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nm

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lavanyapost123
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6.Perform subnetting of IPV4 network.

explain with step by step algorithm


ChatGPT said:

ChatGPT

Subnetting an IPv4 network involves dividing a single large network into smaller, more
manageable subnetworks. Each subnet will have its own range of IP addresses, which makes
network management easier and reduces broadcast traffic.

Here's a step-by-step algorithm for subnetting an IPv4 network:

Step 1: Understand the Basics

An IPv4 address is a 32-bit number divided into 4 octets (e.g., 192.168.1.0). A subnet mask
determines the size of the network and the number of hosts available.

The subnet mask is also a 32-bit number and can be written in two forms:

 Dotted decimal: e.g., 255.255.255.0


 CIDR notation: e.g., /24

Step 2: Determine Your Requirements

 Total number of subnets: How many smaller networks do you need?


 Hosts per subnet: How many devices (hosts) are required in each subnet?

Step 3: Calculate Subnet Mask

1. Determine the subnet bits:


o The subnet bits determine the number of subnets. Use the formula:
Number of subnets=2n\text{Number of subnets} = 2^nNumber of subnets=2n
where nnn is the number of bits borrowed from the host portion.
2. Determine the number of host bits:
o The host bits determine the number of devices in each subnet. Use the
formula: Hosts per subnet=2h−2\text{Hosts per subnet} = 2^h -
2Hosts per subnet=2h−2 where hhh is the number of host bits. Subtract 2 for
the network and broadcast addresses.
3. Modify the subnet mask:
o Add the borrowed bits to the original network bits to get the new subnet mask
in CIDR format.
Step 4: Assign Subnets

1. Divide the network into smaller blocks based on the new subnet mask.
2. Calculate the range of IP addresses for each subnet:
o First address: Network address (all host bits set to 0).
o Last address: Broadcast address (all host bits set to 1).
o Usable addresses: The range between the first and last addresses.

Step 5: Verify Subnets

Ensure the calculated subnets meet the requirements for total subnets and hosts per subnet.

Example: Subnetting a /24 Network

Given: Network 192.168.1.0/24

 Need 4 subnets.

Step-by-step solution:

1. Original subnet mask: /24 (255.255.255.0)


2. Calculate subnet bits:
o 2n=4→n=22^n = 4 \rightarrow n = 22n=4→n=2 (borrow 2 bits for subnets).
o New subnet mask: /26 (255.255.255.192).
3. Calculate host bits:
o Remaining host bits: 32−26=632 - 26 = 632−26=6.
o Hosts per subnet: 26−2=622^6 - 2 = 6226−2=62.
4. Divide the network:
o Subnet 1: 192.168.1.0 - 192.168.1.63
 Usable: 192.168.1.1 - 192.168.1.62
o Subnet 2: 192.168.1.64 - 192.168.1.127
 Usable: 192.168.1.65 - 192.168.1.126
o Subnet 3: 192.168.1.128 - 192.168.1.191
 Usable: 192.168.1.129 - 192.168.1.190
o Subnet 4: 192.168.1.192 - 192.168.1.255
 Usable: 192.168.1.193 - 192.168.1.254

Verification:

 Total subnets = 22=42^2 = 422=4.


 Hosts per subnet = 62.

The subnetting is valid.


This process can be applied to any IPv4 network to meet specific requirements for subnets
and hosts.

4o

You said:

give program and output


ChatGPT said:

ChatGPT

Here’s a Python program to perform IPv4 subnetting, including calculating subnets, ranges,
and usable IP addresses.

Python Program for IPv4 Subnetting


python
Copy code
def calculate_subnet(ip, subnet_mask_bits, subnets_needed):
# Split the IP into octets
octets = ip.split('.')
ip_binary = ''.join([f"{int(octet):08b}" for octet in octets])

# Determine subnet bits


host_bits = 32 - subnet_mask_bits
subnet_bits = (subnets_needed - 1).bit_length()
new_subnet_mask_bits = subnet_mask_bits + subnet_bits

# Calculate number of hosts per subnet


new_host_bits = host_bits - subnet_bits
hosts_per_subnet = (2 ** new_host_bits) - 2

# Subnet mask in dotted-decimal form


new_subnet_mask = (1 << 32) - (1 << (32 - new_subnet_mask_bits))
subnet_mask_decimal = [str((new_subnet_mask >> (8 * i)) & 255) for i in
range(4)][::-1]

# Generate subnets
increment = 2 ** new_host_bits
subnets = []
for i in range(subnets_needed):
start_ip_binary = ip_binary[:subnet_mask_bits] +
f"{i:0{subnet_bits}b}".ljust(32 - subnet_mask_bits, '0')
start_ip = '.'.join([str(int(start_ip_binary[j:j+8], 2)) for j in
range(0, 32, 8)])

end_ip_binary = start_ip_binary[:32-new_host_bits] + '1' *


new_host_bits
end_ip = '.'.join([str(int(end_ip_binary[j:j+8], 2)) for j in
range(0, 32, 8)])

usable_start = start_ip_binary[:31] + '1'


usable_start_ip = '.'.join([str(int(usable_start[j:j+8], 2)) for j
in range(0, 32, 8)])

usable_end = end_ip_binary[:31] + '0'


usable_end_ip = '.'.join([str(int(usable_end[j:j+8], 2)) for j in
range(0, 32, 8)])

subnets.append({
'Subnet': start_ip,
'Broadcast': end_ip,
'Usable Range': f"{usable_start_ip} - {usable_end_ip}"
})

# Output results
return {
"Original IP": ip,
"Original Subnet Mask": f"/{subnet_mask_bits}",
"New Subnet Mask": f"/{new_subnet_mask_bits}
({'.'.join(subnet_mask_decimal)})",
"Hosts Per Subnet": hosts_per_subnet,
"Subnets": subnets
}

# Example usage
if __name__ == "__main__":
ip = "192.168.1.0"
subnet_mask_bits = 24
subnets_needed = 4

result = calculate_subnet(ip, subnet_mask_bits, subnets_needed)

print(f"Original IP: {result['Original IP']}")


print(f"Original Subnet Mask: {result['Original Subnet Mask']}")
print(f"New Subnet Mask: {result['New Subnet Mask']}")
print(f"Hosts Per Subnet: {result['Hosts Per Subnet']}")
print("\nSubnets:")
for i, subnet in enumerate(result['Subnets']):
print(f" Subnet {i+1}:")
print(f" Network Address: {subnet['Subnet']}")
print(f" Broadcast Address: {subnet['Broadcast']}")
print(f" Usable IP Range: {subnet['Usable Range']}")

Program Output

For the input:

 IP Address: 192.168.1.0
 Subnet Mask: /24
 Subnets Needed: 4

Output:

yaml
Copy code
Original IP: 192.168.1.0
Original Subnet Mask: /24
New Subnet Mask: /26 (255.255.255.192)
Hosts Per Subnet: 62

Subnets:
Subnet 1:
Network Address: 192.168.1.0
Broadcast Address: 192.168.1.63
Usable IP Range: 192.168.1.1 - 192.168.1.62
Subnet 2:
Network Address: 192.168.1.64
Broadcast Address: 192.168.1.127
Usable IP Range: 192.168.1.65 - 192.168.1.126
Subnet 3:
Network Address: 192.168.1.128
Broadcast Address: 192.168.1.191
Usable IP Range: 192.168.1.129 - 192.168.1.190
Subnet 4:
Network Address: 192.168.1.192
Broadcast Address: 192.168.1.255
Usable IP Range: 192.168.1.193 - 192.168.1.254

This program dynamically computes subnets and can handle different inputs for IP, original
subnet mask, and the number of subnets needed.

4o

ChatGPT can make mistakes.

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