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learning theory

Theory of Learning

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3 views

learning theory

Theory of Learning

Uploaded by

saisha15manchanda
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Cognitive Learning Theory

Cognitive Learning Theory focuses on the role of mental processes in learning, including
understanding, thinking, problem-solving, and memory. It emphasizes how people actively
process information and how cognitive processes influence behavior.

Key Concepts:

1. Information Processing:
o Encoding: The process of converting sensory input into a form that can be
stored in memory.
o Storage: The process of maintaining information over time.
o Retrieval: The process of accessing stored information when needed.
2. Schemas: Cognitive structures or mental frameworks that help organize and interpret
information. Schemas help individuals make sense of new information by relating it
to existing knowledge.
3. Constructivism: The theory that learners actively construct their own understanding
and knowledge of the world through experiences and reflecting on those experiences.
Prominent figures include Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky.
o Piaget: Focused on stages of cognitive development (sensorimotor,
preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational).
o Vygotsky: Emphasized the social and cultural aspects of learning and
introduced concepts like the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) and
scaffolding.
4. Metacognition: The awareness and control of one’s own learning processes. It
involves planning, monitoring, and evaluating one's understanding and performance.
5. Cognitive Maps: Mental representations of spatial information that help individuals
navigate their environment. Edward Tolman introduced this concept through his
experiments with rats in mazes.

Applications:

 Education: Cognitive learning theories are applied to design instructional strategies


that enhance understanding and problem-solving skills.
 Problem-Solving: Helps in understanding how individuals use mental strategies to
solve problems and make decisions.
 Memory Enhancement: Techniques for improving memory and learning based on
cognitive processes, such as mnemonic devices and spaced repetition.

Observational Learning Theory

Observational Learning Theory, also known as Social Learning Theory, emphasizes learning
through observing and imitating others. This theory was popularized by Albert Bandura.

Key Concepts:

1. Modeling: The process of learning behaviors by watching others (models).


Individuals can learn new behaviors and modify existing ones through observation.
2. Imitation: Reproducing observed behaviors. The likelihood of imitation is influenced
by factors such as the perceived rewards and punishments associated with the
behavior.
3. Vicarious Reinforcement and Punishment: Learning not only from direct
experiences but also from observing the consequences of others' behaviors.
o Vicarious Reinforcement: Observing someone else being rewarded for a
behavior increases the likelihood of the observer performing the same
behavior.
o Vicarious Punishment: Observing someone else being punished decreases
the likelihood of the observer performing the same behavior.
4. Attention: The extent to which an individual pays attention to a model affects the
learning process. Factors such as the model’s attractiveness, competence, and the
observer’s interest play a role.
5. Retention: The ability to remember and reproduce the observed behavior. This
involves cognitive processes like encoding and recalling the information.
6. Reproduction: The physical and cognitive ability to reproduce the observed
behavior. This includes having the skills and abilities to perform the behavior.
7. Motivation: The desire to reproduce the observed behavior. Motivation can be
influenced by factors such as expected rewards or punishments, self-efficacy, and
perceived value of the behavior.

Applications:

 Education: Used to develop teaching strategies that incorporate modeling and


observational learning.
 Behavior Modification: Applied in therapy and behavior change programs by using
role models and observational learning techniques.
 Media Influence: Understanding the impact of media portrayals on behavior and
attitudes, including both positive and negative influences.

Both Cognitive Learning Theory and Observational Learning Theory offer valuable insights
into how people learn and develop skills. They highlight the importance of mental processes
and social interactions in the learning process.

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