: YG6260
Shin-Etsu Silicones: G746, G747
2. When the motor is in forward/reverse operation, a
voltage that is twice as high as the power supply
voltage may be imposed on an SSR that is OFF due to
the LC resonance of the motor.
When selecting an SSR, be careful that this voltage
does not exceed the rated load voltage of the SSR. (It
is necessary to determine whether use is possible by
measuring the actual voltage applied to the SSR on
the OFF side.)

16
 Does an SSR have a mounting direction? What precautions are required for high-density
Q11 Q12 mounting or gang mounting?

An SSR consists of semiconductor elements. In the case of high-density or gang mounting of SSRs,
A11 Therefore, unlike mechanical relays that incorporate A12 check the relevant data in the SSR datasheet. If there
movable parts, gravity changes have no influence on is no data, check that the load current applied is 70%
the characteristics of the SSR. of the rated load current. A 100% load current can be
Changes in the heat radiation of an SSR may, applied if groups of three SSRs are mounted in a
however, limit the carry current of the SSR. single row with a space as wide as a single SSR
An SSR should be mounted vertically. If the SSR has between adjacent groups.
to be mounted horizontally, check with the SSR’s If the SSRs are mounted in two or more rows, it is
datasheet. If there is no data available for the SSR, necessary to confirm the temperature rise of the SSR
separately.
use with a load current at least 30% lower than the
With side-by-side high-density or gang mounting of
rated load current. SSRs with heat sinks, reduce the load current to 80%
of the rated load current.
Refer to the SSR’s datasheet for details.

G3PA

Vertical direction

Vertical direction
Do not mount more than
a group of three Units
G3PA-210B-VD closely together without
G3PA-220B-VD providing a 10-mm
G3PA-240B-VD space to the next group.
DIN track

G3PE
Vertical direction

Characteristic Data
Vertical mounting
High-density or Gang Mounting (3 or 8 Units)
Mount the SSR vertically.
G3PE-215B
Load current (A)

20
Panel

3
15

13
Flat Mounting 12

The SSR may be mounted on a flat 10

surface, provided that the load current 8
Panel
applied is 30% lower than the rated 7
5.7
load current. 5

0
-40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100

Ambient temperature

G3PE-225B
30
Load current (A)

25
3

20
19

8
15

10
8
7
5

0
-40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100

Ambient temperature

Example of high-density or gang mounting

DIN track

17
 What is the non-repetitive inrush current? Why can MOS FET relays be used for both AC and
Q13 Q15 DC loads?

The datasheet of an SSR gives the non-repetitive With power MOS FET relays, because 2 MOS FET
A13 inrush current of the SSR. The concept of the non- A15 relays are connected in series in the way shown on
repetitive inrush current of an SSR is the same as an the right, the load power supply can be connected in
absolute maximum rating of an element. Once the either direction. Also, because power MOS FET
inrush current exceeds the level of the non-repetitive elements have a high dielectric strength, they can be
inrush current, the SSR will be destroyed. Therefore, used for AC loads, where the polarity changes every
check that the maximum inrush current of the SSR in cycle.
usual ON/OFF operation is 1/2 of the non-repetitive
inrush current. Unlike mechanical relays that may
result in contact abrasion, the SSR will provide good
performance as long as the actual inrush current is a L
maximum of 1/2 of the non-repetitive inrush current. If L
the SSR is in continuous ON/OFF operation and a
current exceeding the rated value flows frequently,
however, the SSR may overheat and a malfunction
Direction of current
may result. Check that the SSR is operated with no
overheating. Roughly speaking, inrush currents that
are less than the non-repetitive inrush current and What are the differences between SSRs and power
greater than the repetitive inrush current can be
withstood once or twice a day (e.g., this level of inrush
Q16 MOS FET relays?
current can be withstood in cases where power is Number 1: There are SSRs for DC loads and SSRs
supplied to devices once a day). A16 for AC loads.
G3NE-220T
SSR for DC Loads (e.g., G3HD-X03)
Inrush current (A. peak)

Photocoupler Output
transistor

Drive circuit
200 L
Region not allowing Input circuit
even one occurrence
150
Non-repetitive

100 SSR for AC Loads (e.g., G3H)

Repetitive Once or
twice a day Photocoupler
Triac

Trigger circuit
Zero cross
50 L
Region allowing any
Input circuit
circuit

number of repetitions
in one day
0
10 30 50 100 200 500 1,000 5,000

Carry current (ms)

What kind of failure do SSRs have most Power MOS FET relays can be used for both DC loads and AC loads.
Q14 frequently? Number 2: The leakage current for power MOS
FET relays is small compared to that for SSRs.
OMRON's data indicates that most failures are caused
A14 by overvoltage or overcurrent as a result of the short- SSRs
circuiting of SSRs. This data is based on SSR output The lamp (see below) is faintly light by the leakage
conditions, which include those resulting from the current. A bleeder resistance is added to prevent this.
open or short circuit failures on the input side. With SSRs, a snubber circuit is required to protect the
output element.
Failure Load condition
Bleeder resistance
Input Short Does not turn ON.
SSR
Open Does not turn ON.
Output Output triac short circuit Does not turn OFF.
(80% of failures)
Output triac open circuit Does not turn ON.
(20% of failures) Snubber circuit

Power MOS FET Relays

The leakage current is very small (10 μA max.) and so
the lamp does not light. This is because a snubber
circuit is not required to protect the MOS FET output
element. A varistor is used to protect the MOS FET.
Power MOS FET relay
A bleeder resistance is not
required and so circuits
can be simplified and
production costs reduced.

18
Installing, Maintaining, and Inspecting SSRs
■ Fail-safe Concept 3. Operation Indicator
The operation indicator turns ON when current flows through the
1. Error Mode input circuit. It does not indicate that the output element is ON.

The SSR is an optimum relay for high-frequency switching and high-

speed switching, but misuse or mishandling of the SSR may damage

Input terminal

Output terminal
Output circuit
Input circuit
the elements and cause other problems. The SSR consists of
semiconductor elements, and will break down if these elements are
damaged by surge voltage or overcurrent. Most faults associated

Input indicator
with the elements are short-circuit malfunctions, whereby the load
cannot be turned OFF.
Therefore, to provide a fail-safe feature for a control circuit using an
SSR, design a circuit in which a contactor or circuit breaker on the
load power supply side will turn OFF the load when the SSR causes
an error. Do not design a circuit that only turns OFF the load power
supply with the SSR. For example, if the SSR causes a half-wave
error in a circuit in which an AC motor is connected as a load, DC
energizing may cause overcurrent to flow through the motor, thus
burning the motor. To prevent this from occurring, design a circuit in
which a circuit breaker stops overcurrent to the motor.
Location Cause Result
Input area Overvoltage Input element damage
Output area Overvoltage Output element
Overcurrent damage
Whole Unit Ambient temperature Output element
exceeding maximum damage
Poor heat radiation

2. Overcurrent Protection
A short-circuit current or an overcurrent flowing through the load of
the SSR will damage the output element of the SSR. Connect a
quick-break fuse in series with the load as an overcurrent protection
measure.
Design a circuit so that the protection coordination conditions for the
quick-break fuse satisfy the relationship between the SSR surge
resistance (IS), quick-break fuse current-limiting feature (IF), and the
load inrush current (IL), shown in the following chart.
Peak current (A)

Time (unit: s)
Note: Provide an appropriate non-fuse breaker to each machine for
the overcurrent protection of the machine.

19
■ Application Circuit Examples 5. ON/OFF Control of Three-phase
Inductive Motor
1. Connection to Sensor Motor
The SSR connects directly to the Proximity Sensor and Photoelectric
Sensor.
R
Input signal
source Three-
S phase
power

Load power supply

(Brown)
Load
supply
T

(Black)
Sensor

(Blue)

2. Switching Control of Incandescent 6. Forward and Reverse Operation of

Lamp Three-phase Motor
Make sure that signals input into the SSR Units are proper if the SSR
Units are applied to the forward and reverse operation of a three-
phase motor. If SW1 and SW2 as shown in the following circuit
Incandes- Load power supply
cent lamp diagram are switched over simultaneously, a phase short-circuit will
Input result on the load side, which may damage the output elements of
signal
source the SSR Units. This is because the SSR has a triac as an output
element that is turned ON until the load current becomes zero
regardless of the absence of input signals into the SSR.
Therefore, make sure that there is a time lag of 30 ms or more to
switch over SW1 and SW2.
3. Temperature Control of Electric
The SSR may be damaged due to phase short-circuiting if the SSR
Furnace malfunctions with noise in the input circuit of the SSR. To protect the
SSR from phase short-circuiting damage, the protective resistance R
Load power supply

may be inserted into the circuit.

Load
Input signal heater The value of the protective resistance R must be determined
source and
Temperature INPUT according to the withstand surge current of the SSR. For example,
Controller the G3NA-220B withstands an inrush current of 220 A. The value of
the protective resistance R is obtained from the following.

R > 220 V x 2 /200 A = 1.4 Ω

4. Forward and Reverse Operation of Considering the circuit current and ON time, insert the protective
Single-phase Motor resistance into the side that reduces the current consumption.
Obtain the consumption power of the resistance from the following.
(See note 3.) P = I2R x Safety factor
Motor
(I = Load current, R = Protective resistance, Safety factor = 3 to 5)
Load power supply

Note: 1. The voltage between the load terminals of either SSR 1 or

SSR 2 turned OFF is approximately twice as high as the
supply voltage due to LC coupling. Be sure to apply an SSR
model with a rated output voltage of at least twice the supply
voltage.
For example, if forward/reverse operation is to be performed
on a single-phase inductive motor with a supply voltage of
100 VAC, the SSR must have an output voltage of 200 VAC
or higher.
2. Make sure that there is a time lag of 30 ms or more to switch
over SW1 and SW2.
3. Resistor to limit advanced phase capacitor discharge
current. To select a suitable resistor, consult with the
manufacturer of the motor.

20
7. Inrush Currents to Transformer Load Power Supply Voltage: 110 V
Loads Trans- Inrush SSR Applicable SSR
former DC current inrush
resis- (A) current G3P@ G3NA G3NE G3NH
The inrush current from a transformer load will reach its peak when
the secondary side of the transformer is open, when no mutual tance (Ω) resistance
reactance will work. It will take half a cycle of the power supply (A)
frequency for the inrush current to reach its peak, the measurement 5.2 min. 30 60 --- -205@ -205@ ---
of which without an oscilloscope will be difficult. 2.1 to 5.1 75 150 -210@ -210@ -210@ ---
The inrush current can be, however, estimated by measuring the DC -215@
resistance of primary side of the transformer.
1.5 to 2.0 110 220 -220@ -220@ -220@ ---
Due to the self-reactance of the transformer in actual operation, the -225@
actual inrush current will be less than the calculated value.
0.71 to 1.4 220 440 -235@ -240@ --- ---
I peak = V peak/R = ( 2 × V) /R -240@
If the transformer has a DC resistance of 3 . and the load power -245@
supply voltage is 220 V, the following inrush current will flow. -260@
I peak = (1.414 × 220)/3 = 103.7 A 0.39 to 400 800 --- --- --- -2075@
0.70
The withstand surge current of OMRON’s SSRs is specified on
condition that the SSRs are in non-repetitive operation (one or two 0.18 to 900 1,800 --- --- --- -2150@
operations). If your application requires repetitive SSR switching, use 0.38
an SSR with an inrush current resistance twice as high as the rated
value (I peak). Load Power Supply Voltage: 120 V
In the case above, use the G3@@-220@ with an withstand surge
Trans- Inrush SSR Applicable SSR
current of 207.4 A or more. former DC current inrush
resis- (A) current G3P@ G3NA G3NE G3NH
The DC resistance of primary side of the transformer can be
calculated back from the withstand surge current by using the tance (Ω) resistance
(A)
following formula.
5.7 min. 30 60 --- -205@ -205@ ---
R = V peak/I peak = ( 2 × V) /I peak 2.3 to 5.6 75 150 -210@ -210@ -210@ ---
For applicable SSRs based on the DC resistance of the primary side -215@
of the transformer, refer to the tables below. 1.6 to 2.2 110 220 -220@ -220@ -220@ ---
These tables list SSRs with corresponding inrush current conditions. -225@
When using SSRs to actual applications, however, check that the
0.78 to 1.5 220 440 -235@ -240@ --- ---
steady-state currents of the transformers satisfy the rated current
requirement of each SSR. -240@
-245@
SSR Rated Current -260@
G3@@-240@ 0.43 to 400 800 --- --- --- -2075@
The underlined two digits refer to the rated current (i.e., 40 A in the 0.77
case of the above model). 0.19 to 900 1,800 --- --- --- -2150@
0.42
Three digits may be used for the G3NH only.
G3NH: G3NH-@075B = 75 A Load Power Supply Voltage: 200 V
G3NH-@150B = 150 A
Condition 1: The ambient temperature of the SSR (the temperature Trans- Inrush SSR Applicable SSR
inside the panel) is within the rated value specified. former DC current inrush G3P@ G3NA G3NE G3NH
resis- (A) current
Condition 2: The right heat sink is provided to the SSR. tance (Ω) resistance
(A)
Load Power Supply Voltage: 100 V 9.5 min. 30 60 --- -205@ -205@ ---
3.8 to 9.4 75 150 -210@ -210@ -210@ ---
Trans- Inrush SSR Applicable SSR
former DC current inrush -215@
resis- (A) current G3P@ G3NA G3NE G3NH
2.6 to 3.7 110 220 -220@ -220@ -220@ ---
tance (Ω) resistance
(A) -225@
4.8 min. 30 60 --- -205@ -205@ --- 1.3 to 2.5 220 440 -235@ -240@ --- ---
1.9 to 4.7 75 150 -210@ -210@ -210@ --- -240@
-215@ -245@
-260@
1.3 to 1.8 110 220 -220@ -220@ -220@ ---
-225@ 0.71 to 1.2 400 800 --- --- --- -2075@
0.65 to 1.2 220 440 -235@ -240@ --- --- 0.32 to 900 1,800 --- --- --- -2150@
0.70
-240@
-245@
-260@
0.36 to 400 800 --- --- --- -2075@
0.64
0.16 to 900 1,800 --- --- --- -2150@
0.35

21
Load Power Supply Voltage: 220 V Load Power Supply Voltage: 480 V
Trans- Inrush SSR Applicable SSR Trans- Inrush SSR Applicable SSR
former DC current inrush former DC current inrush
resis- (A) current G3P@ G3NA G3NE G3NH resis- (A) current G3P@ G3NA G3NE G3NH
tance (Ω) resistance tance (Ω) resistance
(A) (A)
10.4 min. 30 60 --- -205@ -205@ --- 9.1 min. 75 150 --- -410@ --- ---
4.2 to 10.3 75 150 -210@ -210@ -210@ --- 6.2 to 9.0 110 220 -420@ -420@ --- ---
-215@ -430@
2.9 to 4.1 110 220 -220@ -220@ -220@ --- 3.1 to 6.1 220 440 -450@ --- --- ---
-225@
1.5 to 2.8 220 440 -235@ -240@ --- --- 8. Transformer Tap Selection
-240@
SSRs can be used to switch between transformer taps. In this case,
-245@ however, be aware of voltage induced on the OFF-side SSR. The
-260@ induced voltage increases in proportion to the number of turns of the
0.78 to 1.4 400 800 --- --- --- -2075@ winding that is almost equivalent to the tap voltage.
0.35 to 900 1,800 --- --- --- -2150@ See the following example. The power supply voltage is at 200 V, N1
0.77 is 100, N2 is 100, and SSR2 is ON. Then the difference in voltage
between output terminals of SSR1 is at 400 V (i.e., twice as high as
Load Power Supply Voltage: 240 V the power supply voltage).
SSR1
Trans- Inrush SSR Applicable SSR
N1
former DC current inrush
resis- (A) current G3P@ G3NA G3NE G3NH SSR2 Load heater
tance (Ω) resistance N2
(A)
11.4 min. 30 60 --- -205@ -205@ ---
4.6 to 11.3 75 150 -210@
-215@
-210@ -210@ --- ■ Designing SSR Circuits
3.1 to 4.5 110 220 -220@ -220@ -220@ ---
-225@ Heat Radiation Designing
1.6 to 3.0 220 440 -235@ -240@ --- ---
-240@ 1. SSR Heat Radiation
-245@ Triacs, thyristors, and power transistors are semiconductors that
-260@ can be used for an SSR output circuit. These semiconductors
0.85 to 1.5 400 800 --- --- --- -2075@ have a residual voltage internally when the SSR is turned ON.
This is called output-ON voltage drop. If the SSR has a load
0.38 to 900 1,800 --- --- --- -2150@
current, the Joule heating of the SSR will result consequently. The
0.84
heating value P (W) is obtained from the following formula.
Heating value P (W) = Output-ON voltage drop (V) × Carry
Load Power Supply Voltage: 400 V current (A)
Trans- Inrush SSR Applicable SSR For example, if a load current of 8 A flows from the G3NA-210B,
former DC current inrush the following heating value will be obtained.
G3P@ G3NA G3NE G3NH
resis- (A) current P = 1.6 V × 8 A = 12.8 W
tance (Ω) resistance If the SSR employs power MOS FET for SSR output, the heating
(A)
value is calculated from the ON-state resistance of the power
7.6 min. 75 150 --- -410@ --- --- MOS FET instead.
5.2 to 7.5 110 220 -420@ -420@ --- --- In that case, the heating value P (W) will be obtained from the
-430@ following formula.
2.6 to 5.1 220 440 -435@ --- --- --- P (W) = Load current2 (A) × ON-state resistance (Ω)
-445@ If the G3RZ with a load current of 0.5 A is used, the following
heating value will be obtained.
1.5 to 2.5 400 800 --- --- --- -4075@
P (W) = 0.52 A × 2.4 Ω = 0.6 W
0.63 to 1.4 900 1,800 --- --- --- -4150@
The ON-state resistance of a power MOS FET rises with an
increase in the junction temperature of a power MOS FET.
Load Power Supply Voltage: 440 V Therefore, the ON-state resistance varies while the SSR is in
operation. If the load current is 80% of the load current or higher,
Trans- Inrush SSR Applicable SSR as a simple method, the ON-state resistance will be multiplied by
former DC current inrush G3P@ G3NA G3NE G3NH
resis- (A) current 1.5.
tance (Ω) resistance P (W) = 12 A × 2.4 Ω × 1.5 = 3.6 W
(A) The SSR in usual operation switches a current of approximately 5
8.3 min. 75 150 --- -410@ --- --- A with no heat sink used. If the SSR must switch a higher current,
5.7 to 8.2 110 220 -420@ -420@ --- --- a heat sink will be required. The higher the load current is, the
larger the heat sink size will be. If the switching current is 10 A or
-430@
more, the size of the SSR with a heat sink will exceed a single
2.9 to 5.6 220 440 -435@ --- --- --- mechanical relay. This is a disadvantage of SSRs for circuit
-450@ downsizing purposes.
1.6 to 2.8 400 800 --- --- --- -4075@
0.70 to 1.5 900 1,800 --- --- --- -4150@

22
2. Heat Sink Selection When this formula is applicable to the heat conductivity of the control
panel under the following conditions, the heat conductivity Q will be
SSR models with no heat sinks incorporated (i.e., the G3NA, obtained as shown below.
G3NE, and three-phase G3PB) need external heat sinks. When
Average rate of overall heat transfer of control panel: k (W/m2°C)
using any of these SSRs, select an ideal combination of the SSR
and heat sink according to the load current. Internal temperature of control panel: Th (°C)
The following combinations are ideal, for example. Ambient temperature: Tc (°C)
G3NA-220B: Y92B-N100 Surface area of control panel: S (m2)
G3NE-210T(L): Y92B-N50 Q = k × (Th - Tc) × S
G3PE-235B-3H: Y92B-P200
The required cooling capacity is obtained from the following formula
A standard heat sink equivalent to an OMRON-made one can be under the following conditions.
used, on condition that the thermal resistance of the heat sink is
lower than that of the OMRON-made one. Desired internal temperature of control panel: Th (°C)
For example, the Y92B-N100 has a thermal resistance of 1.63°C/W. Total internal heat radiation of control panel: P1 (W)
If the thermal resistance of the standard heat sink is lower than Required cooling capacity: P2 (W)
this value (i.e., 1.5°C/W, for example), the standard heat sink can P2 = P1 - k × (Th - Tc) × S
be used for the G3NA-220B. The overall heat transfer coefficient k of a standard fixed wall in a
Thermal resistance indicates a temperature rise per unit (W). The place with natural air ventilation will be 4 to 12 (W/m2°C). In the case
smaller the value is, the higher the efficiency of heat radiation will be. of a standard control panel with no cooling fan, it is an empirically
known fact that a coefficient of 4 to 6 (W/m2°C) is practically
3. Calculating Heat Sink Area applicable. Based on this, the required cooling capacity of the control
panel is obtained as shown below.
An SSR with an external heat sink can be directly mounted to
control panels under the following conditions. Example
• If the heat sink is made of steel used for standard panels, do not • Desired internal temperature of control panel: 40°C
apply a current as high as or higher than 10 A, because the heat • Ambient temperature: 30°C
conductivity of steel is less than that of aluminum. Heat
conductivity (in units of W·m·°C) varies with the material as • Control panel size 2.5 × 2 × 0.5 m (W × H × D)
described below. Self-sustained control panel (with the bottom area excluded
Steel: 20 to 50 from the calculation of the surface area)
Aluminum: 150 to 220 • SSR: 20 G3PA-240B Units in continuous operation at 30 A.
The use of an aluminum-made heat sink is recommended if the
SSR is directly mounted to control panels. Refer to the data • Total heat radiation of all control devices except SSRs: 500 W
sheet of the SSR for the required heat sink area. Total heat radiation of control panel: P1
• Apply heat-radiation silicon grease (e.g., the YG6260 from P1 =Output-ON voltage drop 1.6 V × Load current 30 A ×
Toshiba or the G746 from Shin-Etsu) or a heat conductive sheet 20 SSRs + Total heat radiation of all control devices except
between the SSR and heat sink. There will be a space between SSRs = 960 W + 500 W = 1460 W
the SSR and heat sink attached to the SSR. Therefore, the
generated heat of the SSR cannot be radiated properly without Heat radiation from control panel: Q2
the grease. As a result, the SSR may be overheated and Q2 =Rate of overall heat transfer 5 × (40°C − 30°C) × (2.5 m ×
damaged or deteriorated. 2 m × 2 + 0.5m × 2 m × 2 + 2.5 m × 0.5 m) = 662.5 W
The heat dissipation capacity of a heat conduction sheet is
Therefore, the required cooling capacity P2 will be obtained from the
generally inferior to that of silicon grease. If a heat conduction sheet
following formula.
is used, reduce the load current by approximately 10% from the
Load Current vs. Ambient Temperature Characteristics graph. P2 = 1,460 − 663 = 797 W
Therefore, heat radiation from the surface of the control panel is
4. Control Panel Heat Radiation insufficient. More than a heat quantity of 797 W needs to be radiated
outside the control panel.
Designing Usually, a ventilation fan with a required capacity will be installed. If
Control equipment using semiconductors will generate heat, the fan is not sufficient, an air conditioner for the control panel will be
regardless of whether SSRs are used or not. The failure rate of installed. The air conditioner is ideal for the long-time operation of the
semiconductors greatly increases when the ambient temperature control panel because it will effectively dehumidify the interior of the
rises. It is said that the failure rate of semiconductors will be control panel and eliminate dust gathering in the control panel.
doubled when the temperature rises 10°C (Arrhenius model). Axial-flow fan: OMRON’s R87B, R87F, and R87T Series
Therefore, it is absolutely necessary to suppress the interior Air conditioner for control panel: Apiste’s ENC Series
temperature rise of the control panel in order to ensure the long,
reliable operation of the control equipment.
Heat-radiating devices in a wide variety exists in the control panel.
As a matter of course, it is necessary to consider the total
temperature rise as well as local temperature rise of the control
panel. The following description provides information on the total
heat radiation designing of the control panel.
As shown below, the heat conductivity Q will be obtained from the
following formula, provided that th and tc are the temperature of
the hot fluid and that of the cool fluid separated by the fixed wall.
Q = k (th - tc) A
Where, k is an overall heat transfer coefficient (W/m2°C). This
formula is called a formula of overall heat transfer.

Temperature
Fixed wall
th
Hot fluid Cool fluid
tc

Distance

23
5. Types of Cooling Device
Axial-flow Fans (for Ventilation)
These products are used for normal types of cooling and ventilation.
OMRON’s Axial-flow Fan lineup includes the R87F and R87T Series.

Heat Exchangers
Heat exchangers dissipate the heat inside control panels along heat
pipes. Using a heat exchanger enables the inside and outside of the
control panel to be mutually isolated, allowing use in locations
subject to dust or oil mist.
Note: OMRON does not produce heat exchangers.

Air Conditioners for Control Panels

Not only do these products offer the highest cooling capacity, they
also offer resistance to dust and humidity by mutually isolating the
inside and outside of the control panel.
Note: OMRON does not produce air conditioners for control panels.

24
■ Mounting and Installation
Panel Mounting
If SSRs are mounted inside an enclosed panel, the radiated heat of
the SSR will stay inside, thus not only dropping the carry-current
capacity of the SSRs but also adversely affecting other electronic
device mounted inside. Open some ventilation holes on the upper
and lower sides of the control panel before use.
The following illustrations provide a recommended mounting
example of G3PA Units. They provide only a rough guide and so be
sure to confirm operating conditions using the procedure detailed in
(4) Confirmation after Installation on page 26.

1. SSR Mounting Pitch 2. Relationship between SSRs and

Ducts
Panel Mounting Duct Depth

Duct
Between duct 50 mm max.
and G3PA (The recommended
width is half as large
as the depth of G3PA
or less)
60 mm min. Duct
G3PA Duct

Mounting direction
Mounting surface

Mounting surface
G3PA Better G3PA
100 mm
Vertical direction
Host and
slave

30 mm min. Vertical
direction
80 mm min. Between duct
and G3PA
High-density or Duct
gang mounting Duct
10 mm

The high-density or gang mounting of

a maximum of three Units is possible.
Do not mount more than three Units
closely together without providing a Do not enclose the SSR Use a short duct in the
10-mm space to the next group of with the duct in the depth depth direction.
direction, otherwise the
Units.
heat radiation of the SSR Better
will be adversely affected.

Duct
Mounting surface

G3PA
3.Ventilation Air flow

Be aware of air flow

Metal
base
Duct Duct Duct
Ventilation
outlet
Duct

G3PA G3PA

G3PA
If the height of the ducts cannot
be lowered, place the SSRs on a
metal base so that they are not
surrounded by the ducts.

Duct Duct

Air inlet

Duct

If the air inlet or air outlet has a filter, clean the filter regularly to prevent it from
clogging and ensure an efficient flow of air.
Do not locate any objects around the air inlet or air outlet, or otherwise the objects
may obstruct the proper ventilation of the control panel.
A heat exchanger, if used, should be located in front of the G3PA Units to ensure the
efficiency of the heat exchanger.

25
4. Confirmation after Installation
The above conditions are typical examples confirmed by
OMRON. The application environment may affect conditions and
ultimately the ambient temperature must be measured under
power application to confirm that the load current-ambient
temperature ratings are satisfied for each model.

Ambient Temperature Measurement Conditions

1. Measure the ambient temperature under the power application
conditions that will produce the highest temperature in the
control panel and after the ambient temperature has become
saturated.
2. Refer to Figure 1 for the measurement position. If there is a
duct or other equipment within the measurement distance of
100 mm, refer to Figure 2. If the side temperature cannot be
measured, refer to Figure 3.

100 mm
Ambient
temperature
measurement
position

Figure 1: Basic Measurement Position

for Ambient Temperature

L/2

Other
Ambient Device
temperature
measurement
position
L (100 mm or less)

Figure 2: Measurement Position when a

Duct or Other Device is Present

Ambient
temperature
measurement
range

100 mm
Figure 3: Measurement Position when Side
Temperature Cannot be Measured
3. If more than one row of SSRs are mounted in the control
panel, measure the ambient temperature of each row, and use
the position with the highest temperature.
Consult your OMRON dealer, however, if the measurement
conditions are different from those given above.

Definition of Ambient Temperature

SSRs basically dissipate heat by natural convection. Therefore,
the ambient temperature is the temperature of the air that
dissipates the heat of the SSR.

ALL DIMENSIONS SHOWN ARE IN MILLIMETERS.

To convert millimeters into inches, multiply by 0.03937. To convert grams into ounces, multiply by 0.03527.

In the interest of product improvement, specifications are subject to change without notice.

26