Two Port Network

❑ After carefully studying this chapter, you should be able to do the

following:
❖ Define and calculate the two-port network parameters: Z-parameters and Y-
parameters, T-parameter, h-parameter…
❖ Establish correlation between two port network parameters
❖ Explain two-port reciprocal network and symmetrical network.
❖ Calculate the Z-parameters, Y-parameters and T-parameter of interconnected
two port networks.
❖ Represent two-port networks as T-circuit and pi -circuit.
❖ Explain the concept of image impedance of a network.

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 2

 2.1 Introduction
❑ A pair of terminal through which current may enter or leave a
network is known as a port
❑ One Port Network : is a two terminal electrical network in which
current enters through one terminal and leaves through another
terminal.
➢ Eg. Resistor, Capacitor, Inductor, Transmitter, Receiver

Figure 2.1 One Port Network

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 3
 Cont’d
❑ Two Port Network: is a four terminal circuit in which the
terminals are paired to form an input port and output port
➢ Eg. Filter, amplifier

Figure 2.2 For two port network

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 4

 2.2 Two Port Network Parameters

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 5

 2.2.1 Impedance Parameters
❑ The impedance parameters are obtained by expressing the port
voltages v1 and v2 in terms of port currents I1 and I2

………………………… [2.1]

. ………….…………........... [2.2]

…………………….. [2.3]

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 6

 Determination of Z-Parameters
❑ case I: when output terminal is
open circuited , (𝑰𝟐 = 𝟎)

𝑉1 Driving point input

𝑧11 = ቤ impedance with output
𝐼1 𝐼 current set to zero
2 =0

Forward transfer impedance

𝑉2
𝑧21 = ቚ with output current set to
Figure (2.3) when I2 =0
𝐼1 𝐼 =0 zero
2

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 7

 Determination of Z-Parameters
❑ case II: when input terminal is open
circuited , (𝑰𝟐 = 𝟎)

𝑽𝟏
𝒛𝟏𝟐 = ቤ Reverse transfer impedance
𝑰𝟐 𝑰 with input current set to zero
𝟏 =𝟎

𝑽𝟐 Driving point output

𝒛𝟐𝟐 = ቤ impedance with input current Figure (2.4): when I2 =0
𝑰𝟐 𝑰
𝟏 =𝟎 set to zero

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 8

 Equivalent Circuit of two port Network

Figure 2.5 Equivalent Circuit of two port networks in terms of

Z-parameter

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 9

 2.2.2 Two Port Network Parameters

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 10

 Admittance Parameters
❑The impedance parameters are obtained by expressing the port
voltages 𝐼1 and 𝐼2 in terms of port currents 𝑉1 and 𝑉2

𝐼1 = 𝑌11 𝑉1 + 𝑌12 𝑉2

𝐼2 = 𝑌12 𝑉1 + 𝑌22 𝑉2 [2.4]

In matrix form
𝐼1 𝑌11 𝑌12 𝑉1
= [2.5]
𝐼2 𝑌12 𝑌22 𝑉2

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 11

 Determination of Y-Parameters
❑ case I : when output terminal is short
circuited(ie.V2=0)

𝑰𝟏 Driving point input admittance

𝒀𝟏𝟏 = ቚ when output port is shorted
𝑽𝟏 𝑽 =𝟎
𝟐

𝑰𝟐
𝒀𝟐𝟏 = ቤ Forward transfer admittance Figure (2.6)
𝑽𝟏 𝑽
𝟐 =𝟎 when output port is shorted when 𝑽𝟐 = 𝟎

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 12

 Determination of Y-Parameters
❑ case II : when the input port is
shorted (V1=0)

𝑰𝟏
𝒀𝟏𝟐 = ቤ Reverse transfer admittance when
𝑽𝟐 𝑽 input port is shorted
𝟏 =𝟎

𝑰𝟐 Output driving point admittance

𝒀𝟐𝟐 = ቤ Figure (2.7) when 𝑽𝟏 = 𝟎
𝑽𝟐 𝑽 when input port is shorted
𝟏 =𝟎

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 13

 Equivalent Circuit Diagram

Figure(2.8) Equivalent Circuit Diagram of

Y-parameters

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 14

 Examples
❑ compute the Z-parameters of the following two port network as
shown in figure 2.10

Figure 2.9
𝑍11 = 4Ω
𝑍12 = 3Ω
𝑍21 = 3Ω
𝑍22 = 4Ω
12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 15
 Example 2
❑ For the network shown below compute its Y-parameters where ,
𝑌𝑎 , 𝑌𝑏 , 𝑌𝑐 are admittances

𝑌11 = 𝑌𝑎 + 𝑌𝑐
Figure 2.10 𝑌12 = − 𝑌𝑐
𝑌21 = −𝑌𝑐
𝑌22 = 𝑌𝑏 + 𝑌𝑐

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 16

Example 3
❑ Determine the Y parameters of the following two port network

Figure 2.11

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 17

Example 4
❑ calculate the Z-parameters of the following two port network

Figure 2.12

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 18

Example 5
❑ compute the Z-parameters of the following network

Figure 2.13

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 19

Example
❑ Obtain the y parameters of the op amp
circuit in Fig. 2.14. Show that the circuit
has no ℤ parameters.
❑Solution: Since no current can enter the
input terminals of the op amp, 𝐼1 which
can be expressed in terms of 𝑉1 and 𝑉2 as
𝐼1 = 0𝑉1 + 0𝑉2
This implies that
𝑦11 = 𝑦12 =0

Figure 2.14

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 20

 Cont’d
❑ Also,

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 21

 Cont’d

Since ∆𝑦 =0 the [y] matrix has no inverse; therefore, the 𝑍

matrix doesn’t exist

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 22

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 23
 ABCD Parameters
❑ABCD parameters are obtained by expressing 𝑉1 and 𝐼1
in terms of 𝑉2 and 𝐼2

𝑉1 = 𝑨𝑉2 − 𝑩𝐼2

𝐼1 = 𝑪𝑉2 − 𝑫𝐼2 [2.6]

In matrix form
𝑉1 𝑨 𝑩 𝑉2
= [2.7]
𝐼1 𝑪 𝑫 −𝐼2
12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 24
 Determination of Chain Parameters
❑Case i. when the output port is open circuited i.e., 𝐼2 =0
𝑉1 = 𝑨𝑉2
𝑉1
A=
𝑉2
Figure 2.15
𝑉1 reverse voltage ratio with output
A= ቚ
𝑉2 𝑰 =𝟎 port open circuited
𝟐

𝐼1 reverse transfer admittance with

C= ቚ output port open circuited
𝑉2 𝑰 =𝟎
𝟐

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 25

 Determination of Chain Parameters
❑Case ii. when the output port is short circuited i.e., 𝑉2 =0

𝑉1 = −𝐵𝐼2
𝑉1
Figure 2.16 B=
−𝐼2
𝑉1 reverse voltage ratio with
B= ቚ output port short circuited
−𝐼2 𝑽 =𝟎
𝟐

−𝐼1 reverse current ratio with output

D= ቚ
𝐼2 𝑽 =𝟎 port short circuited
𝟐
12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 26
2.2.2 Two Port Network Parameters

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 27

 Inverse T Parameters
❑Inverse T parameters are obtained by expressing
𝑉2 and 𝐼2 in terms of 𝑉1 and -𝐼1
𝑉2 = 𝑨′𝑉1 − 𝑩′𝐼1

𝐼2 = 𝑪′𝑉1 − 𝑫′𝐼1 [2.8]

In matrix form
𝑉2 𝑨′ 𝑩′ 𝑉1
= [2.9]
𝐼2 𝑪′ 𝑫′ −𝐼1

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 28

 Determination of Inverse T- Parameters
❑Case i. when the input port is open circuited i.e., 𝐼1 =0
𝑉2 = 𝑨′𝑉1
𝑉2
A′ =
𝑉1
Figure 2.17
𝑉2 forward voltage ratio with
A′ = ቚ input port open circuited
𝑉1 𝑰 =𝟎
𝟏

𝐼2 reverse transfer admittance

C′ = ቚ with input port open circuited
𝑉1 𝑰 =𝟎
𝟏

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 29

 Determination of Inverse T- Parameters
❑Case ii. when the input port is short circuited i.e., 𝑉1 =0

𝑉2 = 𝑨′𝑉1
𝑉2
A′ =
𝑉1
Figure 2.18

𝑉2 forward voltage ratio with

B’= ቚ input port open circuited
−𝐼1 𝑽 =𝟎
𝟏

𝐼2 reverse transfer admittance

D’= ቚ with output port open circuited
−𝐼1 𝑽 =𝟎
𝟏

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 30

Example 1
Find the transmission parameters for the two port network shown
in figure 2.19

Figure 2.20

case i: when 𝐼2 = 0

Figure 2.21

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 31

 Cont’d
❑ since the output port is open

Thus

Case II when 𝑽𝟐 = 𝟎

Figure 2.22

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 32

 Cont’d
❑ at node a:

❑And

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 33

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 34
 Hybrid Parameters
❑Hybrid parameters (h-parameters) are obtained by
expressing 𝑉1 and 𝐼2 in terms of 𝐼1 and 𝑉2
𝑉1 = 𝒉𝟏𝟏 𝐼1 + 𝐡𝟏𝟐 𝑉2

𝐼2 = 𝒉𝟐𝟏 𝐼1 + 𝒉𝟐𝟐 𝑉2 [2.10]

In matrix form
𝑉1 ℎ11 ℎ12 𝐼1
= [2.11]
𝐼2 ℎ21 ℎ22 𝑉2

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 35

 Equivalent Circuit of Two port Network

Figure 2.23 Equivalent Circuit of Two Port Network in terms of h-parameters

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 36

 Determination of h- Parameters
❑Case i. when the output port is shor circuited i.e., 𝑉2 =0

𝑉2 = 𝑨′𝑉1
𝑉2
Figure 2.24 A′ =
𝑉1
𝑉1
ℎ11 = ቚ input impedance with output port
𝐼1 𝑣 =0
2 is short circuited

𝐼2
ℎ21 = ቤ forward current gain with output
𝐼1 𝑣
2 =0 port short circuited
12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 37
 Determination of h- Parameters
❑Case ii. when the input port is open circuited i.e., 𝐼1 =0
𝑉2 = 𝑨′𝑉1
𝑉2
A′ =
𝑉1
Figure 2.25
𝑉1 reverse voltage gain with
ℎ12 = ቚ
𝑉2 𝐼 =0
1
input port open circuited

𝐼2 output admittance with

ℎ22 = ቚ
𝑉2 𝐼 =0 input port open circuited
1

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 38

Exercise
❑ Find the h-parameters of the network shown in figure 2.21

Figure 2.26

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 39

 solution: when v2=0

Figure 2.27

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 40

 Cont’d

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 41

 When I1=0

Figure 2.28

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 42

 Cont’d

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 43

Example
❑ Obtain the h-parameters shown in figure 2.29

Figure 2.29

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 44

 2.2.6 Two Port Network Parameters

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 45

 Inverse Hybrid Parameters
❑Inverse Hybrid parameters (g-parameters) are obtained by
expressing 𝐼1 and 𝑉2 in terms of 𝑉1 and 𝐼2
𝐼1 = 𝒈𝟏𝟏 𝑉1 + 𝐠 𝟏𝟐 𝐼2

𝑉2 = 𝒈𝟐𝟏 𝑉1 + 𝒈𝟐𝟐 𝐼2 [2.12]

In matrix form
𝐼1 𝑔11 𝑔12 𝑉1
= 𝑔 𝑔22 𝐼2 [2.13]
𝑉2 21

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 46

Equivalent Circuit of Two port Network

Figure 2.30 Equivalent Circuit of Two Port Network in terms of h-parameters

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 47

 Determination of g- Parameters
❑Case i. when the output port is shor circuited i.e., 𝐼2 =0
𝑉2 = 𝑨′𝑉1
𝑉2
A′ =
𝑉1
Figure 2.31
𝐼1
𝑔11 = ቚ input admittance with output
𝑉1 𝐼 =0
2 port is open circuited

𝑉2 forward voltage gain with

𝑔21 = ቤ
𝑉1 𝐼 output port open circuited
2 =0

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 48

 Determination of Inverse T- Parameters
❑Case ii. when the input port is open circuited i.e., 𝑉1 =0

Figure 2.32
𝐼1 reverse voltage gain with
𝑔12 = ቚ
𝐼2 𝑉 =0 input port short circuited
1

𝑉2
𝑔22 = ቚ output admittance with input
𝐼2 𝑉 =0
1 port short circuited

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 49

Example
obtain g-parameter for the following two port network

Figure 2.33

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 50

Solution
Step 1: when I2=0

Figure 2.34

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 51

 Cont’d

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 52

 Cont’d

Figure 2.35

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 53

 Cont’d

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 54

 cont’d

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 55

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 56
Interconnection of Two Port Network
❑ A large, complex network may be divided into subnetworks
for the purposes of analysis and design.
❑ The subnetworks are modeled as two-port networks,
interconnected to form the original network.
❑The two-port networks may therefore be regarded as
building blocks that can be interconnected to form a complex
network.
❑The interconnection can be in series, in parallel, or in
cascade.
12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 57
 Cont’d
❑ when the networks are in:
❖series, their individual z parameters add up to give the z
parameters of the larger network.
❖ parallel, their individual y parameters add up to give the
y parameters of the larger network.
❖cascaded, their individual transmission parameters can be
multiplied together to get the transmission parameters
of the larger network.
12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 58
 Series Interconnection
❑ Consider the series connection of two
two-port networks shown in figure 2.26
❑The networks are regarded as being in
series because their input currents are the
same and their voltages add.
❑In addition, each network has a common
reference.
For Network Na

2.14 Figure 2.36 series interconnection

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 59

 Cont’d
2.15

we know that
2.16
And
2.17

Thus the Z-parameters of the overall network is

2.18
12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 60
Example
𝑉2
❑Eg. Evaluate 𝑉𝑠
in the circuit shown below

Answer
Figure 2.37

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 61

Exercise
𝑉2
❑ Find 𝑉𝑠
in the circuit shown in figure 2.28

Figure 2.38

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 62

 Parallel Interconnection
❑ Two two-port networks are in parallel
when:
❖ their port voltages are equal and
❖ the port currents of the larger
network are the sums of the
individual port currents.
❖ In addition, each circuit must have a
common reference
❑The parallel connection of two two-
port networks is shown in Fig. 2.29
Figure 2.39 parallel Interconnection
12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 63
 cont’d
❑ For the two networks:

2.19
And

2.20
But from Figure 2.29

2.21

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 64

 Cont’d
❑ substituting Eq. 2.19 and 2.20 into Eq. 2.21 we get

2.22

Thus the Y-Parameters of the overall networks are :

2.23

2.24

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 65

Example
❑ Eg. Find the Y-parameter of the two port network shown
below

Figure 2.40

Answer

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 66

Exercise
❑ Obtain Y-Parameter of the following two port network

Figure 2.41

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 67

 Cascaded Interconnection
❑ Two networks are connected in cascaded when the output of
the first network is an input for the second network.

Figure 2.42 Cascaded interconnection of two port networks

For the two networks
2.25

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 68

 Cont’d
2.26

2.27

From Figure 2.32 we have

2.28
substituting these into 2.28 equation
2.29
12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 69
 cont’d
❑

❑ or

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 70

Example
❑ Obtain the ABCD parameters of the circuit shown below

Figure 2.43

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 71

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 72
 Relationship between Two Port network
Parameters
A. Given Z-parameters let’s obtain Y-Parameter
Or

And from

comparing Equation and

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 73
 Cont’d
❑ The adjoint of Z-matrix is

And its determinant is :

Substituting this into Eq we get

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 74

 Cont’d
B. Given Z-parameters let’s obtain Y-Parameter
We know that

Which implies

Substituting this into Eq we get

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 75

 Cont’d
Putting this into Equation we get

From Equation we have

Comparing this with equation we get

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 76

 Lattice Networks
❑ A lattice network is one of the common two-port networks, shown in Fig. below.
It is used in filter sections and is also used as attenuator.
❖ This network can be represented in terms of z-parameters.

Fig.2.44 Lattice Networks

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 77

 Cont’d
❑ The lattice network can be redrawn as a bridge network as shown in Fig. 2.45
This lattice network is symmetric and reciprocal. The current I1 divides equally
between the two arms of the bridge.
❑When the output port is open-circuited, i.e., I2 = 0

figure 2.45 Bridge Network

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 78

 Cont’d
❑ since the network is symmetrical

solving the above equations we get,

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 79

Example
Find the lattice equivalent of a symmetrical T network shown in Fig. below

Figure 2.45
Solution
Applying KVL to Mesh I we have

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 80

 Cont’d
❑

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 81

 Cont’d

Figure 2.46 Equivalent Lattice Network

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 82

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 83
 Conditions for Reciprocity
❑ A network is said to be reciprocal if
the ratio of excitation at one port to
response at the other port is same if excitation and response are
interchanged.

figure 2.47 Network for deriving condition for reciprocity

A. ℤ − 𝑷𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒔
Case i. As shown in Fig. 2.47, voltage Vs is applied at the input port with the output
port short-circuited.

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 84

 Cont’d

❑Case II : As shown in Fig. 2.48, voltage Vs is applied at the output port

with input port short-circuited.

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 85

 Cont’d

from Z-parameter equations

Figure 2.48

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 86

 Cont’d
❑

B. Admittance Parameters
❑A network is said to be reciprocal
if the ratio of excitation at one port to
response at the other port is same if
excitation and response are interchanged Fig 2.49 Network for deriving
condition for reciprocity
12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 87
 Cont’d
❑ case I when the output port is short circuited
i.e., 𝑽𝟏 = 𝑽𝒔
𝑽𝟐 = 𝟎
𝑰𝟐 = −𝑰′𝟐
From Y-Parameters equation we have
𝑰𝟐 = −𝑰′𝟐
-𝐼′2 = 𝑌21 𝑉𝑠
𝐼 𝑰𝟐 = −𝑰′𝟐
2
= −𝑌21−
𝑉𝑠

❑ case II when the input port is short circuited i.e v1=0

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 88

 cont’d
𝑽𝟐 = 𝑽𝒔
𝑽𝟏 = 𝟎
𝑰𝟏 = −𝑰′𝟏
From Y-parameters we have
-𝐼′1 = 𝑌12 𝑉𝑠
𝐼′1
= −𝑌12
𝑉𝑠

Hence for the network to be reciprocal

𝐼′1 𝐼′1
𝑉𝑠 𝑉𝑠 𝑰′𝟏 𝑰′𝟐
=
𝑽𝒔 𝑽𝒔

𝒀𝟏𝟐 = −𝒀𝟐𝟏
12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 89
 Cont’d
C. Transmission Parameters
❑case I when the output port is short circuited
𝑽𝟏 = 𝑽𝒔
𝑽𝟐 = 𝟎
𝑰𝟐 = −𝑰′𝟐

From transmission parameters equation we have

𝑉𝑠 = 𝐵𝐼2′
𝑉𝑠
′ =𝐵
𝐼2
Case II when the input port is short circuited
12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 90
 Cont’d
𝑽𝟐 = 𝑽𝒔
𝑽𝟏 = 𝟎
𝑰𝟏 = −𝑰′𝟏
From the transmission parameter equations,

𝟎 = 𝑨𝑽𝑺 − 𝑩𝑰𝟐
−𝑰′𝟐 = 𝑪𝑽𝑺 − 𝑫𝑰𝟐
𝑨
𝑰𝟐 = 𝑽𝑺
𝑩
𝑨𝑫
−𝑰′𝟏 = 𝑪𝑽𝑺 − 𝑽𝑺
𝑩
𝑽𝑺 𝑩
=
𝑰′𝟏 𝑨𝑫 − 𝑩𝑪

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 91

 Cont’d
❑ Hence for the network to be reciprocal,
𝐼1′ 𝐼2′
=
𝑉𝑠 𝑉𝑠

𝑩
B=
𝑨𝑫−𝑩𝑪

𝐼1′ 𝐼2′
❑ = 𝐴𝐷 − 𝐵𝐶 = 1
𝑉𝑠 𝑉𝑠

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 92

 Cont’d
D. Inverse Transmission Parameters
Case I when the output Port is short circuited
𝑽𝟏 = 𝑽𝒔
𝑽𝟐 = 𝟎
𝑰𝟐 = −𝑰′𝟐

𝟎 = 𝑨′𝑽𝑺 − 𝑩′𝑰𝟏
−𝑰′𝟐 = 𝑪′𝑽𝑺 − 𝑫′𝑰𝟏

𝑰′𝟐 𝑨′𝑫′ − 𝑩′ 𝑪′
=
𝑽𝑺 𝑩′

Case II when the input port is short circuited

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 93
 Cont’d
𝑽𝟐 = 𝑽𝒔
𝑽𝟏 = 𝟎
𝑰𝟏 = −𝑰′𝟏

❑ from inverse transmission parameters equation

𝑽𝒔 = 𝑩′𝑰′𝟏
𝑨′
𝑰𝟐 = 𝑽𝑺
𝑩′
𝑰′𝟏 1
=
𝑉𝑆 𝐵′
❑Hence for the network to be reciprocal
12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 94
 Cont’d
𝑰′𝟏 𝑰′𝟐
=
𝑉𝑆 𝑉𝑆

𝑨′ 𝑫′ − 𝑩′ 𝑪′ = 𝟏

E. Hybrid Parameters
Case I when the output port is short circuited

𝑽𝟏 = 𝑽𝒔
𝑽𝟐 = 𝟎
𝑰𝟐 = −𝑰′𝟐

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 95

 Cont’d
From h-parameters equations we have
𝑉1 = ℎ11 𝐼1
−𝐼2′ = ℎ21 𝐼1

𝑽𝑺 −𝒉𝟏𝟏
′ =
𝑰𝟐 𝒉𝟐𝟏
Case II when the input port is shorted
𝑽𝟐 = 𝑽𝒔
𝑽𝟏 = 𝟎
𝑰𝟏 = −𝑰′𝟏

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 96

 Cont’d
❑ from h-parameters equations
0 = ℎ11 𝐼1 + ℎ12 𝑉𝑠
ℎ12 𝑉𝑠 = −ℎ11 𝐼1 = ℎ11 𝐼1′

𝑉𝑠 ℎ11
′ =
𝐼1 ℎ12
Hence for the network to be reciprocal
𝑉𝑠 𝑉𝑠
′ = ′
𝐼1 𝐼2

𝒉𝟏𝟐 = −𝒉𝟐𝟏
12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 97
 Cont’d
F. g-parameters
Case I : when the output port is short circuited
𝑽𝟐 = 𝑽𝒔
𝑽𝟏 = 𝟎
𝑰𝟏 = −𝑰′𝟏

From g-parameters equation

𝑔21 𝑉𝑠 = 𝑔22 𝐼2′

𝑉𝑠 𝑔22
′ =
𝐼2 𝑔21

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 98

 Cont’d
Case II when the input port is short circuited
𝑽𝟐 = 𝑽𝒔
𝑽𝟏 = 𝟎
𝑰𝟏 = −𝑰′𝟏

❑From g-parameters equation

−𝐼1′ = 𝑔12 𝐼2
𝑉𝑠 = 𝑔22 𝐼2

𝑉𝑠 −𝑔22
′ =
𝐼1 𝑔12

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 99

 Cont’d
❑
𝑽𝒔 𝑽𝒔
=
𝑰′𝟏 𝑰′𝟐

𝒈𝟏𝟐 = −𝒈𝟐𝟏

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 100

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 101
 Conditions for Symmetry
A. ℤ − 𝑷𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒔
For a network to be symmetrical, the voltage-to-current ratio at one port should be
the same as the voltage to-current ratio at the other port with one of the ports open-
circuited.
Case I when the output port is open circuited
𝑽𝒔 = 𝒁𝟏𝟏 𝑰𝟏
𝑽𝑺
= 𝒁𝟏𝟏
𝑰𝟏
Case II: when the input port is open circuited
𝑽𝒔 = 𝒁𝟐𝟐 𝑰𝟐
𝑽𝑺
= 𝒁𝟐𝟐
𝑰𝟐
12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 102
 Cont’d
Hence, for the network to be symmetrical
𝑽𝑺 𝑽𝑺
=
𝑰𝟏 𝑰𝟐

𝒁𝟏𝟏 = 𝒁𝟐𝟐
B. 𝒀 − 𝑷𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒔
Case I: when the output port is short circuited
𝑰𝟏 = 𝒀𝟏𝟏 𝑽𝑺
𝑰𝟏
= 𝒀𝟏𝟏
𝑽𝑺

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 103

 Cont’d
Case II: when the input port is open circuited
𝑰𝟐 = 𝒀𝟐𝟐 𝑽𝒔
𝑰𝟐
= 𝒀𝟐𝟐
𝑽𝒔
For two port network to be symmetrical,
𝑽𝑺 𝑽𝑺
=
𝑰𝟏 𝑰𝟐

𝒀𝟏𝟏 = 𝒀𝟐𝟐

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 104

 Cont’d
C. Transmission Parameters
Case I : when the output port is open circuited
From transmission parameters equations we have
𝑉𝑆 = 𝐴𝑉2
𝐼1 = 𝐶𝑉2
Hence , 𝑉𝑆 𝐴
=
𝐼1 𝐶
Case II: when the input port is open circuited
𝐶𝑉𝑆 = 𝐷𝐼2
𝑉𝑆 𝐷
=
𝐼2 𝐶
12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 105
 Cont’d
Hence, for a network to be symmetrical,
𝑽𝑺 𝑽𝑺
=
𝑰𝟏 𝑰𝟐

𝑨=D

D. Inverse T Parameters
Case I : when the output port is open circuited
From inverse transmission parameters equations we have

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 106

 Cont’d
The condition for symmetry is obtained from Z-parameters
𝑽𝟏 𝑫′
𝒁𝟏𝟏 = ቤ =
𝑰𝟏 𝑰 𝑪′
𝟐 =𝟎

𝑽𝟐 𝑨′
𝒁𝟐𝟐 = ቤ =
𝑰𝟐 𝑰 𝑪′
𝟏 =𝟎

Hence for the network to be symmetrical

𝑽𝑺 𝑽𝑺
=
𝑰𝟏 𝑰𝟐

𝑨′=D’
12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 107
 Cont’d
The condition for symmetry is obtained from Z-parameters
𝑽𝟏 𝒉𝟏𝟏 𝑰𝟏 + 𝒉𝟏𝟐 𝑽𝟐 𝑽𝟐
𝒁𝟏𝟏 = ቤ = ቤ = 𝒉𝟏𝟏 + 𝒉𝟏𝟐
𝑰𝟏 𝑰 𝑰𝟏 𝑰𝟏
𝟐 =𝟎 𝑰 𝟐 =𝟎

but with 𝑰𝟐 = 0

0=𝒉𝟐𝟏 𝑰𝟏 + 𝒉𝟐𝟐 𝑽𝟐

𝑉2 −ℎ21
=
𝐼1 ℎ22
𝑽𝟏
𝒁𝟏𝟏 = 𝒁𝟏𝟏 = ቚ =
𝑰𝟏 𝑰 =𝟎
𝟐

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 108

 Cont’d
ℎ12 ℎ21 ℎ11 ℎ22 − ℎ12 ℎ21 ∆ℎ
𝑍11 = ℎ11 − = =
ℎ22 ℎ22 ℎ22

Similarly
∆ℎ = ℎ11 ℎ22 − ℎ12 ℎ21
With 𝐼1 = 0
𝑽𝟐
𝒁𝟐𝟐 = ቤ
𝑰𝟐 𝑰
𝟏 =𝟎
0
𝒉𝟐𝟐 𝑽𝟐 = 𝐼2

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 109

 Cont’d
𝑽𝟐 1
𝒁𝟐𝟐 = ቚ =
𝑰𝟐 𝑰 =𝟎 ℎ22
𝟏
For symmetrical network
𝒁𝟐𝟐 = 𝒁𝟐𝟐
∆ℎ 1
=
ℎ22 ℎ22

∆ℎ = ℎ11 ℎ22 − ℎ12 ℎ21 =1

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 110

 Cont’d
The condition for symmetry is obtained from the Z-parameters.

𝑽𝟏 𝟏
𝒁𝟏𝟏 = ቤ =
𝑰𝟏 𝑰 𝒈𝟏𝟏
𝟐 =𝟎

𝑽𝟐
𝒁𝟐𝟐 = ቤ
𝑰𝟐 𝑰
𝟏 =𝟎

𝟎 = 𝒈𝟏𝟏 𝑽𝟏 + 𝒈𝟏𝟐 𝑰𝟐

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 111

 Cont’d
−𝑔12
𝑉1 = 𝐼
𝑔11 2

−𝑔12
𝑉2 = 𝒈𝟐𝟏 𝐼 + 𝒈𝟐𝟐 𝑰𝟐
𝑔11 2

𝑽𝟐 𝒈𝟏𝟏 𝒈𝟐𝟐 − 𝒈𝟏𝟐 𝒈𝟐𝟏

𝒁𝟐𝟐 = ቤ =
𝑰𝟐 𝑰 𝒈𝟏𝟏
𝟏 =𝟎

❑For symmetrical network 𝒁𝟐𝟐 = 𝒁𝟏𝟏

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 112
 Cont’d
❑ 𝟏
=
𝒈𝟏𝟏 𝒈𝟐𝟐 − 𝒈𝟏𝟐 𝒈𝟐𝟏
𝒈𝟏𝟏 𝒈𝟏𝟏

𝒈𝟏𝟏 𝒈𝟐𝟐 − 𝒈𝟏𝟐 𝒈𝟐𝟏 =1

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 113

 Summary
❑ Two Port Network Reciprocity condition Symmetry condition
1 Z-Parameter 𝒁𝟏𝟐 = 𝒁𝟐𝟏 𝒁𝟏𝟏 = 𝒁𝟐𝟐
2 Y-Parameters 𝒀𝟏𝟐 = 𝒀𝟐𝟏 𝒀𝟏𝟏 = 𝒀𝟐𝟐
3 T-Parameters ∆𝑻 = 𝟏 𝑨=D

4 Inverse T Parameters ∆𝑻′ = 𝟏 𝑨′=D’

5 Hybrid Parameters 𝒉𝟏𝟐 = −𝒉𝟐𝟏 ∆𝒉 =1

6 Inverse Hybrid 𝒈𝟏𝟐 = −𝒈𝟐𝟏 ∆𝒈 =1

Parameters

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 114

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 115
Terminated Two Port Networks
❑A two-port network is shown in Fig.2.51 The output port of the network is
terminated in load impedance ZL. The input impedance of this network can be
expressed in terms of parameters of two-port network parameters.
❑ Input Impedance in terms of Z=parameters we know that
𝑉1 = 𝑍11 𝐼1 + 𝑍12 𝐼2
𝑉2 = 𝑍21 𝐼1 + 𝑍22 𝐼2
❑From figure we have
𝑉2 = −𝑍𝐿 𝐼2
❑And
−𝑍𝐿 𝐼2 = 𝑍21 𝐼1 + 𝑍22 𝐼2 Fig.2.51 terminated
−𝑍21 two port networks
𝐼2 = 𝐼
𝑍22 +𝑍𝐿 1

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 116

 Cont’d
𝑽𝟏 𝒁𝟐𝟏 𝒁𝟏𝟏 𝒁𝟐𝟐 + 𝒁𝟏𝟏 𝒁𝑳 − 𝒁𝟏𝟐 𝒁𝟐𝟏
𝒁𝒊𝒏 = = 𝒁𝟏𝟏 + 𝒁𝟏𝟐 =
𝑰𝟏 𝒁𝟐𝟐 + 𝒁𝑳 𝒁𝟐𝟐 + 𝒁𝑳

❑If the output circuit is open circuited

𝒁𝟏𝟏 𝒁𝟐𝟐 − 𝒁𝟏𝟐 𝒁𝟐𝟏
+ 𝒁𝟏𝟏
𝒁𝑳
𝒁𝒊𝒏 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝒁𝟏𝟏
𝒁𝑳 →∞ 𝒁𝟐𝟐
+𝟏
𝒁𝑳
𝒁𝟏𝟏 𝒁𝟐𝟐 − 𝒁𝟏𝟐 𝒁𝟐𝟏
❑If the output port is short circuited 𝒁𝒊𝒏 =
𝒁𝟐𝟐
12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 117
Input impedance in terms of Y-parameters
❑ we know that
𝐼1 = 𝑌11 𝑉1 + 𝑌12 𝑉2
𝐼2 = 𝑌21 𝑉1 + 𝑌22 𝑉2

𝐼2 = −𝑌𝐿 𝑉2

−𝑌𝐿 𝑉2 = 𝑌21 𝑉1 + 𝑌22 𝑉2

−𝑌21
𝑉2 = 𝑉
𝑌22 +𝑌𝐿 1

−𝒀𝟐𝟏 𝒀𝟏𝟐 𝒀𝟐𝟏

𝑰𝟏 = 𝒀𝟏𝟏 𝑽𝟏 + 𝒀𝟏𝟐 𝑽𝟏 = 𝒀𝟏𝟏 𝑽𝟏 − 𝑽𝟏
𝒀𝟐𝟐 + 𝒀𝑳 𝒀𝟐𝟐 + 𝒀𝑳

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 118

 Cont’d
𝒀𝟏𝟏 𝒀𝟐𝟐 +𝒀𝟏𝟏 𝒀𝑳 −𝒀𝟏𝟐 𝒀𝟐𝟏
𝑰𝟏 = 𝑽𝟏
𝒀𝟐𝟐 +𝒀𝑳

𝑽𝟏 𝒀𝟐𝟐 + 𝒀𝑳
𝒁𝒊𝒏 = =
𝑰𝟏 𝒀𝟏𝟏 𝒀𝟐𝟐 − 𝒀𝟏𝟐 𝒀𝟐𝟏 + 𝒀𝟏𝟏 𝒀𝑳

❑When the output port is open-circuited ie.= 𝒀𝑳 = 𝟎

𝑽𝟏 𝒀𝟐𝟐
𝒁𝒊𝒏 = =
𝑰𝟏 𝒀𝟏𝟏 𝒀𝟐𝟐 − 𝒀𝟏𝟐 𝒀𝟐𝟏

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 119

 Cont’d
❑ When the output port is short circuited ie 𝒀𝑳 = ∞

𝒀𝟐𝟐
+𝟏 𝟏
𝒀𝑳
𝒁𝒊𝒏 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =
𝒀𝑳 →∞ 𝒀𝟏𝟏 𝒀𝟐𝟐 − 𝒀𝟏𝟐 𝒀𝟐𝟏
+ 𝒀𝟏𝟏 𝒀𝟏𝟏
𝒀𝑳

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 120

Input impedance in terms of T-parameters
❑We know that
𝑽𝟏 = 𝑨𝑽𝟐 − 𝑩𝑰𝟐
𝑰𝟏 = 𝑪𝑽𝟐 − 𝑫𝑰𝟐

❑From figure
𝑉2 = −𝑍𝐿 𝐼2

𝐼1 = −𝑪𝑍𝐿 𝐼2 − 𝑫𝑰𝟐 =- 𝑪𝑍𝐿 + 𝐷 𝑰𝟐

−𝐼1
𝐼2 =
𝑪𝑍𝐿 +𝐷

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 121

 Cont’d
−𝐼1 𝑨𝒁𝑳 +𝑩
𝑽𝟏 = 𝑨𝑍𝐿 (−𝐼2 ) − 𝑩 = 𝑰𝟏
𝑪𝑍𝐿 +𝐷 𝑪𝒁𝑳 +𝑫

𝑽𝟏 𝑨𝒁𝑳 +𝑩
𝒁𝒊𝒏 = =
𝑰𝟏 𝑪𝒁𝑳 +𝑫

❑If the output port is open circuited

𝑨
𝒁𝒊𝒏 =
𝑪

❑ If the output port is short circuited

𝑩
𝒁𝒊𝒏 =
𝑫
12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 122
Input impedance in terms of h-parameters
❑ We know that
𝑉1 = 𝒉𝟏𝟏 𝐼1 + 𝐡𝟏𝟐 𝑉2
𝐼2 = 𝒉𝟐𝟏 𝐼1 + 𝒉𝟐𝟐 𝑉2
𝑉2 = −𝑧𝐿 𝐼2

𝐼2 = 𝒉𝟐𝟏 𝐼1 − 𝒉𝟐𝟐 𝑧𝐿 𝐼2

ℎ21
𝐼2 = 𝐼1
ℎ22 𝑍𝐿 + 1

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 123

 Cont’d
−ℎ21 𝑍𝐿
𝑉2 = 𝐼1
ℎ22 𝑍𝐿 + 1

❑Substituting V2 into V1
−𝒉𝟐𝟏 𝒁𝑳 𝒉𝟏𝟏 𝒉𝟐𝟐 − 𝒉𝟏𝟐 𝒉𝟐𝟏 𝒁𝑳 + 𝒉𝟏𝟏
𝑽𝟏 = 𝒉𝟏𝟏 𝑰𝟏 + 𝒉𝟏𝟐 𝑰𝟏 = 𝑰𝟏
𝒉𝟐𝟐 𝒁𝑳 + 𝟏 𝟏 + 𝒉𝟐𝟐 𝒁𝑳

𝑽𝟏 𝒉𝟏𝟏 𝒉𝟐𝟐 − 𝒉𝟏𝟐 𝒉𝟐𝟏 𝒁𝑳 + 𝒉𝟏𝟏

𝒁𝒊𝒏 = =
𝑰𝟏 𝟏 + 𝒉𝟐𝟐 𝒁𝑳

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 124

 Cont’d
❑ if the output port is open-circuited
𝒉𝟏𝟏 𝒉𝟐𝟐 − 𝒉𝟏𝟐 𝒉𝟐𝟏
𝒁𝒊𝒏 =
𝒉𝟐𝟐

❑If the output port is short circuited

𝒁𝒊𝒏 = 𝒉𝟏𝟏

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 125

output impedance in terms of Z-parameters
❑We know that
𝑉1 = 𝑍11 𝐼1 + 𝑍12 𝐼2
𝑉2 = 𝑍21 𝐼1 + 𝑍22 𝐼2
𝑉1 = −𝑍𝐿 𝐼1
−𝑍𝐿 𝐼1 = 𝑍11 𝐼1 + 𝑍12 𝐼2
−𝑍12 Fig.2.52 terminated two
𝐼1 = 𝐼2 port networks
𝑍11 +𝑍𝐿

−𝑍12 𝑍12 𝑍21 𝑍11 𝑍22 −𝑍12 𝑍21 +𝑍22 𝑍𝐿

𝑉2 = 𝑍21 𝐼2 + 𝑍22 𝐼2 = 𝐼2 𝑍22 − = 𝐼2
𝑍11 +𝑍𝐿 𝑍11 +𝑍𝐿 𝑍11 +𝑍𝐿

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 126

 Cont’d

𝑽𝟏 𝑍11 𝑍122 − 𝑍12 𝑍21 + 𝑍22 𝑍𝐿

𝑍0 = =
𝑰𝟏 𝑍11 + 𝑍𝐿
❑If the input port is open circuited
𝑍0 = 𝑍22
❑If the input port is short circuited
𝑍11 𝑍122 −𝑍12 𝑍21
𝑍0 =
𝑍11

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 127

output impedance in terms of Y-parameters
𝐼1 = 𝑌11 𝑉1 + 𝑌12 𝑉2
𝐼2 = 𝑌12 𝑉1 + 𝑌22 𝑉2

From figure we have

𝐼1 = −𝒀𝑳 𝑉1

−𝒀𝟏𝟐 𝒀𝟏𝟏 𝒀𝟐𝟐 − 𝒀𝟏𝟐 𝒀𝟐𝟏 + 𝒀𝟐𝟐 𝒀𝑳

𝑰𝟐 = 𝒀𝟐𝟏 𝑽 + 𝒀𝟐𝟐 𝑽𝟐 = 𝑽𝟐
𝒀𝟏𝟏 + 𝒀𝑳 𝟐 𝒀𝟐𝟐 + 𝒀𝑳

𝒀𝟐𝟐 +𝒀𝑳
𝑍0 =
𝒀𝟏𝟏 𝒀𝟐𝟐 −𝒀𝟏𝟐 𝒀𝟐𝟏 +𝒀𝟐𝟐 𝒀𝑳

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 128

 Cont’d
❑ If input port is open circuited
𝒀𝟐𝟐
𝑍0 =
𝒀𝟏𝟏 𝒀𝟐𝟐 −𝒀𝟏𝟐 𝒀𝟐𝟏

❑ If input port is short circuited

1
𝑍0 =
𝒀𝟐𝟐

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 129

Output impedance in terms of T-parameters
❑We know that
𝑽𝟏 = 𝑨𝑽𝟐 − 𝑩𝑰𝟐
𝑰𝟏 = 𝑪𝑽𝟐 − 𝑫𝑰𝟐

❑From figure 2.52 we have

𝑉1 = −𝑍𝐿 𝐼1

𝑉1 𝑨𝑽𝟐 − 𝑩𝑰𝟐
= 𝑍𝐿 =
𝐼1 𝑪𝑽𝟐 − 𝑫𝑰𝟐

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 130

 Cont’d
𝑽𝟐 𝑪𝑍𝐿 + 𝑨 = 𝑰𝟐 𝐷𝑍𝐿 + 𝑩
𝐷𝑍𝐿 +𝑩
𝑍0 =
𝑪𝑍𝐿 +𝑨

If the input port is open circuited

𝐷
𝑍0 =
𝑪

❑ If the input port is short circuited

𝐵
𝑍0 =
𝐴
12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 131
output impedance in terms of h-parameters
❑ 𝑉1 = 𝒉𝟏𝟏 𝐼1 + 𝐡𝟏𝟐 𝑉2
𝐼2 = 𝒉𝟐𝟏 𝐼1 + 𝒉𝟐𝟐 𝑉2

𝑉1 = −𝑧𝐿 𝐼1

−𝑧𝐿 𝐼1 = 𝒉𝟏𝟏 𝐼1 + 𝐡𝟏𝟐 𝑉2

−ℎ21 𝒉𝟏𝟏 𝒉𝟐𝟐−ℎ21 ℎ21 +ℎ22 𝑍𝐿

𝐼2 = ℎ21 𝑉2 + 𝒉𝟐𝟐 𝑉2 = 𝑉2
ℎ11 +𝑍𝐿 ℎ11 +𝑍𝐿

12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 132

 Cont’d
ℎ11 + 𝑍𝐿
𝑍0 =
𝒉𝟏𝟏 𝒉𝟐𝟐 − ℎ21 ℎ21 + ℎ22 𝑍𝐿

If input port is open circuited

1
𝑍0 =
ℎ11
If input port is open circuited
ℎ11 + 𝑍𝐿
𝑍0 =
𝒉𝟏𝟏 𝒉𝟐𝟐 − ℎ21 ℎ21
12/9/2024 Two Port Network By Mesfin G. 133