import Cocoa

import Foundation

func sum<T: Numeric> (_ a: T, _ b: T) -> T {

a+b
}

sum(1,2)
sum(1.2, 2.0)
let a:
sum(a,b)

struct Stack<T> {
private var elements = [T]()

mutating func push(_ element: T) {

elements.append(element)
}

mutating func pop() -> T? {

return elements.popLast()
}

func printStack() {
for i in stride(from: elements.count - 1, through:
0, by: -1) {
print("----\n| \(elements[i]) |")
}
print("-----------")
}
}

var stack = Stack<Int>()

stack.push(1)
stack.push(2)
stack.printStack()
struct PankCake{}

var stacker = Stack<PankCake>()

stacker.push(PankCake())
stacker.push(PankCake())
stacker.push(PankCake())
stacker.push(PankCake())
stacker.push(PankCake())
stacker.push(PankCake())
stacker.printStack()

// Extending generic structs

extension Stack {
var topItem: T? {
return(elements.isEmpty ? nil :
elements[elements.count - 1])
}
}

// With 2 generic parameters

struct HashMap<Key: Hashable, Value> {
private var storage: [Key: Value] = [:]

mutating func setValue(_ value: Value, forKey key:

Key) {
storage[key] = value
}

func getValue(forKey key: Key) -> Value? {

return storage[key]
}

mutating func removeValue(forKey key: Key) {

storage[key] = nil
}
}

var hashMap = HashMap<Int, String>()

hashMap.setValue("25", forKey: 1)
hashMap.setValue("30", forKey: 2)
hashMap.getValue(forKey: 1)

//final class LinkedNode {

// var val: Int
// var next: LinkedNode?
//
// init(val: Int) {
// self.val = val
// }
//}
//
//
//
//final class ReverseLinkedList {
// static func reverse(_ node: LinkedNode?) ->
LinkedNode? {
// guard let node = node else { return nil }
// var nextNode = node.next
// var currentNode = LinkedNode(val: node.val)
//
// while nextNode != nil {
// let newNode = LinkedNode(val:
nextNode!.val)
// newNode.next = newNode
//
// currentNode = newNode
// nextNode = nextNode?.next
// }
// return currentNode
// }
//}
//
//var linkedNode = LinkedNode(val: 1)
//linkedNode.next = LinkedNode(val: 2)
//
//linkedNode.next?.next = LinkedNode(val: 3)
//linkedNode.next?.next?.next = LinkedNode(val: 4)
//linkedNode.next?.next?.next = LinkedNode(val: 5)
//
//
//let answer = ReverseLinkedList.reverse(linkedNode)
//
//print("rootNode \(String(describing: answer?.val))")
//print("rootNode \(String(describing:
answer?.next?.val))")
//print("rootNode \(String(describing:
answer?.next?.next?.val))")
//print("rootNode \(String(describing:
answer?.next?.next?.next?.val))")

// fizzbuzz for one

let score = 10
let reallyBig = 10__00__0_000
print(reallyBig)

let lowerScore = score-2

let higherScore = score+10

let doubledScore = score*2

let halvedScore = score*score

var counter = 10
counter += 5

counter *= 2
counter *= 3
let number = 120
print(number.isMultiple(of: 3))

let a1 = 1
let b1 = 2.0
let c1 = a1 + Int(b1)

var name = "Kumar Utsav"

var nameList = ["Bush", "Obama", "Trump", "Biden"]

//print(nameList.sorted())
print(nameList.reversed())

let reverseList = nameList.reversed()

print(reverseList)

name = "John Travolta"

var rating = 5.0

rating *= 2

let fileName = "paris.jpg"

print(fileName.hasSuffix(".jpg") == true)
print(fileName.hasSuffix(".jpg") == false)

var isAuthenticated = false

isAuthenticated = !isAuthenticated
print(isAuthenticated)

isAuthenticated = !isAuthenticated
print(isAuthenticated)

var gameOver = false

print(gameOver)

gameOver.toggle()
print(gameOver)

let firstPart = "Hello, "

let secondPart = "world!"

let greeting = firstPart + secondPart

print(greeting)

let localizedGreeting = "Bonjour Tout Le Monde"

let dict = [greeting: localizedGreeting]

print("The greeting in English is \(greeting)")

print("The greeting in French is \(localizedGreeting)")

if let myGreeting = dict[greeting] {

print("The localized greeting in French is \
(myGreeting)")
}

//guard let monGreeting = dict[greeting] else { return }

//print("The localized greeting in romantic language is \
(monGreeting)")

let people = firstPart + "yes"

let luggageCode = "1" + "2" + "3"

let quote = " Then he tapped a sign saying \"Believe\"

and walked away"
print(quote)

let nameActor = "Taylor"

let age = 26
let message = "Hello , my name is \(nameActor) and
I'm on a tour and I'm \(age) years old. "
let luggageArray = Array(luggageCode)
print(luggageArray.count)

for(index, value) in luggageArray.enumerated() {

print(index, value, index + 1, String(value) +
String("9"))
}

let numbers = 11
let missionMessage = "Appollo \( String(numbers))
landed on the moon."

enum value: Int, Equatable {

typealias RawValue = Int

case one, two, three, four

// switch value.self {
// case one:
// return one.rawValue
// case two:
// return two.rawValue
// case three:
// return three.rawValue
// case four:
// return four.rawValue
//
// }
}

var beatles = ["John", "Kumar", "Lava", "Halwa"]

var number12 = [4,6,8,12,23,45]
var temperatures:[Any] = [25.3, 28.2, 26.4]

print(beatles[value.three.rawValue])
print(temperatures[2])
print(number12[1])

beatles.append("Utsav")
print(beatles)
beatles.remove(at: 3)
print(beatles)
beatles.append(contentsOf: ["one", "two"])
print(beatles)

extension Array {
mutating func appendGeneric<T>(_ value: T) {
if let castedValue = value as? Element {
self.append(castedValue)
} else {
print("Type mismatch : Cannot append \
(type(of: value))to array of \(Element.self)")
}
}
}

//extension Array {
// mutating func appendGeneric<T>(_ value: T) {
// // Check if the array type matches the type of
the value being appended
// if let castedValue = value as? Element {
// self.append(castedValue)
// } else {
// print("Type mismatch: Cannot append \
(type(of: value)) to array of \(Element.self)")
//
// }
// }
//}

var intArray = [1,2,3]

print("Initial Array: \(intArray)")

// Append an integer (works)

intArray.appendGeneric(4)
print("After appending 4: \(intArray)")

temperatures.appendGeneric(34.0)
print("After appending 34.0 : \(temperatures)")

temperatures.append("Bonjour")
print(temperatures)

var employee = ["Taylor Swift", "Singer", "Nashville"]

let employee2 = ["name" : "Taylor Swift", "job":

"Singer", "locaton": "Nashville"]

print("the value is \(employee2["name", default:

"Unknown"])")
print("the value is \(employee2["job", default:
"Unknown"])")
print("the value is \(employee2["locaton", default:
"Unknown"])")

let hasGraduated = ["Eric": false, "Maverick": true,

"Otis"
:false]

print("The list of graduated kids are \

(hasGraduated.keys.sorted())")
print(employee2["name", default: "unknown"])

var heights = [String: Int]()

heights["Yao Ming"] = 229
heights["Shaquilla"] = 226
heights["Lebron James"] = 206

heights

var archEnemies = [String: String]()

archEnemies["Batman"] = "The Joker"
archEnemies["Superman"] = "Loca"
archEnemies

archEnemies["Batman"] = "Peter"
archEnemies

let pope = Set(["kumar", "utsav", "loca", "kumar"])

pope

var opium = Set<String>()

opium.insert("Heroin")
opium.insert("Tomb")
opium.insert("Nicolas")

var selected = "Monday"

selected = "Tuesday"

selected = "January"

enum Weekday {
case monday
case tuesday
case wednesday
case thursday
case friday, saturday, sunday
}

var day = Weekday.monday

day = .sunday
print("Today is \(day)")
let surname: String = "Lasso"
var scores: Double = 0

let playerName: String = "Roy"

var luckyNumber: Int = 13
let pi: CLongDouble = 3.14159265358979323846
//let pi: Double = .pi
print(pi)

var albums: [String] = ["Red", "Fearless"]

// create some values

let d1 = 1.2
let d2 = 0.0
let d3 = Double.infinity * 0.0
let d4 = Double.infinity
let d5 = Double.nan * 2

// check if Not a Number

print(d1.isNaN) // false
print(d2.isNaN) // false
print(d3.isNaN) // true
print(d4.isNaN) // false
print(d5.isNaN) // true

print(log10(10.0))

print(log10(50.0))

var dict24 = [Int: Double]()

for i in 1..<100 {
let counter = 0.0
dict24[i] = log10(Double(i))
print("The logarithmic table for number \(i) is \
(log10(Double(i) + counter))")
}
var myContent7 = [String]()
for i in 1...12 {
print("The \(i) times table")
for j in 1...12 {
print(" \(j) x \(i) is \(j * i)")
myContent7.append(" \(j) x \(i) is \(j * i)")
}
}

myContent7

let fileNames = "example.txt"

let tableName = "table.txt"
let multContent = myContent7
let content = dict24
// get the path for the document directory of the app
if let documentDirectory =
FileManager.default.urls(for: .documentDirectory,
in: .userDomainMask).first {
// create a file path with the desired file name
let fileURL =
documentDirectory.appendingPathComponent(fileName
s)
let fileURL7 =
documentDirectory.appendingPathComponent(tableNa
me)

do {
// write the contents to the file
try content.description.write(to: fileURL,
atomically: true, encoding: .utf8)
try multContent.description.write(to: fileURL7,
atomically: true, encoding: .utf8)
print("File written successfully at path: \
(fileURL.path)")
} catch {
// Handle error if something goes wrong
print("Failed to write to file : \
(error.localizedDescription)")
}
} else {
print("Could not write into the document directory")
}

var user:[String: String] = ["id": "@twoStraws"]

var books: Set<String> = Set(["The blue eye",
"Foundation", "Girl", "Foundation", "woman"])

var soda: [String] = ["Coke", "Pepsi", "Irn-Brui"]

var teams: [String] = [String]()

var clues = [String]()

enum UIStyle {
case light, dark, system
}

var style = UIStyle.light

style = .dark

let username: String

// lots of complex logic
if true == true {
username = "@twostraws"
} else {
username = "@twostraws1"
}

// lots more complex logic

print(username)
let someCondition = false
if someCondition {
print("Do Something")
} else {
print("Got Something")
}

let scored = 85
if scored > 80 {
print("Great job")

let speed = 88
let percentage = 85

let aged = 18

if speed >= 88 {
print("Where we're going we don't need roads.")
}

if percentage < 85 {
print("Sorry, you failed the text")
}

if aged >= 18 {
print("You're eligible to vote")
}

let ourName = "Dave Lister"

let friendName = "Arnold"

if ourName < friendName {

print("It's \(ourName) vs \(friendName)")
}
if ourName > friendName {
print("It's \(friendName) vs \(ourName)")
}

var number7 = [1,2,3]

number7.append(4)

if number7.count > 2 {
number7.remove(at: 0)
}

print(number7)

let country = "Canada"

if country == "Australia" {
print("G day")
}

let nm = "Taylor Swift"

if nm != "Anonymous" {
print("Welcome, \(nm)")
}
print("the value of my name is \(nm)")

var usernamed = ""

if usernamed.isEmpty {
usernamed = "Anonymous"
}

print("Welcome, \(usernamed)!")

let age4 = 16
if age4 >= 18 {
print("You can vote in the next election")
}
if age4 <= 18 {
print("Sorry , you are too young to vote")
}

let a11 = false

let b11 = false

if a11 {
print("Code to run if a is true")
} else if b11 {
print("Code to run if b is true and a is false ")
} else {
print("Code to run if a and b are both false")
}

let temp = 25
if temp > 20 && temp < 30{
print("It's a nice day.")
}

let userAge = 04
let hasParentalConsent = false

if userAge >= 18 || hasParentalConsent || true {

print("You can buy the drink")
}

enum TransportOption {
case airplane, helicopter, bicycle, car
}

let transport = TransportOption.bicycle

let someTransport = TransportOption.car

if transport == .airplane || transport == .helicopter {

print("Let's fly !")
} else if transport == .bicycle {
print("I hope there is a bike path")
} else if transport == .car {
print("Time to get struck in traffic ")
} else {
print("I am going to hire a scooter now")
}

enum Weather {
case sun, rain, wind, snow, unknown
}

let forecast = Weather.snow

switch forecast {
case .snow:
print("It's a snowy day")
case .sun:
print("It's a sunny day ")
case .rain:
print("It's a rainy day ")
case .wind:
print("It's a windy day ")
case .unknown:
print("It is unknown")

let place = "Metropolis"

switch place {
case "Metropolis":
print("you are a batman")
case "Mega-City One":
print("You are a judge")
default:
print("Who are you?")
}

let daylight = 3
print("My true love gave to me!")

switch daylight {
case 5:
print("5 golden rings")
fallthrough
case 4:
print("4 calling birds")
fallthrough
case 3:
print("3 french hens")
fallthrough
case 2:
print("2 turtle doves")
fallthrough
default:
print("A pear tree")
}

let age2 = 18
let canVote = age2 >= 18 ? "Yes" : "No"
print(canVote)

let hour = 23
print(hour < 12 ? "It's before noon" : "midnight")

let crewCount = name.isEmpty ? "No one" : "\

(name.count) people"

enum Theme {
case light, dark
}
let theme = Theme.dark
let background = theme == .dark ? "black" : "white"
print(background)

let platform = ["iOS", "macOS", "tvOS", "watchOS"]

for os in platform {
print("Swift works great on \(os).")
}

for name in platform {

print("Swift works great on \(name).")
}

for rubberChicken in platform {

print("Swift works great on \(rubberChicken).")
}

for i in 1...5 {
print("Counting from 1 through 5: \(i)")
}

for i in 1..<5 {
print("Counting from 1 through 5: \(i)")
}

var lyric = "Haters gonna "

for _ in 1...5 {
lyric += " hate"
}

print(lyric)

var countdown = 10
while countdown > 0 {
print("\(countdown )...")
 countdown -= 1
}

print("Blast off!")
let id = Int.random(in: 1...1000)
let amount = Double.random(in: 0...1)
var roll = 0
while roll != 20 {
roll = .random(in: 1...20)
print("I rolled a \(roll)")
}
print("Critical hit")

let filenames34 = ["me.jpg", "work.txt", "soap.psd",

"yours.jpg"]

for file in filenames34 {

if file.hasSuffix(".jpg") == false {
continue
}
print("Found picture: \(file)")
}

//print(multiples)

//let number1 = 3
//let number2 = 5
//
//for i in 1...100 {
// if i.isMultiple(of: 3) && i.isMultiple(of: 5) {
// print("The number \(i) is ------ fizzbuzz")
// }
// else if i.isMultiple(of: 5){
// print("The number \(i) is ------ buzz")
// }
// else if i.isMultiple(of: 3) {
// print("The number \(i) is ------ fizz")
// }
// else {
// print("The number \(i) is ------ \(i)")
// }
//}

func doMath() -> Int {

return 5 + 5
}

func doMoreMath() -> Int {

5+5
}

doMath()
doMoreMath()

func greet(name: String) -> String {

if name == "Taylor Swift" {
return "oh wow"
} else {
return "Hello, \(name)"
}
}

greet(name: "Kumar ")

greet(name: "Taylor Swift")

func greeter(name: String) -> String {

name == "Taylor Swift" ? "oh wow" : "Hello, \
(name)"

greeter(name: "Kumar")
greeter(name: "Taylor Swift")

func getUser8() -> (first: String , last: String) {

return (first: "Taylor", last: "Swift")
}

let user7 = getUser8()

user7.first
user7.last

func setAge(_ person: String, to value: Int) {

print("\(person) is no \(value)")
}

setAge("Me", to: 100)

func findDirections(_ from: String, to alpha: String,

route: String = "fastest", avoidHighways:Bool = false) {
print("the value is \(from)" )
print("the value is \(alpha)")
}

findDirections("Me", to: "Her")

func getUser12() -> (first: String, last: String) {

(first: "taylor", last: "swift")
}

let user12 = getUser12()

print(user12.first)

func setReactorStatus(primaryActive: Bool, hack: Bool,

hackNot: Bool) {

setReactorStatus(primaryActive: true, hack: false,

hackNot: false)

func setAge(for person: String, to value: Int) {

print("\(person) is now \(value)")
}

setAge(for: "Paur", to: 40)

func setAge13(_ robot: String , to value: Int) {

print("\(robot) is now \(value)")
}

setAge13("robot", to: 30)

//open("photo.jpg", "recipes.txt")

func +(leftNumber: inout Int, rightNumber: inout Int) ->

Int {
// code here
return leftNumber * rightNumber
}

func doubleInPlace(number: inout Int) {

number *= 2
}

var myNum = 10
doubleInPlace(number: &myNum)
//let some3 = doubleInPlace(number: &23)

// block of code called closure

func pay(user: String, amount: Int) {

// code
}

let payment = { (user: String, amount: Int) in

 // code
}

func pay1(user: String, amount : Int) {

// code
}

let payment1 = {(user: String, amount: Int) in

// code
}

//let payment34 = { (user: String) -> Bool in

// print("Paying \(user)...")
// return true
//
//}

let payment34 = { () -> Bool in

//print("Paying \(user)...")
return false

}
payment34()

func animate(duration: Double, animations: () -> Void)

{
print("Starting a \(duration) second animations...")
animations()
}

animate(duration: 3) {
print("Fade out the image")
}

let changeSpeed = { (_ speed: Int) in

 print("Changing speed to \(speed) kph")
}

changeSpeed(34)

func buildCar(name: String, engine: (Int) -> Void) {

// build the car
engine(5)

buildCar(name: "MyCar", engine: changeSpeed)

buildCar(name: "Some Car") { x in
print("now it runs in \(x) mph")
}

func reduce(_ values: [Int], using closure: (Int, Int) ->

Int) -> Int {
var current = values[0]
for value in values[1...] {
current = closure(current, value)
}

return current
}

let numbers4 = [10,20,30]

let sum1 = reduce(numbers4) { runningTotal, next in
runningTotal + next
}

print(sum1)

let multiplied = reduce(numbers4) { $0 * $1 }

print(multiplied)

let sum = reduce(numbers4, using: %)

print(sum)

// returning closures from functions

//func nada(some: String) -> ((String) -> Int) {
// let some: ((String) -> Int)
// return some
//}

print(Int.random(in: 1...10))

func getRandomNumber() -> Int {

Int.random(in: 1...10)
}

print(getRandomNumber())

func makeRandomGenerator() -> () -> Int {

let function = { Int.random(in: 1...10)

}
return function
}

let generator = makeRandomGenerator()

let random1 = generator()
print(random1)

//print(makeRandomGenerator())

func makeRandomNumberGenerator() -> () -> Int {

return {
var previousNumber = 0
var newNumber: Int

repeat {
newNumber = Int.random(in: 1...10)
} while newNumber == previousNumber
 previousNumber = newNumber
return newNumber

}
}

let generator1 = makeRandomNumberGenerator()

for _ in 1...10 {
print(generator1())
}

// struct and tuple

struct Users5 {
var name: String
var age: Int
var city: String
}

let user1 = Users5(name: "Kumar ", age: 23, city:

"Katras")
print(user1.name)
// property observer
// willset and didset

print("string".count)
print("string".hasPrefix("Hello"))
print("string".uppercased())
print("string".sorted())

struct Abuser {
var name: String
var yearsActive = 0
}

struct Employer {
var name: String
 var yearsActive = 0

extension Employer {
init() {
self.name = "Anonymous"
print("Creating an anonymous employee")
}
}

let roslin = Employer(name: "Roslin")

let adama = Employer(name: "Adama", yearsActive:
45)

let dama = Employer()

print(dama.name)

struct Student {
var name: String
var bestFriend: String

init(name: String, bestFriend: String) {

print("Enrolling \(name) in class...")
self.name = "Hi" + name
self.bestFriend = bestFriend
}
}

// lazy

struct Unwrap {
static let appURL = "https://itunes.apple.com"
}

//Unwrap.appURL
struct SomeStruct {
private static var entropy = Int.random(in: 1...10)
static func getEntropy() -> Int {
entropy += 1
return entropy
}
}

//print(SomeStruct.entropy)
print(SomeStruct.getEntropy())

private var item = ""

// override

//var message1 = "Welcome"

//var greeting1 = message1
//greeting1 = "hello"
//message1

// Day 12
protocol Purchaseable {
var name: String {get set }
// var price: Int { get set }
}

extension Purchaseable {
func buy(_ item: Purchaseable) {
print("I'm buying \(item.name)")
}
}

protocol Product {
var price: Double { get set }
var weight: Int { get set }
}
protocol Computer: Product {

var cpu: String { get set }

var memory: Int { get set }
var storage: Int { get set }
}

protocol Laptop: Computer {

var screenSize: Int { get set }

}

struct Asus: Laptop {

var screenSize: Int
var cpu: String
var memory: Int
var storage: Int
var price: Double
var weight: Int
}

let asu = Asus(screenSize: 23, cpu: "23", memory: 23,

storage: 23, price: 23.0, weight: 23)

let numbers23 = [4,8,16]

let allEven = numbers23.allSatisfy { $0.isMultiple(of: 4)
}
print(allEven)

let number34 = Set([4,8,15,16])

//let allEven23 = number34.allSatisfy { $0.isMultiple(of:
4)}
let allEven23 = number34.allSatisfy { $0.isMultiple(of:
4) }

let number47 = ["four": 4, "eight": 8, "fifth" : 5]

let allEven3 = number47.allSatisfy
{ $0.value.isMultiple(of: 4) }

enum num: CaseIterable {

case one
case two
case three
case four
case five
case six
case seven
case eight
case nine
case zero

static func random() -> num {

num.allCases.randomElement()!
}
}

let myNums = [num.one : "A",

num.two: "B",
num.three: "C",
num.four: "D",
num.five: "E",
num.six: "S",
num.seven: "G",
num.eight: "H",
num.nine: "N",
num.zero: "O"]

myNums[num.two]
num.random()

// have faith

func getUserName() -> String? {

 "Taylor"
}

if let username = getUserName() {

print("Username is \(username)")
} else {
print("No username")
}

func getMeaningOfLife() -> Int? {

42
}

func printMeaningOfLife() {
if let name = getMeaningOfLife() {
print(name)
}
}

func printMeaningOfLife1() {
guard let name = getMeaningOfLife() else {
print(name)
return
}
print(name)
}

//let savedData = loadSavedMessage() ?? ""

// let savedData = first() ?? second() ?? ""

let names = ["Kumar": "greater", "Utsav" : "haha",

"musibat" : "majak"]
let surname1 = names["Kumar"]?.first?.uppercased()
surname1

func runRiskyFunction() throws -> Int {

// print something
 43
}

do {
let result = try runRiskyFunction()
print(result)
} catch {
// it failed
}

if let result = try? runRiskyFunction() {

print(result)
}

// failable init
// init?() init()

struct Employee {
var username: String
var password: String

init?(username: String, password: String ) {

guard password.count >= 8 else { return nil }
guard password.lowercased() != "Password"
else { return nil }

self.username = username
self.password = password

}
}

let tim = Employee(username: "2323", password:

"232")
let cook = Employee(username: "sfsfsfdsfdsfsfs",
password: "lsjjljlkjljlkj")
tim?.username
cook?.password
// type casting useful in swift

class MyClass {
let property1: String = ""
}

class SubClass: MyClass {

let property2: String = "asdf"

let object = SubClass()

func takes(myClass: MyClass) -> MyClass {

return myClass
}

let modifiedObject = takes(myClass: object)

takes(myClass: object )
print(modifiedObject.property1)
print((modifiedObject as! SubClass).property2)