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CT Operating Procedures

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CT Operating Procedures

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Farouq Eng

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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

You are on page 1/ 48

Standard CT Operating Procedures

General Operating Procedures & Guidelines

Revision History
Rev A – Nov 2006 Version for peer review
Rev B – Feb 2007 Final version

Table of Contents

1 Introduction......................................................................................................1
2 Generalized Job Execution Process ..............................................................2
2.1 Running into the Well...............................................................................................................3
2.1.1 Preparing to access the well..........................................................................................3
2.1.2 Running the CT String into the Well ..............................................................................4

2.2 Executing the Treatment..........................................................................................................6

2.2.1 Prepare to execute the treatment..................................................................................6
2.2.2 Executing the treatment.................................................................................................7

2.3 Pulling out of the well ..............................................................................................................8

2.3.1 Retrieving the CT string .................................................................................................8
2.3.2 Completing the CT Operation ........................................................................................9

3 Pressure and Function Testing .................................................................... 10

3.1 Pressure Testing ....................................................................................................................10
3.1.1 Pressure Test One (PT-1) ...........................................................................................10
3.1.2 Pressure Test Two (PT-2) ...........................................................................................11
3.1.3 Pressure Testing Lubricator and Riser Connections...................................................13

3.2 Slip and Shear Ram Function Testing..................................................................................13

3.2.1 Slip Ram Testing .........................................................................................................13
3.2.2 Shear Ram Testing......................................................................................................14

3.3 Accumulator System Function Testing................................................................................14

3.3.1 Accumulator system testing.........................................................................................14

4 CT Equipment Rig Up and Operation........................................................... 15

4.1 Stabbing the CT string ...........................................................................................................15
4.1.1 Conventional CT String Stabbing ................................................................................15
4.1.2 CT String Stabbing with a CT Snake...........................................................................16

4.2 CT Connector Make Up and Testing.....................................................................................17

4.3 Flange Make-Up......................................................................................................................18

4.3.1 General Flange Make Up.............................................................................................18
4.3.2 HP CT Flange Make Up...............................................................................................20

4.4 Securing the Injector Head and Wellhead Equipment ........................................................24

4.4.1 Land Based Operations ...............................................................................................25
4.4.2 Offshore Operations – Fixed Structure........................................................................27
4.4.3 Offshore Operations - Floating Vessel ........................................................................27

5 CT String.........................................................................................................28
5.1 Cleaning the CT String...........................................................................................................28
5.1.1 Pickling the CT String ..................................................................................................28
5.1.2 Neutralizing the CT string ............................................................................................29
5.1.3 Post-job Purging ..........................................................................................................29

5.2 Corrosion Mitigation ..............................................................................................................30

5.2.1 In-service Corrosion Protection ...................................................................................30
5.2.2 In-storage Corrosion Protection...................................................................................30

6 Depth Control and Correlation......................................................................32

7 Reverse Circulation .......................................................................................33
8 Tool Deployment Systems ............................................................................34
8.1 Bar Deployment Method ........................................................................................................34

8.2 CIRP Deployment Method......................................................................................................37

9 CT Operations in Extended Reach Wellbores ............................................. 38

9.1 Pipe Straightener....................................................................................................................38
9.1.1 Pipe Straightener Operation ........................................................................................38

9.2 Metal-to-Metal Friction Reducers..........................................................................................39

10 Downhole Tools ........................................................................................... 40

10.1 CT Tool Threads ...................................................................................................................40

10.2 Tool String Make-up and Break-out....................................................................................40

10.2.1 Thread Locking Compounds......................................................................................42

10.3 Function Testing Downhole Tools......................................................................................42

11 Offshore CT Equipment............................................................................... 43
11.1 Towers and Jacking Structures ..........................................................................................43

11.2 Lifting Frames.......................................................................................................................44

11.3 Boat Spooling .......................................................................................................................44

12 Nitrogen Services ........................................................................................ 45

12.1 Nitrogen Transfer .................................................................................................................45

1 Introduction
The Standard Operating Procedures and Guidelines presented in this document are intended to
assist personnel involved with the design or planning of CT operations in compiling the detailed
job procedure for a specific operation. The majority of tasks and topics described in the following
sections are applicable to CT operations in general and are independent of the application to be
performed.

Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) are detailed steps that define how key phases of the CT
operation should be performed. When properly applied SOP’s ensure safe and efficient CT service
delivery. The steps should be incorporated into the specific job procedure. Adherence to the
SOPs presented in this document is expected.
General Guidelines are recommendations that provide assistance when preparing a specific job
procedure. The guidelines are based on established operating practices and will apply in the
majority of operating environments. However, it is necessary to consider specific operating
conditions when adapting the guidelines for use in a job procedure.
In order to differentiate the SOPs from the General Guidelines given in this document the following
format has been adopted.

Standard Operating Procedure

Title or Key Operational Phase

Step 1.

Step 2.

Step 3 ….. etc.

General Guidelines are included within the text as numbered or bulleted lists.

2 Generalized Job Execution Process

The majority of CT operations comprise several operational phases. Each phase contains a
number of key tasks and checks which should be completed to ensure a safe and reliable
operation is completed. The illustration in Figure 1 lists the general tasks associated with the
operational phases. For simplicity, the process is further detailed in this document in three phases;
Running into the well, executing the treatment and pulling out of the well.

Before running in the well

• Prepare fishing diagram
• Observe/record wellhead
conditions
• Manage/confirm wellbore After completing the CT operation
returns • Observe/record wellhead
• Set and prepare monitoring conditions
and recording equipment
• Confirm equipment shutdown
settings

Running the CT string into the well Pulling out of the well
• Manage speed • Confirm/prepare tool string for
• Observe restrictions retrieval
• Check and mange wellbore returns • Observe operating limits
• Conduct pull-tests • Observe CT string forces model
• Observe operating limits • Observe restrictions
• Observe CT string forces model • Manage fluid circulation
• Manage fluid circulation
• Observe tagging obstructions

Executing the treatment

Prepare to execute the treatment

• Manage/confirm wellbore fluid/hydraulics
• Manage/confirm CT string fluid/hydraulics
• Manage/confirm CT string depth and treatment
depth
Executing the treatment
• Manage fluid circulation
• Observe/manage wellbore returns
• Manage CT string speed and load on BHA
• Observe critical operating parameters
• Observe treatment responses
• Manage tool operation
• Determine/confirm end of treatment
• Implement treatment change to suit conditions

Figure 1. Generalized CT job execution process.

2.1 Running into the Well

Several of the tasks and checks associated with the process of running into the well should be
completed before the swab or master valve is opened for access to the well.

2.1.1 Preparing to access the well

Confirm fishing diagram for toolstring has been prepared

 An accurate fishing diagram should be prepared for all tool strings and equipment to be
run into the wellbore. This process should also confirm the free passage of balls darts or
plugs that may be required to operate tool string functions.

Standard Operating Procedure

Requirements for fishing diagram

The complexity of a fishing diagram will be dependent on the type, size and
functions of the toolstring. However, as a minimum, the following should be
included:

1. A record and sketch of the key dimensions of each component in the BHA
(Length, OD and ID).

2. Confirmation that tools to be used in conjunction with drop-balls or darts

have been drifted.

3. Fishing tool requirement (and availability) for any release joint in the
toolstring should be identified.

Confirm status of sub-surface safety valve (SSSV) if applicable


 Confirm the status of the SSSV, for example, open/closed/disabled or other.
Observe/record wellhead conditions

 The wellhead conditions, including pressure and well status (flowing, shut-in, dead etc.)
should be observed and noted before commencing operations.

Arrange/confirm facilities for wellbore returns


 The readiness of the equipment and path/route required to safely handle wellbore returns
should be confirmed before the operation commences. Any requirement to coordinate
with third-party organizations or production personnel should be described in the job
procedure.
Set and prepare the monitoring and recording equipment

 Specific requirements for acquisition and monitoring systems should be detailed in the job
procedure
– Depth control systems
– Weight indicator systems
– Monitoring and recording systems

 The set points and triggers of CoilSAVER should be preset to reflect operating conditions.
Confirm equipment shutdown settings


 Confirm the set point(s) of equipment shut down systems, if applicable.

 Confirm the setting(s) of any pressure relief valves (PRV) installed in the treating and
return lines.

2.1.2 Running the CT String into the Well

The following general guidelines should be considered when planning and executing the CT
operation in the anticipated wellbore and reservoir conditions.
Wellbore schematic diagram

 A completion schematic, with the location of wellbore restrictions and key completion
features clearly marked, should be available to the CTU operator in the CT control cabin.
Running through the surface equipment stack and wellhead

 Extreme care and a slow running speed should be observed while running the CT
toolstring through the surface equipment stack, and wellhead. . The CT running speed
through this equipment should not generally exceed 20 ft/min.

 Elevated wellhead pressure and/or high volume wellbore flow have significant effect on
weight indicator readings at surface. Additional caution should be observed when these
conditions exist.
Running into a well

 For the initial run into any well, extreme care should be taken in case unexpected
obstructions are encountered. The CT running speed should consider the nature of the
BHA, e.g. the clearance between the tools and the wellbore tubular, length and flexibility
of the toolstring, etc. and should generally be at 40 to 80 ft/min.


 For subsequent runs into a wellbore known to be clear, the CT running speed may be
increased, however, descent should always be conducted with care.

 For complex or critical operations in which the BHA and completion geometry presents a
risk of compromising the operation, a dummy run is recommended, e.g., perforating.
Passing through wellbore restrictions


 Depending on the wellbore conditions or completion status, it may be necessary to bleed
down any wellbore pressure increase resulting from the displacement of well fluids by the
CT string, e.g., when running into an un-perforated or plugged wellbore.
Conduct pull-tests

 Pull tests should generally be performed at approximately 1000ft intervals noting the RIH
and POOH weight-indicator readings at each test. On subsequent runs, or on CT strings
with known areas of localized cycling, the pull tests should be conducted over different
intervals of the string to avoid over-cycling a localized area.

 The extent of a pull test should be to retrieve the CT string far enough to enable a
stabilized weight indicator reading to be observed. While conducting the pull test, the CTU
operator should confirm the depth displayed on all depth systems to check for
discrepancies.
Observe operating limits

 During pull tests or when pulling out of the well, the CT string maximum overpull should
not exceed the CoilLIMIT curve (80% of the yield strength) of the CT string across the
stripper.

 When a tapered string is used, attention should be given to the location of wall thickness
changes and the applicable limit curve. When conducting heavy load operations, close to
the limit of the string, the CoilLIMIT curve which applies to the thinner wall should be used
when a wall thickness change is within 500ft of the surface.

 During running into the well, the CT string maximum slack off should not exceed the
CoilLIMIT curve (80% of the yield strength) of the CT string across the stripper.

Compare weight indicator readings - model vs. actual


 As the CT string is run and retrieved, a continuous comparison of actual vs. predicted
weight indictor readings should be made to enable early identification of anomalies or
potential operational problems.
Manage fluid circulation

 Circulation or internal pressure should be applied as required to maintain the CT string in
a safe working window against the risk of collapse due to differential pressure. A slow or
nominal circulation rate is typically applied. However, if the well conditions (e.g., gas well)
or tool string (e.g., inflatable tools) are not compatible with fluid circulation, a more careful
approach to maintaining a safe pressure differential may be necessary and should be
detailed in the job procedure. For example, use of nitrogen rather than liquids in a gas
well, or a back-pressure valve or plug in the BHA to allow control of CT internal pressure.
Tagging an obstruction

 Obstructions should generally be tagged with extreme care with the minimum weight
being set down to confirm the location of the obstruction. The running speed should be
reduced and carefully managed to avoid excessive forces being applied.

2.2 Executing the Treatment

2.2.1 Prepare to execute the treatment

Manage/confirm wellbore fluid/hydraulics

 Certain applications require specific wellbore fluid conditions with respect to the
reservoir pressure, e.g., under balance or overbalance. This is achieved by managing the
properties of the fluid and the fluids pumping schedule, details of which should be
included in the specific job procedure.
Manage/confirm CT string fluid/hydraulics

 Similar to above, managing the fluid properties and pumping schedule within the CT string
may be required, e.g., spotting or placement of fluid above the toolstring in readiness for
injection when the tools are activated.
Manage/confirm the CT string depth and treatment depth


 The appropriate depth control or correlation process is typically dependent on the
application, e.g., high accuracy required for perforating compared with a lesser degree of
accuracy required for well kick-off. The depth control or correlation requirement for each
CT operation should be clearly described in the specific job procedure.

2.2.2 Executing the treatment

Manage fluid circulation


 The specific requirements of fluid pumping or circulation should be included in the
detailed job procedure, including details of;
– Fluid type
– Fluid properties (including quality checks where applicable)
– Pump rate (minimum-maximum rate)
– Pump pressure limits
Observe/manage wellbore returns

 Requirements for the management of wellbore returns should be described in the specific
job procedure, including details of the following wellbore fluid characteristics.
– Wellhead pressure (annular) for choke-manifold operation and management of
desired downhole conditions, e.g., when performing foam or nitrified fluid operations.
– The handling of returns is dependent on type or composition of the returned fluid, e.g.,
diverting spent treatment fluid for processing or disposal.
– Observing or assessing the presence or volume of solids in the wellbore fluid, e.g.,
when performing fill or scale removal operations.
– Treating wellbore returns, e.g., breaking fluid gel strength to allow easy disposal.
Manage CT string speed and load on BHA

 In applications where CT string movement or load on the BHA should be closely
controlled, requirements should be described in the specific job procedure.
– Maximum set-down weight, e.g., milling,
– Maximum penetration rate, e.g., fill removal,
– CT string speed (minimum-maximum), e.g., logging tool pass.
Observe critical operating parameters

 In some applications, the operating limits or parameters, e.g., tension/compression or
pump rate and circulating pressure, may vary during different phases of the operation.
Where critical operating limits change, a clear description should be included in the
specific job procedure.

Observe treatment responses


 The treatment parameters or responses that indicate the progress or efficacy of a
treatment should be outlined in the job procedure. Where critical parameters may
influence the course of a treatment, the required treatment response should be detailed in
the job procedure, e.g., when removing scale with sterling beads, a critical penetration
rate should be maintained to avoid damaging the wellbore tubular or completion
components.
Manage tool operation

 Specific requirements for tool string operation during the various phases of the job should
be clearly stated in the specific job procedure, e.g., managing the indexing of a
mechanical packer with respect to the movement of the CT string.
Determine/confirm end of treatment


 In some applications, the conclusion of the treatment is not identifiable by a specific event
or particular treatment conditions, e.g., when circulating an unknown volume of sand or
fill from the wellbore. Guidelines to establish the conclusion of the treatment (to be agreed
with the well-site client representative) should be included in the specific job procedure.
Implement treatment change to suit conditions

 In many applications, a change in anticipated wellbore, reservoir or treatment conditions
may require the CT operation to be modified or prematurely terminated. In operations
where critical changes or unexpected conditions are likely to require such a modification
to the planned treatment, guidelines should be provided in the contingency plans for the
operation. For example, if it is reasonably foreseeable that circulation may be lost during a
fill removal operation, guidance on the change of treatment, or termination, should be
included in contingency procedures.

2.3 Pulling out of the well

2.3.1 Retrieving the CT string

Confirm/prepare tool string for pulling out of hole

 In applications where the operation of the tool string engages with wellbore tubulars,
completion equipment or fish, care should be taken to ensure that the tool string is
prepared for retrieval. Requirements or guidelines for the retrieval of the tool string should
be included in the specific job procedure, e.g., following a treatment with an inflatable
packer, adequate time should be allowed for the element to properly deflate before
attempting to pull out of hole.

Observe operating limits


 During retrieval, the operating limits may be determined by the limitations of the BHA
rather than the CT string. In addition, operating limits when pulling out of hole may be
highly dependant on the completion geometry, e.g., recovering spent perforating guns
through restriction in the completion.
Compare weight indicator readings - model vs. actual

 As the CT string is run and retrieved, a continuous comparison of actual vs. predicted
weight indictor readings should be made to enable early identification of anomalies or
potential operational problems.
Passing through wellbore restrictions


 To avoid the risks associated with hanging-up on a wellbore restriction, such as
subsurface safety valves, gas lift mandrels, nipples, wireline entry guides, tailpipe etc., the
running speed should be reduced when the tool string is passing through the restriction.
In addition, the weight indictor display should be closely observed.

 If an unexpected wellbore restriction is encountered and the CT string has hung up at
speed, the string should be slowly run into the well to confirm that the tool string is not
jammed in a restriction.

 If the tool string is likely to be distorted or oversized during retrieval, e.g., inflatable
packers or perforating guns, contingency guidelines should be included in the job
procedure.
Manage fluid circulation

 The specific requirements of fluid pumping or circulation should be included in the
detailed job procedure, including details of;
– Fluid type
– Fluid properties (including quality checks where applicable)
– Pump rate (minimum-maximum rate)
– Pump pressure limits

2.3.2 Completing the CT Operation

Observe/record wellhead conditions

 When the CT string and tool string have been safely retrieved, a record of the time and
well conditions should normally be made. Any requirement for recording further well or
installation information should be detailed in the job procedure.

3 Pressure and Function Testing

The following Standard Operating Procedures apply to pressure and function testing activities
associated with general CT operations and highlight key safety and hazard issues. Additional
steps may be added to the procedures to suit the diversity of operating environments.

Safe and reliable operation of pressure control equipment is critical in all CT operations.
Consequently, it is essential that the equipment is thoroughly tested and that tests are properly
documented.

The BOP ram functions that are not pressure containing, e.g., shear rams and slip rams, must also
be checked for proper operation.

3.1 Pressure Testing

Pressure test procedures are shown below and identified as PT-1 and PT-2. Both tests must be
successfully completed with the pressure recorded over the duration of the test.
The pressure test process should be completed in two steps. The first step is to apply a low
pressure test (LPT) to verify equipment assembly. The second step is to apply a test pressure as
described in the pressure test requirements (PT-1 and PT-2) in Standard 22. Each step in the
process should be held at a stable pressure.

3.1.1 Pressure Test One (PT-1)

Standard Operating Procedure

Pressure Test One (PT-1)

1. Install the BOP stack on the wellhead.

2. Connect hydraulic hoses and test the hydraulic function of each ram
(Hydraulic connections may be made up and function tested before
installation of the BOP). Visually check operation and position of BOP ram
indicators.

3. Connect the treating lines from the pumping equipment to the CT reel,
BOP kill lines and other surface equipment as required.

4. Fill and pressure test the treatment lines before testing the pressure
control equipment.

5. Fill the pressure control equipment, leaving the blind rams and blind-ram
equalizing valve open to ensure the air is vented from the system.

6. With the blind rams and equalizing valve closed, perform a low-pressure
test, followed by a high-pressure test, on the BOP assembly and blind
rams through the kill line or flow-T (Test pressure and duration as
required by Standard 22).

7. With the test complete, open the blind ram pressure equalizing port to
confirm satisfactory operation. Close the equalizing port.

8. Bleed off any residual pressure and open the blind rams.

9. If multiple blind ram functions are included in the BOP stack, each blind
ram should be tested as described above.

3.1.2 Pressure Test Two (PT-2)

Standard Operating Procedure

Pressure Test Two (PT-2)

1. Fill the coiled tubing with test fluid and fit a CT connector and check valve
assembly. Pump a small volume of fluid through the check valve to
confirm the assembly is unobstructed.

2. Rig up the injector head to the pressure control equipment stack and
secure in position. Set the weight indicator and depth counter or system
to zero.

3. The CT (or test bar) should be installed in the BOP and traction pressure
applied to secure the string against the forces generated under the test
conditions.

4. Measure and record the distance from the bottom of the injector frame to
the center of the pipe ram set. Run the CT string through the BOP stack
sufficient distance to ensure the CT is placed across the pipe rams. Verify
the operation of mechanical and electronic counters.

5. Close the pipe rams on the CT string (or test bar).

6. Open the equalizing valve, close the kill port valve and retract all
strippers. Pump slowly through the CT string until test fluid leaks past the
stripper then stop pumping.

7. Close the equalizing valve and pump through the CT string to perform a
low-pressure test, followed by a high-pressure test, of the pipe rams.
(Test pressure and duration as required by Standard 22).

8. When the tests are complete, open the equalizing valve. Bleed-off
pressure in theBOP assembly through the kill port valve.

9. Open the pipe rams. Close the equalizing valve.

10. If multiple pipe ram functions are included in the BOP stack, each pipe
ram should be tested as described above.

11. Pump slowly to ensure the system is full of fluid, stop pumping and
energize the stripper to a minimum pressure of 500 psi (3500 kpa).

12. Pump through the CT to perform a low-pressure test of the stripper string,
followed by a high-pressure test. (Test pressure and duration as required
by Standard 22).

13. Check that all applicable pressure gauges have the same reading.

14. Bleed-off pressure in the CT string and BOP assembly through the kill port
valve when the tests are complete.

15. If multiple stripper functions (including annular BOPs) are included in the
BOP stack, each stripper should be tested as described above.

16. Retract the stripper and pump slowly through the kill line to ensure
system is full of fluid. Stop pumping and energize the stripper to a
minimum pressure of 500 psi (3500 kpa).

17. Perform a low-pressure test of the CT check valve and connector

assembly by pumping through the kill line, followed by a high-pressure
test. (Test pressure and duration as required by Standard 22).

18. When the tests are complete, bleed-off pressure.

3.1.3 Pressure Testing Lubricator and Riser Connections

Lubricator and riser connections should be tested before the assembly is exposed to well
pressure, and each time a connection is broken and remade. A low-pressure test, followed by a
high-pressure test should be performed.

3.2 Slip and Shear Ram Function Testing

Since the slip and shear rams involve key mechanical functions, additional performance testing
processes are required. Function testing of the blind and pipe rams are completed during the
pressure testing process.

3.2.1 Slip Ram Testing

To perform a full test of the slip ram efficiency significant force must be applied to the CT string
and pressure control equipment. This must be applied in a controlled manner that minimizes any
damage. When possible, a special, built-for-purpose test fixture should be used to perform slip
ram function testing.

 The slip ram test should include tests in both “pipe heavy” and “pipe light” conditions.
The forces applied during the slip ram tests should reflect typical local operating
requirements.

 The minimum hydraulic system pressure required to secure the tubing in the slips should
be recorded.

 The manual ram lock on the slip rams should be tested to confirm that the CT string
remains secured within the slips under test conditions.

 Slip ram testing is recommended during STEM II maintenance process, when the BOP is
dressed for a different string size, or on client request.

 Slip ram inserts should be visually inspected for damage following any function test.

3.2.2 Shear Ram Testing

To perform a function test of the shear ram, a representative CT string sample should be used,
e.g., with installed cable or fiber optic carrier where applicable.

 A shear ram test should be performed on the thickest wall segment of the CT string in
service. The minimum hydraulic system pressure required to shear the tubing should be
recorded.

 Shear ram testing is recommended during STEM II maintenance process, or on client
request.

 Shear ram blades should be replaced following any function test.

3.3 Accumulator System Function Testing

The accumulator system provides stored energy, i.e. hydraulic fluid under pressure, which is used
to function well control components in the event that the primary system is inoperable. It is critical
that sufficient usable hydraulic fluid capacity (with the primary system inoperative) be able to
operate all well control equipment components through a complete close-open-close sequence.
The volume of usable hydraulic fluids is affected by the following:

 Volumetric capacity of the accumulator

 Accumulator pre-charge pressure

3.3.1 Accumulator system testing

Accumulator system function testing is performed to verify proper operation.

 The accumulator system should be capable of operating all the components in the well
control stack, including components in the standard well control stack and all well control
components that may be required for the intended operation.

 Accumulator system testing consists of performing a close-open-close sequence of all
well control stack components with the accumulator fully charged and the primary system
inoperative, i.e. power pack shutdown.

 Accumulator system testing is recommended when an intended activity requires
components in the well control stack in additon to those used for routine operations;
recommended during STEM II maintenance process, or on client request.

 The pre-charge pressure of the accumulator should be recorded during the test.

 The time required to close each component in the well control stack using the
accumulator bank should be determined and recorded for reference.

4 CT Equipment Rig Up and Operation

4.1 Stabbing the CT string
The process of stabbing the CT string into the injector head chains generally requires the handling
of tubing or equipment at height and in the proximity of operating machinery. Consequently, all
aspects of the task should be planned and the necessary safety equipment used and precautions
taken, including:
– use of fall protection equipment for all personnel working at height,
– safe use of cranes, lifting or rigging equipment when handling the CT string,
– proper use of CT stabbing aids (e.g., CT snake) and associated equipment,
– close coordination and communication between CTU operator and person directing
the operation.

Due to the diversity of equipment size and configuration, there are several ways by which a CT
string can be safely rigged and stabbed into the injector head during equipment rig up. Similarly,
during equipment rig down there may be several safe techniques by which the CT string can be
safely recovered to the reel and secured.

The following guidelines are presented to enable the preparation of local operating procedures
which should take account of the size and configuration of the equipment in use. If operations are
planned requiring unusual equipment rig up, or the local CT string stabbing procedure may not be
applicable, e.g., when a larger-than-normal CT string is to be used, detailed guidelines should be
prepared.

4.1.1 Conventional CT String Stabbing

The following general guidelines are prepared for conventional CT string stabbing, when a CT
snake is not used. Further detailed steps to reflect local equipment configuration or well site
conditions should be prepared when planning the CT operation.

1. Install a clamp or similar retaining device at the end of the CT string and attach a winch
line or crane hook to safely pull the CT string from the reel.

3. Disconnect the pulling cable, remove the clamp and prepare the end of the CT string for
stabbing.
4. Connect the winch line or crane hook to the CT string at a point that will enable the end to
be lowered vertically into the injector head chains.

5. Lift the CT string above the injector head and prepare to stab. Any personnel on top of the
injector head must have fall protection equipment and the person directing the CT string
stabbing process must have direct communication with the CTU operator.

6. With the injector head chains running slowly and minimal skate pressure, the CT string
end should be inserted into the top of the chains. The injector head should be run until the
CT string is just above the bottom of the chains then stopped.

7. Secure the chain guides and rollers on the gooseneck and ensure personnel are removed
from the top of the injector head before proceeding with further equipment rig up or
testing.

8. Complete the stabbing process by running the CT through the stripper, ensuring that the
end of the CT string is correctly aligned with the stripper for proper entry.

4.1.2 CT String Stabbing with a CT Snake

The following general guidelines are prepared for CT string stabbing where a CT snake is used.
Additional steps to reflect local equipment configuration or well site conditions should be
prepared when planning the operation. (Note: An assessment of the CT snake’s condition should
be performed before use.)
1. Install a clamp or similar retaining device near the end of the CT string and attach a winch
line or crane hook to safely pull the CT string from the reel.

2. Pull enough length from the reel to allow the CT string to be safely manipulated into place
above the injector head. Before disconnecting the pulling cable, install a clamp on the
tubing at the reel levelwind assembly to secure the reel.
3. Disconnect the pulling cable, remove the clamp and fit the CT snake to the CT string. If
necessary arrange a crane or winch to support the CT string during the stabbing process.

4. Lift the CT snake above the injector head and prepare to stab into the injector chains. Any
personnel on top of the injector head must have fall protection equipment and the
operator/engineer directing the CT string stabbing process must have direct
communication with the CTU operator.
5. With the injector head chains running slowly and minimal skate pressure, the CT snake
end should be inserted into to the top of the chains. The injector head should be run until
the CT string is just above the bottom of the chains then stopped.

6. Secure the chain guides and rollers on the gooseneck and ensure personnel are removed
from the top of the injector head before proceeding with further equipment rig up or
testing.

7. Complete the stabbing process by running the CT through the stripper, ensuring that the
end of the CT string is correctly aligned with the stripper for proper entry. The injector
head should be stopped and the snake removed at a convenient point.

4.2 CT Connector Make Up and Testing

Check condition of seal and seal areas


 To ensure a proper seal, the CT should be within OD/ID size tolerance for the intended
connector.

 Oval or distorted tubing may prevent an effective seal or mechanical connection. It may
be necessary to cut back the CT string to remove distorted tubing, or use a different type
of connector, e.g., use external connector instead of internal, since internal connectors
are more sensitive to tube geometry.
Check condition of threads

 The general condition of mechanical components and threads should be checked for
signs of damage, cracking or distortion prior to assembly.
Follow connector manufacturer’s make-up procedure

 The manufacturers make up procedure should be completed, including the use of specific
tools or equipment required for fitting or testing the connector, e.g., specific dimple tools
for dimple type connectors.
Perform pull test on assembled connector

 Perform a pull test on the CT connector before making up the BHA

Standard Operating Procedure

CT connector pull test

1. Visually check the installed connector for correct assembly.

2. Mark the CT (using a non-damaging marker or tape) close to the

connector to enable any movement during the pull test to be seen.

3. Install a pull-test plateon the connector.

4. Perform the pull test against the bottom connection of the stripper
assembly (Do not perform a pull test against the internal components of
the stripper). The rating of the pull test is dependent on the size of the CT
string and the load requirement of the intended operation. The following
are the minimum pull test values for various size CT strings.

1-1/2-in. (or smaller) - 10,000lbf

1-3/4-in. - 15,000lbf

2-in. - 20,000lbf

2 3/8-in. - 30,000lbf

2 7/8-in. - 40,000lbf

5. Release pull test and inspect connector for movement or distortion.

4.3 Flange Make-Up

The pressure control stack contains the wellbore pressure and fluids and provides several
functions to safely handle well or pressure control issues that may arise during the course of the
well intervention. Consequently, ensuring the correct assembly and continued integrity of the well
control stack is essential to safely perform CT operations.

The integrity of the stack is highly dependent on proper make up of flanged connections. In
addition, the structural support system of the assembled stack prevents excessive loading, such
as side or bending loads. Properly design and assembly of the stack and its support system is
essential.

4.3.1 General Flange Make Up

A flange is properly made up when the flange bolts are uniformly tensioned to an optimal value.
This requires a combination of good make up procedures and the ability to evaluate the tensile
load in the bolt. The industry standard used to define bolt preload is torque, however, for this to be
effective or valid, there is a requirement that the bolts are all in a similar condition and have been
consistently prepared and made up. In conventional operations, this can be achieved by
completing the general make up guideline below. For critical operations, such as high-pressure
coiled tubing (HP CT) applications, a more precise process is required.

Only approved wrenches should be used for applying the required torque on the bolts during
flange make up. Hammer-type wrenches are not allowed as per WS Standard 5.
The following Standard Operating Procedure is applicable for the make up of pressure control
equipment flanges used on conventional CT operations. Additional steps to reflect well site
conditions and the sequence of equipment make up should be prepared when planning the CT
operation and included in the specific job procedure.

Standard Operating Procedure

General Flange Make Up

1. Ensure the connection and ring gasket seal areas are clean and free from
damage. (Note: The use of lubricants is not recommended.)

2. Place or install the ring gasket and align the flanges for closure of the
joint.

3. Loosely install the flange bolts and tighten one side of the flange (half the
bolts) until the raised flange faces are separated by 0.125-in.

4. Beginning in the middle of the flange on the opposite side, tighten the
bolts until the gap between the flange faces is almost closed. The gap
between the faces on the first side of the flanged joint will be less than
the original 0.125 in.

5. Close the gap between the flange faces using the bolt-tightening
sequence shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2. Bolt tightening sequence.

4.3.2 HP CT Flange Make Up

When rigging up pressure control equipment for HP CT operations, Category 3, a more stringent
approach is required to ensure that equipment connections are properly assembled and capable
of operating safely within the designed operating limits of the equipment.
A crush washer system is used to ensure that the connection bolts are tensioned correctly and
equally to ensure the optimal performance and integrity of the connection. The primary advantage
of this system is that it provides a highly repeatable visual inspection process, which simplifies
both training and implementation.

The HP CT bolt tension system consists of a load-indicating washer with raised profiles used in
conjunction with a specially hardened backup washer (Figure 3). The dual washer assembly is
installed on all flange bolts. The load-indicating washer is an expendable (single use only) item
that directly indicates the tensile preload of the bolt. When properly applied, the system
successfully indicates bolt tension within a margin of 5%. When the bolt reaches the optimal
preload the load-indicating washer will be flattened to the extent shown in Figure 4.

Since the load-indicating washer deforms when the defined bolt preload is applied, the bolt
tension system cannot indicate if a bolt is over tensioned. Therefore, in addition to using the
appropriate equipment, it is important that assembly procedures are diligently applied.

Figure 3. Load-indicating washer and hardened back-up washer.

Figure 4. Load-indicating washer assembly in place.

If the proper alignment and tightening sequences are not followed when making up the
connection, the flange bolts could be overloaded, causing failure of the connection and instability
to the pressure control equipment stack.

To enable the system to be used, the bolts or studs used to make the flange connection must be
long enough to span the load-indicating and backup washers while still making up properly. The
system should be applicable to approximately 85% of current field equipment. However, on some
items of equipment fitted with integral studs some modification may be required.

The connection make-up procedures include the initial flange alignment, the tightening sequence
used to close the flange face and the tightening sequence used to reach the optimal bolt tension
(Figure 5). The following general guidelines are prepared for the make up of pressure control
equipment flanges used on HP CT operations. Additional steps to reflect well site conditions and
the sequence of equipment make up should be prepared when planning the CT operation and
included the specific job procedure.

Making-up and breaking-out flange connection bolts typically require significant physical effort.
Working at height creates additional hazards during these job phases. Since the HP CT bolt
system requires a high bolt tension, the use of a suitable powered make-up wrench, or third-party
nipple-up crew, is recommended.
Figure 5 can be used as a guide for selecting the appropriate wrenches for proper flange make-
up. The table contains various pressure equipment sizes and their associated bolt and nut sizes.
The table provides the minimum capacity requirements of the make up wrenches; however, the
values do not reflect the actual torque required to flatten the load-indicating washer.

Required Wrench
Equipment Size Bolt Size (in.) Nut Size (in.)
Capacity (ft-lbf)

2-9/16 10k 7/8 1-7/16 400

3-1/16 10k 1 1-5/8 600
4-1/16 10k 1-1/8 1 -13/16 800
5-1/8 10k 1-1/8 1 -13/16 800
2-9/16 15k 1 1-5/8 600
3-1/16 15k 1-1/8 1 -13/16 800
4-1/16 15k 1-3/8 2-3/16 1600
7-1/16 15k 1-1/2 2-3/8 2200

Figure 5. Make-up wrench selection guide.

Standard Operating Procedure

HP CT Flange Make Up

1. Ensure the connection and ring gasket seal areas are clean and free from
damage. (Note: The use of lubricants is not recommended.)

2. Place or install the ring gasket and align the flanges for closure of the
joint.

3. Loosely install the flange bolts and tighten one side of the flange (half the
bolts) until the raised flange faces are separated by 0.125-in.

5. Close the gap between the flange faces using the bolt-tightening
sequence shown in Figure 6.

Figure 6. Bolt tightening sequence .

6. Apply torque to the bolts in the recommended sequence, fully crushing

the profiles on the load-indicating washers. Alternatively, a series of
checks using a 0.005 in feeler gauge around the load-indicating washer
will indicate proper tension (free passage of feeler gauge indicates
inadequate flattening or tightening). Improper flange alignment or
incorrect tightening process can lead to overloading the bolts.

4.4 Securing the Injector Head and Wellhead Equipment

To ensure the pressure control equipment stack can be safely operated within design limits, it is
important that the complete injector head and pressure control equipment stack is stable and
secure. In selecting the equipment and methods for securing the stack, the following issues
should be considered.

 Likely weather conditions over the duration of the planned operation.

 The requirement for access for tools and downhole equipment, e.g., tool deployment and
retrieval, during the operation.

 Possible contingency requirements, e.g., additional length or handling requirements for
fishing operations.

Most API flanged connections are of a robust design that is capable of handling combined loads
(internal pressure, axial load and bending loads). Potentially, the most likely cause of failure is the
bending load. In CT operations, the majority of the load applied to the wellhead results from the
weight and forces applied to the CT string while in the well. However, the load applied to the
equipment stack by the reel back tension can be significant and if it is not adequately stabilized a
failure of the well control stack or wellhead flanges may result.
The design and preparation of the equipment support system is an important step during the rig-up
phase of the operation. An improperly designed or prepared support system can also impart a
potentially dangerous load upon the equipment or wellhead. The following pressure control stack
support guidelines (Figure 7) should be considered in any operation where equipment or wellhead
stability may be an issue. When preparing for HP CT operations a thorough analysis should be
made to ensure that the specific stack configuration and the anticipated operating conditions can
be safely handled.

CT String OD (in.) Chain Type Wire Rope Type Guy Wire Preload

OD ≤1.75 3/8-in. transport 1/2-in. (6x19 or 6x37) 1500 to 2000lbf

OD > 1.75 5/8-in. transport 5/8-in. (6x19 or 6x37) 2250 to 2750lbf

Figure 7. Minimum specifications for support guy systems.

4.4.1 Land Based Operations

On land-based operations the availability of secure tie-down points or anchors will be highly
dependent on the well site layout and availability of a rig or support structure. The key issues to be
considered include the following.

 Securing the equipment stack against the forces created by the CT reel back-tension. The
configuration of the securing system will be dependent on the availability of appropriate
anchor point(s) at a suitable angle and distance from the injector head.

 The tie-downs should extend from the top of the injector-head frame to the anchor points
at an angle that enables the reel tension forces to be safely countered (Figures 8 and 9)).

 Do not attempt to anchor the injector head frame to the wellhead or wellhead equipment.
The anchor point should be far enough from the wellhead to ensure that no bending
forces are exerted on the equipment stack or wellhead.

Stack Height (ft) Mitigating Conditions Key Components

Four-point restraint from top of injector frame

WHP > 10,000psi
Anchors driven per site plan A
WHP ≤10000 psi Three-point restraint from top of injector frame
H ≤40 Crane opposes CTU Tie off to CTU and crane outriggers
Three-point restraint at top of injector
WHP ≤10000 psi
Anchors driven per site plan B
Crane does not oppose CTU
Tie off to CTU and anchors
Four-point restraint from top of injector frame
40 < H < 110 All Category Operations Four- point restraint from middle of stack
Anchors driven per site plan A
H ≥110 Contact InTouch CTS for Engineering Support

Figure 8. Pressure control stack support guidelines for land-based operations.

Figure 9. Site plan A

Figure 10. Site plan B

4.4.2 Offshore Operations – Fixed Structure

To provide the required stability and lateral support a jacking frame, or similar support structure is
typically used on offshore rigless CT operations. The table in Figure 11 details the support systems
for platform and barge operations. The well control stack height is defined as the height from the
lowest lateral restraint to the bottom of the injector head.
The key issues to be considered include the following.

 Appropriate placement of guy lines or support structures, within a space constrained
area, for the duration of the operation (Figure 9 and 10).

Stack Height (ft) Mitigating Conditions Key Components

Four-point restraint from top of injector frame

H ≤40 All Category Operations
Sound structural tie off point

Four-point restraint from top of injector frame

40 < H < 110 All Category Operations Four- point restraint from middle of stack
Sound structural tie off point
H ≥110 Contact Business Segment for Engineering
All Category Operations
Support

Figure 11. Pressure control stack support guidelines for offshore operations.

4.4.3 Offshore Operations - Floating Vessel

Operations performed on floating vessels will generally be conducted from a lifting frame for rig-
based activities, or from a deck mounted heave compensation system for rigless activities. In
either case, the injector head should be stabilized and secured from appropriate structural points
that are within the heave compensation system.

5 CT String
5.1 Cleaning the CT String
Proper internal and external cleaning of a CT string is generally necessary for several reasons.

 To ensure good longevity of the CT string by removing agents that will corrode or pit the
string surface, e.g., neutralizing the CT string following an acid treatment.

 In preparation for an acid or chemical treatment, where the reaction of the treatment fluid
with debris in the CT string may create harmful products if injected into the reservoir, e.g.,
pickling the CT string to remove potentially damaging iron compounds prior to an acid
treatment.

 In preparation for pumping balls, darts or pigs through the CT string in conjunction with a
treatment, e.g., ball operated firing head for perforating.

Any CT string cleaning or pigging operation that involves pumping an object inside the CT string
carries a risk of sticking or plugging due to debris accumulation. It may be necessary to stage the
cleaning process to minimize this risk, e.g., flush with fluid only first, then progressively increase
the size of drift device.

5.1.1 Pickling the CT String

During stimulation treatment using acid, any dissolved iron can significantly contribute to the
deposit of damaging precipitates in the reservoir formation. Dissolved iron exists in two states,
ferrous (Fe+2) iron and ferric (Fe+3) iron. Ferric iron will precipitate as ferric hydroxide when the
pH value of the environment exceeds two. Ferrous iron usually does not become a problem until
the pH value exceeds seven.
The CT string should be treated prior to matrix stimulation operations, commonly referred to as
pickling. The pickling process is designed to clean the CT string, limiting the amount of dissolved
iron and rust that could be transported into the formation.
The following issues should be considered when preparing a specific procedure for pickling a CT
string.

 Pickling fluid formulation, including the preparation process, volume and pump rate.

 Containment and disposal of the fluids when circulated from the CT string.
Pickling fluid composition

The pickling fluid is formulated to water-wet the tubular goods so that dissolution of iron scale or
rust can easily take place and limit corrosion of the CT string.

A typical pickling fluid composition includes the following.


 7.5% HCl

 Suitable corrosion inhibitor, e.g., A261

 Suitable surfactant , e.g., F103
Pickling fluid volume

 The recommended treatment volume is 50 gal/1000ft.
Pickling treatment rate


 The recommended pickling fluid pump rate is 0.5 bbl/min to allow sufficient contact time.
Disposal of used pickling fluid


 The pickling fluid does not completely spend when pumped through the CT string
consequently, care should be taken when handling and disposing of the used pickling
fluid.

5.1.2 Neutralizing the CT string


 A CT string should be neutralized following an acid treatment in preparation for transport
and storage to reduce internal corrosion.

 To prepare a 5.0 bbl volume of neutralizing fluid, add 1/2 sack of soda ash (25lbm) to 5.0 bbl
of fresh water.

5.1.3 Post-job Purging

Some equipment configurations or operating environments require that the CT string is purged or
“blown dry” following completion of a CT operation. The following conditions may require local
procedures are prepared to ensure safe and efficient purging of the CT string.

 CTU road-weight restrictions

 Offshore crane lift capacity restrictions

 CT reel/string storage in cold climates

 Pending medium- to long-term storage, including CTL reels

 In preparation for gas well treatments in which the use of liquids is undesirable.

The following guidelines should be considered when preparing specific reel purging procedures.

 Ensure that fluids circulated or purged from the CT string/reel are routed for safe disposal
or recovery.

 Foam darts or pigs may be used to ensure efficient sweeping and removal of fluids.

 When gaseous nitrogen from transport quads or a high-pressure air compressor is used,
ensure that approved hoses and fittings are used and that all lines are adequately
secured before commencing the purging process.

5.2 Corrosion Mitigation

The effect of CT string corrosion resulting from an operation involving corrosive fluids or poor
preparation for CT string storage can have severe implications for service quality and job safety
on future operations. Consequently, it is essential that corrosion mitigation procedures are
understood and, if applicable, the appropriate procedures undertaken to protect the CT string.

5.2.1 In-service Corrosion Protection

The protection of the CT string against corrosive agents while in the wellbore should be part of the
job design process for the intended operation. The following issues and potential corrosion
sources should be considered.

 If the proposed treatment fluids are corrosive, a suitable inhibitor or protection schedule
should be prepared and detailed in the job procedure.

 Bottom-hole temperature has a significant effect on the efficiency of most inhibition
systems.

 The presence of multiple corrosive fluid sources may have a significantly effect on
exposure of the CT string, e.g., performing an acid treatment in a well containing CO2 or
H2S.

5.2.2 In-storage Corrosion Protection

Corrosion of the CT string is one of the main reasons for taking the CT pipe out of service. Strings
are often retired prematurely when corrosion problems are evident or anticipated, leading to a
less than optimum usage of assets. Additionally, corrosion-related pipe failures sometimes occur
during CT operations.

Since corrosion damage cannot be corrected or repaired once it has advanced, the key to
reducing corrosion problems is to apply preventive measures. There are simple steps that can be
taken to reduce the effects of CT string corrosion. Some of these steps are directed at reducing
the corrosion that occurs during the job, others address the storage period between jobs.
The system to protect coiled tubing strings from storage corrosion consists of the following
components:

 Internal CT corrosion inhibitor A266 - Internal CT corrosion inhibitor A266 should be used
as a 20% emulsion in potable water. If potable water is not available, brines can be
substituted, however, the solution must be agitated extensively before pumping. If brine is
used, it is advisable to pump a potable water plug of inhibitor as soon as possible.

 External CT corrosion inhibitor A265 - External CT corrosion inhibitor A265 should be
applied neat to the external surface of the coiled tubing.

 Foam pigs for internal inhibitor placement

 System for applying outside inhibitor

The following is a summary of procedures that should be used to minimize CT corrosion during
post job and storage periods. A more detailed description is presented in the User Manual for
“System to Protect Coiled Tubing Strings from Storage Corrosion”, also known as PipeSAVER,
InTouch ID# 3011055.
Internal CT String Protection

1. Clean the internal surface – A new CT string or string that has been protected from
internal corrosion regularly will not generally require cleaning. If acid was pumped during
the treatment, the internal surface will likely be clean. However, if treatment fluids or
materials, such as cement or sand consolidation resins, were pumped, the internal
surface should be cleaned by flushing the string as described in the PipeSAVER User
Manual.

2. Neutralize the internal surface by pumping a neutralizing solution (1/4 to 1/2 string
volume), if any acid was pumped.

3. Apply the internal corrosion inhibitor A266 as described in the PipeSAVER User Manual
aboveand displace with nitrogen.
4. Plug the CT string ends to exclude air and moisture.
External CT String Protection

1. Clean the external surface – Any deposits on the surface of the CT string should be
cleaned before applying the corrosion inhibitor.

2. Apply the external corrosion inhibitor A265 to the surface of the tubing as described in the
PipeSAVER User Manual.

3. Protect the CT string from rain and weather.

6 Depth Control and Correlation

The correct placement or application of a treatment is often crucial to meeting the treatment
objective. Consequently the depth at which the toolstring is located in preparation for, or during
the treatment should be carefully managed. Several technologies and techniques have been
developed to improve the depth control required during critical CT operations.

 Mechanical tools for locating known reference points in the wellbore, e.g., tubing nipples,
tubing end or similar restrictions.

 Memory CCL (casing collar locating) systems, e.g., memory tools run on a dummy or
preparatory run into the wellbore before the main run.

 CCL systems using electric line telemetry.

 CCL systems using fiber optic telemetry.

 CCL systems using pressure-pulse technology (DepthLOG).

These technologies are used in conjunction with the CTU depth system, e.g., mechanical counter
or UTLM, by providing a reference point. Consequently, it remains important that the surface depth
systems are correctly calibrated and operated. Furthermore, the efficacy of the depth correlation
process relies on the availability of detailed completion schematics when using mechanical tools,
or base logs when using CCL systems, for the purpose of comparison.

The type of tool string and application will generally determine the most appropriate means of
depth control. The criticality of completing the treatment or setting the tool at the desired depth
accuracy will also determine the preferred method.

7 Reverse Circulation
Reverse circulation involves pumping fluid down the CT/wellbore tubular annulus and taking
returns up the CT string. This provides several benefits for the circulation of fluids and transport of
materials from the wellbore. The primary advantage is the shorter time that the CT string enables
for bottoms-up circulation, i.e., the CT string volume is typically significantly less then the annular
volume. In addition, the fluid velocity achievable inside the CT string is typically higher than in the
annulus enabling more efficient particle transport, e.g., for fill removal operations in large
diameter tubulars.
The primary concern associated with operations involving reverse circulation through the CT
string is the absence of downhole pressure control, i.e., CT check valves are not included in the
BHA. Standard 22 defines the conditions under which reverse circulation can be performed. In
addition, the following guidelines should be considered when planning and executing a CT
operation involving reverse circulation.

 The CT string size and fluid properties have significant effect on friction pressures and
should be considered for suitability in the specific treatment.

 Treatment lines should be rigged up to enable a quick and easy change of circulation
path, e.g., reverse to conventional circulation and visa versa. The use of a squeeze
manifold with an adjustable choke is recommended for this purpose.

 The pump pressure should be closely controlled and monitored to reduce the risk of
exceeding the CT collapse pressure. The use of a pressure relief valve (PRV) on the
annular line is recommended.

 To reduce the risk of operation failure relating to the CT string, strings with low fatigue life
(<40% CoilLIFE) are recommended.

 The ovality of the CT string is critical to safe reverse circulating due to reduced resistance
to collapse on oval tubing. The UTIM should be rigged up and closely monitored
throughout the operation.

 The flow rate in the pump and return lines should be monitored to detect any fluid influxes
or losses to the formation.

 Emergency procedures and contingency plans for the specific operation should be
available in the CTU control cabin.

 It is recommended that the concentration of solids picked up while reverse circulating be
limited to 10% (by volume).

 When changing from conventional circulation to reverse circulation, there is a risk that
solids in the annulus may be compacted around the lower portion of CT string or
toolstring. This may result in plugging of the CT string or a stuck-pipe situation,

 Good lines of communication are essential, at all times, during the operation.

8 Tool Deployment Systems

There are several operational difficulties and safety issues with the use of long CT tool strings.
Especially, in wells where the surface equipment rig up does not allow the entire tool string to be
contained above the swab valve. Several items of equipment and specialized techniques have
been developed to allow long tool strings to be inserted and retrieved from the wellbore. In each
case, there are fundamental requirements of a tool deployment system that should be considered.
Contingency plans must be prepared for reasonably foreseeable events, e.g., actions to be taken if
a tool connection cannot be released during retrieval of the tool string.
General considerations for tool deployment

In all pressure deployment operations, the following points should be considered and where
applicable addressed in the specific job procedure.

 Competency of key personnel

 Snubbing forces required to overcome wellhead pressure

 Redundant pressure barriers

 Use and coordination of slickline or wireline equipment, including the load limitations
when handling long or heavy tool strings.

8.1 Bar Deployment Method

The bar deployment method provides a means of suspending the tool string in the BOP while
isolating wellbore pressure during deployment and reverse deployment. The deployment bar can
be sheared at any time during deployment to maintain well control using the BOP shear rams. The
deployment bar is available in several sizes to match the CT size and configuration of the BOP. In
addition, the bars may be configured for fluid application, or wired for logging or e-line
applications.
General considerations for bar deployment method

 A redundant barrier system is used, e.g., pipe ram and annular BOP.

 The shear ram function should be capable of shearing the deployment bar.

 For fluid deployment, the use of dual ball valves in the BHA or toolstring.

 Only approved deployment bars should be used.

 A means to safely bleed-off lubricator or riser pressure should be considered.

 A means to safely equalize the lubricator or riser pressure with wellhead pressure should
be considered.

General Procedure – Conductor Deployment

1. Check space out to ensure that the CT/wireline connection can be easily accessed when
the pipe/slip rams are closed on the deployment bar.

2. Rig up the slickline or wireline pressure control equipment on the CT pressure control
stack.
3. Make up the tool string and pull into the wireline lubricator.

4. Make up the wireline lubricator onto the CT BOP stack.

5. Equalize the pressure across the master valve.

6. Open the master valve, noting the number of turns required.

7. Lower the tool string to locate the deployment bar across the pipe and slip rams.
8. Close the pipe and slip rams, ensure that they are fully closed.

9. Manually lock the slip and pipe rams.

10. Bleed-off the pressure in the lubricator.

11. Open the lubricator connection and disconnect the wireline from the tool string. (Repeat
steps #3 to #11 when deploying multiple tool string sections.)
12. Rig up the CT injector head and riser and suspend above the stack.

13. Make up the CT wireline adapter to the tool string suspend from the BOP.

14. Test tool string to ensure continuity.

15. Make up the riser connection to the BOP stack.

16. Pressure test the riser through the kill port.

17. Bleed off pressure test and close kill port.

18. Equalize the pressure across the pipe rams.

19. Release manual locks on the pipe and slip rams.

20. Open pipe and slip rams.

21. Correlate depth with the wireline engineer.

22. Slowly RIH with the CT.

General Procedure – Fluid Deployment

1. Check space out to ensure that the dual ball valves and tool string connection can be
easily accessed when the pipe/slip rams are closed on the deployment bar.

2. Make up the lower tool string section and pull into the riser/lubricator.

3. Make up the riser/lubricator onto the CT BOP stack.

4. Equalize the pressure across the master valve.

5. Open the master valve, noting the number of turns required.

6. Lower the tool string to locate the deployment bar across the pipe and slip rams.

7. Close the pipe and slip rams; ensure that they are fully closed.

8. Manually lock the slip and pipe rams.

9. Bleed-off the pressure in the riser/lubricator.

10. Open the lubricator connection and close the dual ball valves.
11. Disconnect the lower tool string from the CT running string. (When deploying multiple tool
string sections, steps #2 to #11 are repeated.)

12. Rig up the CT injector head and riser with the upper toolstring section and suspend above
the stack.

13. Make up the upper and lower tool string connection.

14. Open the dual ball valves.

15. Make up the riser/lubricator connection to the BOP stack.

16. Pressure test the riser through the kill port.

17. Bleed off pressure test and close kill port.

18. Equalize the pressure across the pipe rams.

19. Release manual locks on the pipe and slip rams.

20. Open pipe and slip rams.

21. Tag stripper to set depth.

22. Slowly RIH with the CT.

8.2 CIRP Deployment Method

Completion, Insertion, and Retrieval of long gun strings under wellhead Pressure (CIRP) allows the
make-up and break-out of long gun strings inside a surface lubricator. The system utilizes
specially designed connectors that are operated within the pressure control stack by a CIRP BOP.
The CIRP BOP is equipped with specialized ram functions and actuator arms to enable the BHA to
be made-up or broken-out in sections.

 The pressure control stack should incorporate redundant gate valve barriers.

 A means to safely bleed-off lubricator or riser pressure should be considered.

 A means to safely equalize the lubricator or riser pressure with wellhead pressure should
be considered.
A more detailed description of this method is presented in the CT-deployed Perforating section of
the “Service Specific Operating Procedures & Guidelines” manual.

9 CT Operations in Extended Reach Wellbores

Advancing drilling techniques have enabled deviated wells to be drilled with ever-increasing step
out or extended reach. Several techniques and technologies have been developed to enable CT
interventions in extended reach wellbores.

9.1 Pipe Straightener

The pipe straightener is a hydraulic-activated device that uses an assembly with three rollers to
apply force in the direction of a reverse bend to straighten the CT string. It is fitted between the
gooseneck and injector head. The principal benefits of using a pipe straightener include the
following.

 Removal of the residual bend in the CT string, which reduces the total drag on the string in
the wellbore.

 Reduced spring effect in the CT string, making it easier to set down weight in small
increments (e.g., set down weight without stalling downhole motor for milling and drilling
operations).

 Better alignment for making up completion components or difficult tools beneath the
injector head.
The disadvantages of using a pipe straightener include the following.

 Significant increase in fatigue life due to the additional force required to remove the
residual bend in the CT string.

 Increased equipment rig up height on top of the injector head.

9.1.1 Pipe Straightener Operation

The operation of the pipe straightener is relatively straightforward, however, improper operation
of the straightener can seriously affect the fatigue induced in the CT string. Key operating
requirements and precautions include the following.

 The alignment of the CT string through the straightener rollers should be checked to
ensure that the CT string enters the injector head chains cleanly.

 Before assembling the CT injector head with the pressure control equipment, run a short
section of CT string through the straightener to confirm the equipment is set-up and
operating correctly.

 Only use the pipe straightener on the CT string sections that will be entering the high
deviation wellbore sections (>45 degrees).

 Minimize use of the pipe straightener on string sections where there has already been a
high proportion of fatigue life consumed.


 Minimize use of the pipe straightener on string sections containing wall thickness
changes or butt welds.

 Always note any use of the pipe straightener on the job log, accurately recording the
interval of the string that had been straightened.

 Additional reel back-tension, (approximately 200-300psi above the normal running in hole
pressure) may be required to stabilize the pressure and ensure smooth operation of the
straightener ram.

9.2 Metal-to-Metal Friction Reducers

Metal-to-metal friction reducers improve access to horizontal and deviated wellbores by reducing
the friction between the CT string and the wellbore tubular (tubing or casing). Similar fluid
additives are used to reduce torque and drag during drilling operations. In CT applications, the
primary benefit is reduced friction while the CT string is running in hole, allowing greater
penetration in a deviated wellbore. A secondary benefit enabling a greater set-down weight on
the toolstring may provide the ability to perform an operation that may not normally have been
possible, e.g., drilling with CT.

Most metal-to-metal friction reducers for CT operations are liquid additives with typical
recommended concentrations between 2% and 4% by volume. Various additives are available for
use with fresh water, seawater or oil-based fluids. Compatibility tests should be performed to
avoid undesirable reactions with wellbore fluids.

In addition to the manufacturer’s recommendations for the preparation and use of friction
reducers, the following guidelines should be considered.

 Use a mixing system with a centrifugal pump that can “roll” or agitate the prepared fluid
to prevent settling of the active components.

 The base fluid (fresh water, seawater or oil based fluid) should be prepared first and the
friction reducer added while the tank is rolled or agitated.

 Certain friction reducers may become viscous if subjected to high-shear.

 Avoid preparing excess volume of fluid since some fluids may lose efficiency if stored for
more than a few hours.

 When spotting friction reducer, run into the well as far as possible and synchronize the
fluid pump rate and CT movement to spot the fluid as the CT string is withdrawn. This
enables the friction reducer to adhere to the tubular wall, enabling subsequent runs to be
made further into the wellbore.

 On multiple runs it may be necessary to reapply friction reducer in relevant wellbore
sections.

10 Downhole Tools
All CT operations require tools or downhole equipment to be attached to the CT string and a
suitable CT connector and dual check valve should be used on every operation. The configuration
of a tool string will be determined by the application and anticipated wellbore conditions. If the
tool string has the potential to become latched or stuck in the wellbore, a release joint (or similar
system for controlled release) should be used.

10.1 CT Tool Threads

Choosing the correct thread type and size is an important process that is part of selecting
appropriate tools. The thread type often determines the internal bore diameter of the tool, an
important consideration in applications where drop-balls are required. Most common thread types
come in a range of sizes and the thread size should be matched to the tool OD.

10.2 Tool String Make-up and Break-out


 Applying the correct torque when making up a tool connection is important to ensure the
mechanical and hydraulic integrity of the connection. Insufficient torque can result in the
connection backing-off, while excessive torque can cause galling damage to the thread
and potentially reduce the strength and integrity of the connection.

 All threaded connections should be inspected prior to assembly for burrs, galling or
damage to the thread (pin and box).

 Threaded connections should be assembled hand tight prior to installation of any seals to
identify thread problems. Seal friction often makes early detection of thread damage
difficult.

 Threaded connections should be lubricated with high temperature grease, such as
Lubriplate 930 AA or equivalent.

 Ensure the proper seal or O-ring is used. Using an oversized O-ring may result in pinching
or damage to the O-ring. The resulting distortion may then interfere with the proper make-
up of the tool connection.

 When possible, friction wrenches should be used to prevent damage to tool housings or
components. The wrench and vise should generally be applied on knurled areas or over
thick-walled sections of the tool and avoiding placing the wrench over the tool joint.

 It is recommended that a torque system, which indicates the actual torque applied to the
connection be used when making up tool connections.

 Manual torque wrenches are recommended for tool sizes up to 3-in. and up to 600ft/lb
torque, e.g., Petol Surgrip torque wrench.


 Hydraulic torque machines are recommended for connections requiring more than 600
ft/lb torque, e.g., Griffith Mini Tong (Little Jerk)

 The table in Figure 11 provides guidance for proper make up torque of common tool
connection types and sizes.

Tensile Torsion Make-up Bending Pressure

Connection Type Strength Strength Torque Strength Rating
(lbf) (ft/lbf) (ft/lbf) Ratio (psi)

1-in. Hydril CS/Enerpro RTS-8 - 1.80lb/ft 54000 1405(2) 400-500 N/A 19470

1-in. Hydril CS/Enerpro RTS-8 - 2.25lb/ft 70000 1699(2) 400-500 N/A 25010

1-1/4-in. Hydril CS/Enerpro RTS-8 - 2.40lb/ft 74000 2482(2) 600-750 N/A 16230

1-1/4-in. Hydril CS/Enerpro RTS-8 - 3.02lb/ft 97000 3082(2) 600-750 N/A 21140

1-1/2-in. Hydril CS/Enerpro RTS-8 - 2.90 lb/ft 100000 3451(2) 800-1000 N/A 21920

1-in. American MT 57217 665 399 2.71 N/A

1-1/4-in. American MT 58424 758 455 2.93 N/A

1-1/2-in. American MT 77305 1119 672 2.8 N/A

NC10 52960 414 249 1.97 N/A

NC12 67334 711 427 2.1 N/A

NC13 91311 1085 651 2.05 N/A

NC16 137269 1896 1137 2 N/A

1-1/4-in. FJ Regular 152391 2248 1349 3.29 N/A

2-3/8-in. API Regular 382847 4847 2908 2.07 N/A

2-3/8-in. PAC 245931 4489 2693 1.9 N/A

2-7/8-in. PAC 279777 5879 3527 2.19 N/A

1-13/16-in. Wilson FJ OS 120149 1011 607 2.12 N/A

1-13/16-in. Wilson FJ NS 105069 1011 607 2.58 N/A

2-3/8-in. Wilson FJ 176020 3010 1806 2.58 N/A

AW Rod 100529 1491 895 N/A N/A

BW Rod 143956 2467 1480 N/A N/A

N Rod 159189 2780 1668 N/A N/A

1.50-in. OD DS Stub Acme 38459 493 296 N/A N/A

1.81-in. OD DS Stub Acme 89625 1330 798 N/A N/A

2.06-in. OD DS Stub Acme 154963 2537 1522 N/A N/A

1.125-in. Nowsco Modified Stub Acme 57020 566 340 N/A N/A

1.562"-in.Nowsco Modified Stub Acme 93999 1251 751 N/A N/A

2.080-in. Nowsco Modified Stub Acme 97193 1546 928 N/A N/A

Figure 12. Tool connection recommended make-up torque.

10.2.1 Thread Locking Compounds

Extensive tool operation experience indicates that when a tool connection is properly prepared
and assembled, it is extremely unlikely that it will loosen while in service. However, if additional
precaution against loosening is required, the use of Loctite 242 (Blue) is recommended.

 When using Loctite 242, the connection must be very clean. Typically, a wire brush should
be used to thoroughly clean the connection before applying a small amount of locking
compound. It is not necessary to use thread grease or additional lubricants.

 For disassembly, Loctite 242 does not require heat.

 Any residue or stringers must be carefully cleaned from the joint during redress and prior
to reassembly.

10.3 Function Testing Downhole Tools

The process of function testing a down hole tool, or assembled tool string, will depend on the type
of tool or string in use and the availability of specialized test equipment.

Tool strings that operate under specific fluid circulation parameters, e.g., a specific rate or
pressure drop, are frequently function tested with the CT reel to be used, to both confirm
satisfactory operation and enable surface operating parameters to be recorded.

In some cases, key tools, e.g., motors, will have been function tested following redress and prior
to mobilization.

11 Offshore CT Equipment
Several additional items of wellsite equipment are necessary to enable CT operations to be
conducted safely and efficiently in an offshore environment. There are various designs of
equipment in routine use and the operating requirements and procedures are also variable. The
following sections outline the basic requirements of the equipment and summarize the checks or
issues that should be included in the specific job procedure. In every case, it is essential that
personnel specifying or operating the equipment are aware of the operating limits and
requirements of the equipment (as specified in the manufacturer’s documentation).

11.1 Towers and Jacking Structures

The basic functions of CT towers and jacking frames include the following.

 Provide a stable platform on which to place the CT injector head.

 Provide access or a work platform to enable the pressure control equipment to be
assembled and maintained (e.g., stripper insert replacement) during the intended
operation.

 Provide a means of controlling the final assembly of the injector head onto the pressure
control equipment stack – including access for tool string insertion/retrieval during the
operation.

Where applicable, the following issues should be considered when preparing the specific job
procedure.

 Constraints on the placement or configuration of the support structure, e.g., the minimum
or maximum height as may be determined by tool string length or pressure control
equipment stack height.

 Deck loading constraints on the deck or work area for the operation, e.g., load spreader
beams may be required.

 The requirement for guys or additional stability aids, e.g., as may be necessary in exposed
well sites in severe weather.

 Constraints on access for personnel during the operation, e.g., the requirement for fall
arrest equipment or breathing apparatus.

 Details of how the tool string should be safely inserted and retrieved from the riser or
pressure control equipment stack.

11.2 Lifting Frames

Lifting frames provide the means by which the CT injector head and pressure control equipment
can be suspended from the traveling block on floating vessels to enable heave compensation.
The lifting frames also provide the facilities by which the equipment stack is secured during the
operation.

The detailed procedures for rigging up, operating and rigging down the lifting frame are
dependent upon the frame design and the configuration of the rig floor and V-door of the rig or
compensation structure of an intervention vessel. The specific job procedure should include
guidance on the following steps.

 Details of special handling or lifting required for assembly of equipment in preparation for
the operation.

 Handling and lifting the frame into place on the rig floor or work area.

 Making-up or securing the frame to the tubing head, flow head or riser.

 Installing and testing the pressure control equipment.

 Installing the injector head.

In addition, where applicable, the following issues should be considered when preparing the
specific job procedure.

 Constraints or limitations on the operation of the equipment, e.g., maximum heave or wind
speed.

 Precautions to avoid repeated localized cycling of the CT string at the reel while the CT
string is stationary (as a result of vessel heave/motion).

 Consideration of string movement at the CT reel, e.g., as registered by the depth counter
system, even when the CT string may be stationary in the wellbore.

 Constraints on access for personnel during the operation, e.g., the requirement for fall
arrest equipment or breathing apparatus.

 Details of how the tool string should be safely inserted and retrieved from the riser or
pressure control equipment stack.

11.3 Boat Spooling

The planning and execution of boat spooling operations is a highly specialized process, typically
involving the coordination of several organizations and requiring a high level of worksite
supervision. Several items of specialized equipment are required, some of which may require
fabrication. To enable the appropriate level of safety and process management to be applied
during the planning and execution phases, a boat spooling CT operation should be project
managed as a non-standard operation, with each step and phase of the operation carefully
planned and risk assessed.

The key points below are simply intended to illustrate the general process and should not be
interpreted as a guideline or approved process. Planning for boat spooling operations should be
undertaken utilizing established best practices.
Summary of general conditions required for boat spooling


 Maximum heave – 1.5m (8.2ft).

 Maximum wind speed – 40 knots (46mph).

 Minimum vessel distance from platform or installation – 450ft.

 Constant radio contact must be maintained between all control stations and observers.

 Adequate personnel should be present on the boat and on the platform.

 The CTU operator should be in the control cabin at all times.

12 Nitrogen Services
There are several potential hazards associated with handling and pumping liquid nitrogen. The
requirements presented in Standard 11 should be incorporated in the specific job procedure.

12.1 Nitrogen Transfer

Precautions should be observed when planning and completing nitrogen transfer operations (tank
to tank) to avoid trapping liquid nitrogen between two closed valves. In addition, a proper cool
down process for lines and transfer hoses should be completed to ensure the liquid nitrogen is
transferred safely and efficiently. A typical transfer procedure should include the following steps.

1. Connect source tank (the tank from which the liquid nitrogen is being transferred) and
receiving tank (the tank to which the liquid nitrogen is being transferred).
2. Bleed off any pressure in the source tank.

3. Using the tank vaporizer, build pressure on the source tank to approximately 5psi above
the pressure in the receiving tank.

4. Open suction valve on the source tank and cool down the fill line, venting through the
bleed valve.
5. When the fill line is cooled down, slowly open the fill valve on the receiving tank to begin
transfer. It is important to begin transferring with a slow flow to prevent the pressure on
receiving tank from building quickly.
6. Carefully control the pressure on receiving tank with the vent line valve.

7. When the transfer is complete, close the fill valve on the receiving tank, open the bleed
valve in the fill line, and then close the suction valve on the source tank.

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