VRINDAVAN PUBLIC SCHOOL

AJMER

An English Medium Co-educational Institute

Affiliated to CBSE, Affiliation No. 1730276
Makarwali Road, Ajmer

Phone No. 0145-32643292

Session 2023-2024
PHYSICS
Investigatory Project

Submitted to Submitted by
Sir Mohit Ubana Aaditya Kothari
XII SC

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express my sincere gratitude to all my teachers and friends who

helped me in completion of my project. Without their support this
work would have been impossible task for me.

I am extremely grateful to our principal Miss Pinky Khorwal who

always encouraged me from time to time and provides me all the
resources and facilities needed to carry out my project. I would
like to thank Sir Mohit Ubana, my physics teacher who always
gave valuable suggestions and guidance for completion of project.

My project has been a success only because of his guidance.

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 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that AADITYA KOTHARI of Class XIIth

Science of Vrindavan Public School,
Ajmer has completed his project file under my supervision. He
has taken proper care and
shown utmost sincerity in completion of this project titled

ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

I thereby certify that this project is up to my expectations and as

per the guidance issued by CBSE.

Signature Signature

Miss Pinky Khorwal Internal Examiner

(Principal) Vrindavan Public School

Ajmer

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 INDEX

S.NO CONTENT PAGE NO.

1 AIM 5-5
2 INTRODUCTION 6-6
3 THEORY 7-12
4 SOME APPLICATION 13-18
5 BIBLIOGRAPHY 19-19

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 AIM

TO STUDY THE TOPIC

Electromagnetic
Induction

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 INTRODUCTION

• Electromagnetic induction (or sometimes just

induction) is a process where a conductor placed
in a changing magnetic field (or a conductor
moving through a stationary magnetic field)
causes the production of a voltage across the
conductor. This process of electromagnetic
induction, in turn, causes an electrical current – it is
said to induce the current.

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 FARADAY’S LAW OF EMI
• Theory
• While Oersted's surprising discovery of electromagnetism
paved the way for more practical applications of
electricity, it was Michael Faraday who gave us
the key to the practical generation of electricity:
electromagnetic induction.

• Faraday discovered that a voltage would be generated

across a length of wire if that wire was exposed to a
perpendicular magnetic field flux of changing intensity. An
easy way to create a magnetic field of changing intensity is
to move a permanent magnet next to a wire or coil of
wire.

• The magnetic field must increase or

decrease in intensity perpendicular to the wire (so that
the lines of flux "cut across" the conductor), or else no
voltage will be induced.

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 FARADAY’S LAW
• The following experiment performed by Faraday led
to the discovery of the electromagnetic induction

• When the strength of magnetic field is varied

• Consider two coils P and S wound on an iron rod.
Iron rod is connected with galvanometer, battery and
tapping key. When tapping key is pressed and when
it is released galvanometer shows deflection showing
the presence of induced current.

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 Continued

• When the tapping key is pressed then magnetic flux

linked with the coil S changed because of increase in
magnetic field of coil P and induced current is produced
and when it is released magnetic flux is again changed
and induced current is produced. But when the tapping
key is kept pressed then the magnetic flux linked with coil
do not changed and induced current do not produce
so galvanometer shows no deflection.

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 FARADAY’S LAWS OF EMI

The results of Faraday’s experiment on electromagnetic

induction are known as “Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic
Induction”. These are stated as below:

• Whenever magnetic flux linked with a circuit (a loop of wire

or a coil or an electric circuit in general) changes, induced
e.m.f. is produced.

• The induced e.m.f. lasts as long as the change in magnetic

flux continuous.

• The magnitude of induced e.m.f. is directly proportional to

the rate of change of magnetic flux linked with the circuit.

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 Continued
• Faraday was able to mathematically relate the rate of
change of the magnetic field flux with induced voltage (the
lower-case letter "e" represents voltage. This refers to
instantaneous voltage, or voltage at a specific point in
time, rather than a steady, stable voltage.): refer below.

• The "d " terms are standard calculus notation, representing

rate- of-change of flux over time. " N " stands for the number
of turns, or wraps, in the wire coil (assuming that the wire
is formed in the shape of a coil for maximu m
electromagnetic efficiency).
• A corollary of Faraday’s Law, together with Ampere’s
Law and Ohm’s Law is Lenz’s Law: The EMF induced in
an electric circuit always acts in such a direction that the
current it drives around the circuit opposes the change in
magnetic flux which produces the EMF.

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 LENZ LAW
• A corollary of Faraday’s Law, together with Ampere’s
Law and Ohm’s Law is Lenz’s Law: The EMF induced
in an electric circuit always acts in such a direction that
the current it drives around the circuit opposes the
change in magnetic flux which produces the EMF.
• Electromagnetic Induction is put into practical use
in the construction of electrical generators, which use
mechanical power to move a magnetic field past coils of
wire to generate voltage. However, this is not the only
practical use for this principle.
• The magnetic field produced by a current-carrying
wire was always perpendicular to that wire, and that the
flux intensity of that magnetic field varied with the
amount of current through it, we can see that a wire is
capable of inducing a voltage along its own length
simply due to a change in current through it. This
effect is called self-induction: a changing magnetic field
produced by changes in current through a wire inducing
voltage along the length of that same wire. If the
magnetic field flux is enhanced by bending the wire into
the shape of a coil, and/or wrapping that coil around a
material of high permeability, this effect of self-
induced voltage will be more intense. A device
constructed to take advantage of this effect is called an
inductor.

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 SOME APPLICATIONS OF EMI
• The principles of electromagnetic induction are applied
in many devices and systems. Induction is used in
power generation and power transmission. Electric
generators and electric motors are based on
electromagnetic induction.

• Electric Generator
• An electric generator is a device for transforming
mechanical energy into electrical energy. Generators
have a wire coil in a magnetic field. When the device
is used as a generator, the coil is spun which induces
current in the coil.

• An AC (alternating current) generator utilizes

Faraday’s law of induction, spinning a coil at a constant
rate in a magnetic field to induce an oscillating emf. A
coil turning in a magnetic field can also be used to
generate D C power.

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 Continued
Electric Motor

• An electric motor is a device which converts electric

energy into mechanical energy It also has a coil. When a
current is passed through the coil, the interaction of the
magnetic field with the current causes the coil to spin.

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 MUTUAL INDUCTANCE
• Consider two coils P and S are placed very close to each
other. Coil P consists of battery and tapping key and coil S
consists of galvanometer G. When the key of coil P is
pressed then magnetic flux is building and induced e.m.f.
produced in it opposes the flow of magnetic flux. Because coil
P and coil S are very close to each other. So magnetic flux
also changed in coil S and induced current is produced which
opposes the direction of flow of magnetic lines of force in coil
P.

• The phenomenon according to which an opposing

e.m.f. is produced in a coil as a result of change in current or
magnetic flux linked with a neighboring coil is called mutual
induction.

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 Continued

Coefficient of Mutual Induction : Suppose that

current I is flowing through coil P and  be the
magnetic flux linked with coil S
 I

= MI
M = Coefficient of mutual induction.

Let  be the induced e.m.f. in coil S.

The mutual inductance of two coils is said to be one

Henry, if a rate of change of current of 1 ampere per second
in one coil induces an e.m.f. of 1 volt in neighboring coil.

A device specifically designed to produce the effect of

mutual inductance between two or more coils is called a
transformer.

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 Continued
• A transformer designed to output more voltage than it takes in
across the input coil is called a "step-up" transformer, while one
designed to do the opposite is called a "step-down," in reference
to the transformation of voltage that takes place. The current
through each respective coil, of course, follows the exact opposite
proportion.

SELF INDUCTANCE
• Consider a coil connected to a battery and a tapping key. When
key K is pressed magnetic lines of forces starts growing through
it and induced e.m.f. is produced. Direction of induced e.m.f.
is opposite to that of growth of current. On the other hand when
key is released the current in the coil decreases and e.m.f. is
produced in opposite direction. Thus during both growth and
decay of current an opposite induced e.m.f. is produced. This
e.m.f. is called back e.m.f.

• The phenomenon according to which an opposing induced

e.m.f. is produced in the coil as a result of change in current or
magnetic flux linked with the coil is called self induction.

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 Coefficient of Self Inductance
Suppose when key is pressed, current I flows through the
coil and magnetic flux  linked with the coil.

Self inductance of a coil is said to be one Henry if a rate of

change of current of 1 ampere per second induces an e.m.f.
of one volt

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

• TEXTBOOK OF PHYSICS - NCERT, C L A S S

XII

• WEBSITES

• www.wikipedia.com

• www.howstuffworks.com

• www.scienceforall.com

• www.allaboutcircuits.com

• www.allprojectreports.com

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