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BRYOPHYTES

Bryophyte important formula

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MD BASHIR
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16 views

BRYOPHYTES

Bryophyte important formula

Uploaded by

MD BASHIR
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BRYOPHYTES

Main characteristics:
➢ Commonly found in damp, humid and shaded localities.
➢ They are also called amphibians of the plant kingdom because these plants can live in soil but are
dependent on water for sexual reproduction.
➢ Plant body is thallus like and may be prostrate or erect. They possess root like, leaf like or stem like
structures.
➢ Main plant body is free living gametophyte and the sporophyte is borne on the gametophyte.
➢ Gametophyte is the haploid stage that generates gametes by the process of mitosis. They have
multicellular sex organs, male is called antheridium and the female is called archegonium.
➢ Antheridium is jacketed which produces two biflagellated antherozoids. Archegonium is flask
shaped with tubular neck and swollen venter. Venter cavity possess fertile egg.
➢ An external layer of water is essential for the swimming of antherozoids to the archegonia.
➢ Fertilisation produces zygote inside the archegonia which undergo mitotic division to form embryo.
This develop into diploid sporophyte (First embryophytes).
➢ The sporophyte derives nourishment from gametophyte. It consists of three parts namely capsule,
seta and foot. Haploid spores are formed inside the capsule by meiosis.
➢ They are homosporous. The spore germinates either directly into thalloid gametophyte
(Liverworts) or through a filamentous stage called protonema (Mosses).
➢ Vegetative reproduction occurs through fragmentation, gemmae and budding.
➢ They are mainly divided into LIVERWORTS and MOSSES.

MOSS SPHAGNUM
LIVERWORTS
➢ They are flat and look like a liver, hence called liverworts. They are dorsiventral and show
dichotomous branching.
➢ Rhizoids and scales are present on thallus. Rhizoids are unicellular and unbranched. Scales are
multicellular.
➢ They may be monoecious (Riccia) or dioecious (Marchantia). Male sex organs are present on
anthrediophore and female sex organs are borne on the archegoniophore.
➢ Sporophyte is simple with or without differentiation of foot, seta and capsule. Elaters are present in
sporophyte. They are hygroscopic and help in dispersal of spores.
➢ Asexual reproduction occurs by means of fragmentation or by gemmae. Gemmae are green,
multicellular asexual buds develops in gemma cups, which after detachment from parent body form
new individual.

MOSSES
➢ The plant body is made up of stem like (axis), leaf like
(phylloids) and root like (rhizoids) structures. They
have multicellular and branched rhizoids.
➢ The sex organs are present on the same plant but on
different branches. Sporophyte is always
differentiated into foot, seta and capsule.
➢ The spores on liberation germinate into a creeping,
green, branched and filamentous stage called
protenema.
➢ Elaters are absent but peristome is present which help
in dispersal of spores.
➢ Asexual reproduction occurs by means of fragmentation and budding in the secondary protenema.
Economic Importance
➢ Mosses forms dense mats over the soil and prevent soil erosion.
➢ Dry Sphagnum has great water absorbing capacity, hence used in place of absorbent cotton.
➢ Sphagnum peats are used as fuel and also as a manure.

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