Physical science

Classification of matter – pure substances

and mixtures
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There are two types of matter: 1.Pure substances 2.mixtures
1 .All particles are chemically combined ex. Iron, gold, sodium etc.
2. All particles are physically combined ex. Honey, sugar solution etc.

All solutions are mixtures.

Coins are mixtures.

States of matter

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Matter are the all the substances or things that have weight, take space and has a volume ex.
Water,liquid,gas.
Solid Liquid Gas
Incompressible Incompressible Compressible
Has fixed volume and shape Has fixed volume but shape is Do not have fixed volume and
not fixed shape

Cannot flow Can flow easily Can flow easily

Phase Changes
Melting: Solid to liquid
Freezing: Liquid to solid
Evaporation: Liquid to gas
Condensation: Gas to liquid
Sublimation: Solid to gas
Deposition: Gas to solid

The Periodic Table of Elements

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Dmitri Mendeleev is given the nickname ”the father of periodic table“.
Lavoisier [1789] John Dalton [1808-1827] Wolfgang Doberinier 1827 John Newlands 1866
4 classification of List of elements & their N/A Law of octaves
elements symbols

Chemical symbols and formulas

Mass cant be either created or destroyed in a chemical reaction for ex.

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Rock cycle and Types of rock

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Three types of rocks:
1. Igneous: formed by the lava that comes on the sides of volcano.
2. Sedimentary: formed by sediments like minerals, plants and other organic matter.
 3. Metamorphic; formed when the igneous and sedimentary rock is under high pressures and
heat to form a new type of rock. The process in which rocks change their type to another.

Newton’s laws of motion

1st law/law of inertia:

Rest: If a body is addressed it will stay addressed.
Motion: If a body is moved it will stay moving and not stop.

2nd Law:

F=ma
F= Force
M= Mass Reaction
A= Acceleration

3rd law:
Action: if a marker is putted on a table.
The mass of the marker is acting downwards. = reaction
Action action

Reaction: and in result the table is pushing the marker upwards but reaction and action
force is equal so that’s why marker stays in its place.

Work, power, and energy

Power= Work divided by time Work

Time
Unit= watt
 Energy= capacity of a body to do work.
Unit= joule

Work= force x distance

Weathering, erosion, and depos-

ition
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Weathering is the process in which rocks are broken down into smaller and smaller pieces.
Three types of weathering are physical, chemical and organic.

In Erosion the rocks and soil that are broken down In weathering are picked up and moved
from one place to another by (water, ice or wind).

In deposition the rocks and soil that are picked up in the process of erosion are laid down
on new locations.

Physical Chemical Organic

Water or rain Acid rain Fungi or plants

The Universe
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 There are 5000 planets in the universe.
 There are 100 billion galaxies in the universe.
 There are 100 billion stars in the Milky way galaxy.
 The size of the universe is 7 billion light years.
 The universe is made up of 5% normal matter, 27% dark material
and 68% dark energy.

Transformation of energy (potential

to kinetic)
PE is the stored energy in any object or system
Kinetic energy is a form of energy that an object has by reason
of its motion
For example: When you pull hammer up and forcefully hit the
nail on the table in this process when you pull hammer up in air
the hammer stores potential energy in it and when you are
going to hit the nail the potential energy converts into kinetic
energy and nail goes into the table when hitted.

Levels of biological organiza-

tion
The arrangement of biological structures and systems.
Levels of B.O: cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community,
ecosystem, biosphere
Eukaryotic: with nucleus
Prokaryotic: without nucleus
(Epithelial cells: covers body surface)
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Comparing plant and animal

cells
Differences:
Animal Plant
Do not have chloroplast Have chloroplast
Do not have cell wall Have cell wall

Similarities:
Animal Plant
Cytoplasm Cytoplasm
Nucleus Nucleus
Cell membrane Cell membrane
Mitochondria Mitochondria
 Ribosome Ribosome
Vacuole Vacuole

Cytoplasm: Chemical reactions

Nucleus: Genetic material
Cell membrane: Barrier
Mitochondria: Power house
Ribosome: protein synthesis
Vacuole: Storage house
Chloroplast: Photosynthesis
Cell wall: Strength

Vascular and nonvascular plants

Vascular: Plants that have vascular tubes to transport food and water.
Non-Vascular: Plants that do not have vascular tubes and they get food from passing from
one cell to another cell.
Xylem carries water and phloem carries food.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5tK4gkBXxx4

Levels of ecological organization

Levels of E.O: population, community, ecosystem, biome, biosphere

Angiosperm and gymnosperm

Angiosperm Gymnosperm
Flowering Plants Non flowering
Reproductive system is flower Reproductive system is cone
Have flat leaves Have pointed leaves
Hard wood Soft wood
Seasonal lifecycle Evergreen
 Human body systems – parts,
functions, and interactions

Muscular system: Muscles - Help us to move

Skeletal system: Bones – Support our body
Nervous system: Nerves – Send signals to our brain and to our body
Circulatory system: Heart – Pumps blood to our body
Respiratory system: Lungs – Filters C02 and Deliver oxygen to body
Digestive system: Breaks down food and
Excretory system: Gets rid of our waste
Immune system: Protects our body from diseases

MSNCRDEI

Biotic and abiotic factors of eco-

system

Biotic: All the living things in an ecosystem

Abiotic: All the non-living things, physical and chemical components present in ecosystem.

Food chain, food web, and transfer of

energy in ecosystem
A food chain describes how organisms eat each other to survive
A food web is a natural interconnection of all the food chains.

Plant Caterpilla Frog

r
Hen

Grass Grain
 Interactions in ecosystem (symbiotic and
non-symbiotic relationships)

Symbiotic: the interaction between two or more organism.

Parasitism: One organism gets benefit and the other one is harmed.
Commensalism: One organism gets benefit and the other one is unaffected.
Mutualism: Both organism get benefit.

Non-symbiotic: the interaction between organisms that live apart from other.

Competition: both organism survive on one thing.

Predation: one organism prey other organism.

History of life and earth formation (differ-

ent eras)

Earth’s Formation: Earth formed from space dust about 4.6 billion years ago.

First Life: Simple bacteria and single-celled organisms appeared in oceans.

Oxygen: Bacteria created oxygen, allowing complex life to evolve.

Dinosaur Age: Dinosaurs ruled for millions of years, then went extinct after an asteroid hit.

Humans: After dinosaurs, mammals and eventually humans evolved.

1. Precambrian

2. Paleozoic
3. Mesozoic
4. Cenozoic

Cell theory
All living things are made up of cells: Whether it's a plant, animal, or bacteria, every living
organism is composed of one or more cells.

The cell is the basic unit of life: Cells are the smallest units that can perform all life pro-
cesses.

All cells come from pre-existing cells: New cells are produced through cell division.

Cell structure and func-

tion