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Calibration Basics

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
18 views

Calibration Basics

Uploaded by

michael
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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HEALTH

 TECHNOLOGY  MANAGEMENT  

Calibration  Basics  
 
Calibration  compares  an  instrument’s  output  against  an  accurate  standard.  Once  an  error  is  
known,  any  deviations  can  be  corrected.  For  example,  a  thermometer  could  be  calibrated  
and  adjusted  to  show  the  true  temperature  in  Celsius.      
 
For  medical  devices,  any  output  that  will  reach  the  patient  (fluid  flow,  pressure,  electrical  
current,  etc)  or  measurement  from  the  patient  (temperature,  heart  rate,  blood  pressure,  
etc)  needs  to  be  calibrated  periodically.  Calibration  is  important  for  patient  safety  and  
accurate  diagnosis  and  treatment.    
 
When  to  perform  calibration  
• with  a  new  instrument  
• for  preventative  maintenance      
• if  an  instrument  has  had  a  shock  or  vibration  which  may  have  put  it  out  of  calibration  
• when  there  is  a  change  in  weather  
• whenever  observations  appear  questionable  
 
Procedure  
1. Decide  on  what  parameter  to  calibrate.  This  parameter  is  the  thing  that  the  machine  is  
measuring.  For  example,  an  ECG  measures  a  physiological  parameter,  heart  rate,  while  a  
ventilator  measures  a  physical  parameter,  pressure.  In  some  cases,  a  machine  may  
measure  more  than  one  parameter.  For  example,  an  infant  incubator  may  be  designed  
to  control  the  temperature,  O2  concentration,  and  humidity  inside  the  chamber,  and  it  
may  be  necessary  to  calibrate  all  of  these  parameters  independently.  
 
Identify  a  standard  you  can  use  to  compare  the  parameter.  A  perfect  standard  can  
reliably  and  correctly  measure  the  parameter.  ,  We  compare  the  device  being  calibrated  
to  the  standard.  The  appropriate  standard  depends  on  what  you  are  measuring.  A  
perfect  standard  may  not  be  reliable  in  all  situations,  but  there  are  different  techniques  
that  can  be  used  in  these  cases  to  allow  us  to  be  reasonably  confident  that  the  machine  
in  question  is  properly  calibrated.  Here  are  some  general  types  of  standards  to  
consider:  
• Use  an  equipment-­‐specific  test  device.  For  example,  electrosurgical  unit  tester  for  an  
electrosurgical  unit.  This  method  is  often  the  most  accurate.  However,  test  
equipment  may  be  expensive.  
 
• Use  physics  principle  such  as  water  density  or  pressure.  For  example,  liquid  water  has  
a  known  density  of  1000  kg/m3.  Use  a  known  volume  of  water  to  calibrate  a  scale.  
This  method  works  well.  However,  not  all  equipment  types  have  a  suitable  standard.    
 
• Use  a  known  working  machine  and  a  test  patient.  For  example,  find  a  glucometer  that  
the  clinical  staff  is  satisfied  with.  Measure  a  test  patient’s  blood  glucose  level  with  
this  working  glucometer.  Then  immediately  measure  the  same  patient’s  glucose  
level  with  the  glucometer  under  inspection.  This  method  is  often  easy.  However,  this  
method  requires  a  working  machine  for  comparison.  Also,  this  method  assumes  the  
“working”  machine  as  the  standard.  If  the  working  machine  is  inaccurate,  this  
method  may  be  very  inaccurate.  
 
• Test  relative  behavior.  For  example,  if  you  hold  your  breath,  the  pulse  oximeter  
oxygen  saturation  reading  should  go  down.  This  method  does  not  provide  accurate  
results,  just  a  low-­‐level  check  that  the  machine  is  functioning  
 
Below  are  examples  of  potential  standards:  
 
    Standard  
  Medical  Device,     Equipment-­‐ Physics  or   Working   Test  Relative  
(Output  to  be   specific  Test   Physiology   Machine  &  Test   Behavior  
calibrated)     Device   Principles   Patient  
Aneroid   Water  column   Known  working   See  if  
Sphygmomanome or  mercury   machine  on   manometer  
  same  patient.   holds  pressure  
ter   Sphygmomano
(Pressure)   meter.  
Known  working   Breathe  fast  or  
Respiratory  rate   Count  breaths   machine  on   slow.    
monitor     over  a  specific   same  patient.  
(Breathing  Rate)   time.  

Known  working   Hold  your  


Pulse  Oximeter   pulse  ox  on  two   breath  or  
Patient  Monitors  

(Blood  Oxygen   Standard  Finger     hands  of  same   breathe  100%  


Saturation)   person   oxygen.    
Known  working   Lie  down  or  run  
Count   machine  on   in  place.    
Pulse  Oximeter  
  heartbeats  over   same  patient.  
(Heart  Rate)  
a  specific  time.  

  Hold  your  
Apnea  Monitor   breath  
   
(Alarm)  

  Shows  ECG  
ECG   Patient   reading  
 
(Electrical  Activity)   Simulator  

Liquid  volume      
ment  

Infusion  Pump  
Treat

  delivered  over  
(Flow  Rate)  
time  
  Freshly  killed  
Defibrillator   Defibrillator  
  pig  (animal  will  
(Current)   Tester  
jump)  
Electrosurgery   Electrosurgery       Orange,  bar  of  
Unit     Unit  Tester     soap,  piece  of  
(Current)     chicken  
Infant  Incubator      
(Chamber     Thermometer  
Temperature)    
   
Infant  Incubator  
  Wet  Bulb  Test  
(Humidity)  
Infant  Incubator   Candle  Test    for      
(Oxygen   O2  sensor   O2  
Concentration)   Concentrator  
 
2. Take  measurements  from  the  machine  and  from  the  standard.  Record  your  results.  (Use  
clinically  relevant  points)   Table  1:  Heart  Rate  Monitor  
  Calibration  
Table  1  shows  a  calibration  table  for  a  heart  rate  monitor.   Standard,  in   Measured,  
The  standard  data  are  from  manual  pulse  readings   bpm   in  bpm  
(number  of  pulses  counted  over  1  minute).  The  measured   72   73  
data  are  the  heart  rate  monitor  readings.     90   93  
  100   98  
3. Calculate  the  Room  Mean  Square  (RMS)  Error.    The  RMS   98   95  
error  is  the  error  of  the  dataset.  This  error  represents  how   80   82  
different  the  measured  data  is  from  the  output.       81   78  
 
In  order  to  calculate  the  RMS  error,  you  first  need  to  calculate  the  residuals.  Residuals  
are  the  difference  between  the  measured  values and  the  standard  values .  
Residuals  can  be  positive  or  negative.  Positive  residuals  signal  that  the  machine  
overestimated  the  value.  Negative  residuals  mean  the  machine  underestimated  the  
value.    Next,  you  need  to  calculate  the  residuals  squared.  The  results  are  show  in  table  2.  
Table  2:  Heart  Rate  Calibration  with  residuals  
2
Measured   Standard   Residuals   Residuals  
     
73   72   1   1  
93   90   3   9  
98   100   -­‐2   4  
95   98   -­‐3   9  
82   80   2   4  
78   81   -­‐3   9  
    Total   36  
Next,  average  the  squares  of  the  residuals.  The  square  root  of  this  average  is  the  RMS  error.  
 
4. Keep  a  copy  of  your  data,  calculations  and  RMS  records  for  future  reference.  
 
5. Determine  the  acceptable  error  range.    
• If  possible,  locate  the  service  manual.  The  manual  should  include  a  range  of  
acceptable  accuracy  for  the  output.  This  range  may  be  listed  under  “technical  
specification”  or  “output  range.”        
• If  the  manual  is  not  available,  discuss  this  error  with  the  clinical  staff.  In  the  heart  
rate  example,  ask  the  clinical  staff  if  an  error  of  2.5  beats  per  minute  is  acceptable.  
 
6. If  your  calculated  RMS  error  is  outside  of  the  acceptable  range,  the  machine  is  broken.    
Diagnose  and  repair  the  machine.  The  machine  should  not  be  placed  back  into  service  
on  patients  until  it  is  repaired  and  has  passed  a  calibration  test.  If  your  calculated  RMS  
error  is  within  the  acceptable  range,  you  are  done!  
 
 

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