Modeele-6 GoupTheozy

s G bebe a non-empty set and let * bea

opesatten on G. Then G n called a groop

Dales the opehatre * 4fq the tolle uwtng paoperttes
bold qocd.
) Closue Paopeoy: a,b eG, ab eG
) As5octottve opety tao,ce a*(bAc)= *b) *
) Tdent?ty Element. aeG eee a*e= e*a-a
Heae e is the Polentt elernent
tv) Lnvesse Element aeG.
a*o = a*a -e
Hese 8 the inves3e elemet a
A Gaoup G under the binaryoperodton
(G,*).
denoted by CG,

Abelian GoUp
cooRth conctative poopeo
Aqroup (G*
z caed an Abelfan qsoop
a*b = b*a

) Ftoite and Ini

A gaoup CG.*) o the ioite
it the nombes e elersents
Baid to be an toyoite qaop.
OtheSt%e
elenents to a ioite q700p & called
The no o
qoup.Denotel by oG)=l]-n.
arde o
6Squae sloobs lo
Cube aoots ordFortho.3

- ) ( +1t) -o
(-)= o , t tl=o
=1

Thus the cube soots o nt aSe

G-41,,ß}
The Gube sO0t onty
whee

GSe the o ot te
) The 4our th aoots untty
cquaten
(-)(i+) ÷o

etThus G : i , - }
Note
Bobler an Abe liao
that cabe
Shew Srees ttplicat lon.
qmap

entstes io the table

the
1)cloue Poopezty: All he

Assoctattve Poopesty :
)
Consiolex

Associattve Psoperty Stiared

i.
naltipltcatten ' the identity
aespect to
) *) With
element.

Faoro thetoble inverse

iv)

w.s- w )

Cormmutatve propesty
Hence
Abella)
Hence
 Show that tourth aoot untty Ts an Abelas
gaoup.
G ,,i,-}
-|

aae to the 3et

i) A the elernent o the toble
mutipltcotien.
So t u closed unde

(1") Ei)
Satted.
wn As ociatve propeot
ondey otpltcodfen.
the tdentty elemnent
l,-1, i, -i ae l,-l,-i,?
iv) T5e oyeIKes
hes pectirely.

commutaHre propety Sodisedl

Hence
ts an Abe Ran g0.
. The touth
 t G be the set ok all non-2cso eal numbes
s an Abelian
and let axb= b. Shaw that (G, *)

two non-zeoo Seal numbers a and b,

Foa any -3eO heal oUmber
nte that ab
)

close oles *.

) e a b,c e
abc7abc

(atbc -(abc abc

( c-( 4.

a*Cb*c) = (a*b) *c.

CG*) ts ag3octatve

cAse have
Foa any ae

the fdentity Under *,

take
i) For any aeG

tdentty
Rovesse
 Cooxder atb= ab

Commutative property sated.

Hence (G)i6 Abelton gaop
O Shou thot
(A,)
A
,*)iss an Abellan
AbelRan qoup obee
A= a eQ /a -1\ and tor any a,beA,
axb = atb+ab

When at-\ b+
then atbtab # -l
closuae Propesty satsjed.

it) et a,bceA
a *(b*) = a*Cb tc +t bd
a* oke) - a+b+C tbC+abt actabc
Q+btc + abtbc t ca tabc

atbtab+c t atbtab)c
(atbtab) *C
ax (bx - (a*b) *c

agsoclatlre
:. (A ) a

() For any ae A

D is the identtty dement tn G ndey t

 Foa wwe put a'
a- (a+o)
L+ 1ta

(1t)

b t -atbQ = bka

Cormmtotive poopeot Saed.

Abe lion
Hence (A , *) is

6 Sho that tn a q9op (G, *)the tdenttty

element is ntquc.
SoppOse that there tuso tlerntty
ase

elernents andl el e, eeg

Nous elermeot,
tet e be the identttd identtd
=Q
axe = e t a

tdet?tH elerment,
let e be the

LHS is &oe,
Stnce tor ea" O
ea,uate RHS Pat

tdentty element iio a op G.*)

the tdent?ty
unque.
 Shou that to a qaoup G,*) foverses
to each

elenent ae unique.
’ Rat e be the tdenttt elerneot 9oveTse

to CG.*) a*aaae
kt a' and a! Ce oYetzes

Constdex a- a'*e
atae
a'* (ao) dentty

abtc
*a
a' a
The ioNeKe ok a tn onique.
 The Keio 4- qhoup i
The koeio 4-o0p tz an abelian gop
elementz, to htch each elemest t%
.nRth ous
sel toverse
It % also et esed to as the Quadotic
to
and denoted by V, oa K,.

Considea a set A e,a, b,c Binagy spat

maltiplR eatlen
b

we operatc
b
(e) elenert,it g?ve
o)

b a.b =c

bse3Ve thot
em the toable w e Abellao 300p.
elemeot. An it i3 clso an
Rdentd
And
e-e.
elermet has ?ts
Eve Set A
Hence the given
is a klea- 4 gooup uncler
Baove that A-{1, 3,5, }
oocdulo &.Crou pllcadioo)
30,3 =9

3O5
33
(D3
 F?sst prore it is an Abeliao

i) fom the table clear that all the

elements is the eerneot Set A.

!3,5 E A
3XS IS
8)15(

(0a,3

associadire,

i) o the table t s cleaz thot | f8 the

identty elerent

i) Fes the table

table e o beve that

5- 5 )

a Q5 5 0,3
Comontatie.

fence it is an fbe\ian g00p

uoth evesy elemet to A has it8 own
Along
Sed iovese Kletn -4 Group.
 Subgros:
A no-emptH Subs et H a gop
shene
callecd a sobgoup o G
02 under the sane binary opesodioa ta G.

tthe setinteges
o al even

sobgsooP 9 the grop o a enteges.

n -2ere vattono o
Unoler the get o al
X the
sobgroop o the group of asl nonero Teal
%a

Bobles

hat the Rotersectfen o] too sobgroops o a

0 Paove
Sobgsoop
° to sobgpoop
OR
I} H, k the subgrops o} a qo Gop ,
Prove tat HOk % also a sobg3oP
HOk

be a qaoup, and H end k be sobgrops q

Take ang a, b e HOK

a,bek
Aa, betHt und
abt and

becauge Hand K Oe subgsoops

Since From sne the theoreS, t Say that
Gobgraup
 abe HOK

Hence HOK is a

The fotexs ecttoo q tuo sobgoops o G

Fusthes constcdex the symmetoic qnoup

whese

and too sobgreops T:Po .Pst and

Te{Po, Rat
TuT-4Po Ps,Pat
Faom the x table tor S , we lind that
Ps Py P, But P,¢TUTa
ted
sattsy ted.
Clorure psoperty , not saky
Conzequently TuT can not be a qrop
Thus TUTa ts not a Subgop Ç.

tence the unton o too Sobavod po oy a qroup

tte gaoup.
not be a 8obgroopP

Notei S-f1,a,3}
3
3
13

3
 Cycltc Gaop8

A goop (G.*) % sa d to be a cyclic q20p

thee ei8t an elerment ae G every eleneot
can be epessed G3 some. tntegral
be
power a . Ev esy elermeot
Evey o G Cas

a or SO e toteger n
CApnessed

goup i saidl to
satd to be gen ezated by
The cyclte genexatos o G
dented
a tx the
by G-a
G-4',-,f, -}
Heae (G.) ioa cyclie gsoup

Becaue = 1
)

otth qeneratox
Hese (G,*) i8 a cycliC qroup

Note
clases
Ls the set oconguence
Paoblens i
ghese
(G *) tn cycltc
Oshow that (9.
G{aib,c ,d,c,b}
G-{a,b,c, d, e, t}
b

d e a
b b

C d
d
e b

that'a he
Faom the table we note

fdentity element
Al&o 5btb C
b- b = C*b-d
ob b* b d *b= e

b = b*b= e *b=
b

Evesy dement o G is
toteral powes
b.
Htence (G*) is cyclfc wth qenerato as b.
dho b*B*b =a Hence -b 4ts also gernerata
frove that the groop (z *)is cyclte. Ftod all
R gencaotoh. undey mulkplReateon sdalo 5.
ZCi3,[3, [:].C3} under

3
m
5)a ( 5)13 (2

3 3 s) 16 (3
3 1

clycltc qoop
(eLs
generatos.

s)81 (6

also a genesatoY o} Zs,*)

 Paove that (Z4+) is cycltc . Fid al ? gencra

3
3

Faom the table o s the fdenty eleseot.

Contler, -01

AlL tthe dement o (Z4 t) can be a5tte

Aence CJ ta the qenesatos o] (Z4 t).

Abo 3
(Za,t)
TFexeBore (Z) s cyclte.
 COsetz

qmowp andl (H, A) be a

subgoosp
the qerop Fox any ae G,
lct

H*a - b*a Ihey

Then
is the
callecl the lelt coset qH
calle the set
COzet H.
H

Nete neecl not ts be

o The et and tgbt cosets o)
Se.

theo eveoy lelt coset ) H

ight Coset
sheths Dot abelP ao.
H= H e - H,
G e
O9e 8o bsey
tgbt
The let and agbt conets o H

Coset Decoog?tto:
DecoopOsilien :
lelt Coset
(G.)
Deconposfteon &
Right Coset

Ftncl legt
 Lagnanges Theorerm :
StaBernent T7 & a 1intte goop and
Sobgsop . then the osder o H
div fdes the oacer e G.

Baool Stoce G i
Sobgmop G. So H is also oiie.
o C9) =n and o(H)=m
.. The nom bex o conet e Hin G s ai o toite
Rt H ai, Haa, Ha,. . . taa be the desttoc t

tght cOse ts H inG

Then by the sight cONet decocoposttten, e
bave G= Ha, U HaUHa,U..:OHa
(G) = o(ta)+ oÇH a)to(Ha) +-+o(Ha)
So that, o

a= bmd s)

Odler H dev oleg orde

devidez
(Q-5)
ence te
 oR.
=
either Nos
66
|HI 660=
Put
|H| 66O
=
’
wkt
have Alos
*kcH
peszible Oe What
lH1. tor vales
anl
6GO
group aabe G
Paoblens moo
 So e f o ’
lHl= 66

coher qa= a, |H) = 66 (a) == 13

Lohen IH) = 66 (5) = 330
ase 13a Qnd 83o.
, Pos,ible Volues o |HI
1
tind the sobgreu

Determtoe the lelt cOsets o H io .

3
4)
1
")( 1)
3 3
4 11 ) 3 3

3
H= ) / 3 4 12
The Set
Ke o al pez otati o 0se
41a 3
3 4
4 13

)3 H 4 & 13

Noo the le<t Coset ae

24 1a)412a)

a 34

a 4 3
)G
a 13/
3 a

a 3 4

2 3

Stoce oCG) = o(S) a4,

So o(S4) destioct lelt cOsets e t ag
o CH) shoun above.