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Chapter 4-Lecture 3

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4 views

Chapter 4-Lecture 3

Uploaded by

qs6bwkr9mc
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Turbines

 A turbine is a device in which power is developed as a result of a gas or liquid passing


through a set of blades attached to a shaft free to rotate.

• An axial-flow steam or gas turbine is shown


in figure.
• Widely used for power generation in vapor
power plants, gas turbine power plants, &
aircraft engines.
• Superheated steam or a gas enters the
turbine and expands to a lower pressure as
power is generated.
Turbines
 A hydraulic turbine coupled to a
generator installed in a dam is
shown in Figure.
 As water flows from higher to lower
elevation through the turbine, the
turbine provides shaft power to the
generator. The generator converts
shaft power to electricity.
 This type of generation is called
hydropower. Today, hydropower is a
leading renewable means for
producing electricity.
Turbines
 Turbines are also key components of
wind-turbine power plants that, like
hydropower plants, are renewable
means for generating electricity.
Steam and Gas Turbine Modeling
Considerations
 With a proper selection of the CV enclosing a steam or gas turbine:
 The net kinetic energy of the matter flowing across the boundary is usually small
enough to be neglected.
 The net potential energy of the flowing matter also is typically negligible.
 The heat transfer is often small enough relative to the power and enthalpy terms and
also can be neglected.
 Thus, the energy rate balance is reduced to:
Example-Application to a Steam Turbine
Example-Application to a Steam Turbine

SOLUTION
Known: A steam turbine operates at steady
state. The mass flow rate, power output, &
states of steam at the inlet & exit are known.
Find: Calculate the rate of heat transfer.
Schematic and Given Data:
Example-Application to a Steam Turbine
Example-Application to a Steam Turbine
Problem-4.19

As shown in Fig. P4.19, steam at 80 bar,


440°C, enters a turbine operating at
steady state with a volumetric flow rate
of 236 m3/min. Twenty percent of the
entering mass flow exits through a
diameter of 0.25 m at 60 bar, 400°C. The
rest exits through a diameter of 1.5 m
with a pressure of 0.7 bar and a quality
of 90%. Determine the velocity at each
exit duct, in m/s.
Problem-4.19
Problem-4.19
Problem-4.19
Compressors and Pumps
 Compressors and pumps are devices in which work is done on the
substance flowing through them in order to change the state of
the substance, typically to increase the pressure and/or elevation.
 The term compressor is used when the substance is a gas (vapor)
and the term pump is used when the substance is a liquid.
 Four compressor types are shown. The reciprocating compressor
of Fig. a features reciprocating motion while the others have
rotating motion.
 The axial-flow compressor of Fig. b is a key component of turbojet
engines. Compressors also are essential components of
refrigeration and heat pump systems.
 Pumps are important in vapor power systems and are commonly
used to fill water towers, remove water from flooded basements,
and for numerous other domestic and industrial applications.
Compressors and Pumps
Compressor and Pump Modeling
Considerations
 For a CV enclosing a compressor, the mass and energy rate balances reduce at steady
state as for the case of turbines:

 Heat transfer with the surroundings is frequently a secondary effect that can be
neglected, giving as for turbines:

 For pumps, heat transfer is generally a secondary effect, but the kinetic and potential
energy terms may be significant depending on the application.
 Be sure to note that for compressors and pumps, the value of 𝑊ሶ 𝐶𝑉 is negative
because a power input is required.
Example-Applications to an Air Compressor
Example-Applications to an Air Compressor

SOLUTION
Known: An air compressor operates at steady state
with known inlet and exit states and a known heat
transfer rate.
Find: Calculate the power required by the compressor.
Schematic and Given Data:
Example-Applications to an Air Compressor
Example-Applications to an Air Compressor
Example-Applications to a Pump System
In this Example, a pump is a component of an overall system that delivers a high-velocity stream of
water at an elevation greater than at the inlet. Note the modeling considerations in this case,
particularly the roles of kinetic & potential energy, & the use of appropriate unit conversion factors.
Example-Applications to a Pump System
SOLUTION
Known: A pump system operates at
steady state with known inlet and exit
conditions. The rate of heat transfer
from the pump is specified as a % of the
power input.
Find: Determine the velocities of the
water at the inlet and exit of the pump
system and the power required.
Schematic and Given Data:
Example-Applications to a Pump System
Example-Applications to a Pump System
Example-Applications to a Pump System

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