UNIT 6

I. Choose the word or phrase among A, B, C or D that best fits the blank space in the
following passage.
The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) is an international (1) ____ governmental
organization for the (2) ____, research, and restoration of the environment. The organization was
(3) ____ as a charitable trust on September 11, 1961, in Morges, Switzerland, under the name
World Wildlife Fund. It was an initiative of Julian Huxley and Max Nicholson.
It is the world's largest independent conservation organization with over 5 million (4)
____ worldwide, working in more (5) ____ 90 countries, supporting 100 conservation and
environmental projects around the world. It is a charity, with (6) ____ 9% of its funding coming
from voluntary. (7) ____ by private individuals and businesses.
The group says its mission is "to halt and reverse the (8) ____ of our environment".
Currently, much of its work focuses on the conservation of three biomes that contain most of the
world's biodiversity: forests, freshwater ecosystems, and oceans and coasts. Among other issues,
it is also concerned (9) ____ endangered species, pollution, and climate change. The organization
(10) ____ more than 20 field projects worldwide. In the last few years, the organization set up
offices and operations around the world.
1. A. non B. not C. no D. nor
2. A. challenge B. keeping C. conservation D. awareness
3. A. produced B. discovered C. used D. formed
4. A. supporters B. residents C. inhabitants D. citizens
5. A. as B. than C. to D. as to
6. A. generally B. individually C. commercially D. approximately
7. A. deposits B. donations C. refunds D. loans
8. A. destroy B. destructive C. destruction D. destroyed
9. A. on B. by C. with D. upon
10. A. goes B. walks C. reaches D. runs
II. Fill in each numbered blank with one suitable word or phrase.
When the word "endangered" is mentioned, people usually think of particular species,
like the panda or whooping crane. However, we would like to encourage you to think about
(1) ____ in a broader context. It is (2) ____, the physical places where species live and interact
with one another. Although the development of special breeding programs, also known as
captive conservation, may help some species in some cases, it is clearly not (3) ____ answer to
the global problem. Indeed, (4) ____ we are able to protect natural areas where endangered
species actually live, they have no future.
Species become endangered for a wide (5) ____ of reasons. By analyzing and grouping
many individual cases, however, we find the same broad causes (6) ____ again and again. They
are Habitat Destruction, Exotic
Species, and Overexploitation. Among other factors threatening particular species are limited:
distribution, disease, and pollution. Limited distributions are often a consequence of other
threats: populations confined to one or a few small areas because of habitat (7) ____, for
example, may be disastrously affected by random factors. Diseases can have severe (8) ____ on
species lacking natural genetic protections against particular pathogens, like the rabies and
canine distemper viruses that are currently devastating carnivore populations in East Africa.
Domestic animals are usually the reservoirs of these and other diseases affecting wild (9) ____,
showing once again that human activities lie at the root of most causes of endangerment.
Pollution has seriously done harm (10) ____ number of terrestrial species, although species
living in freshwater and marine ecosystems are also suffering.
1. A. development B. endangerment C. pollution D. contamination
2. A. plants B. conservations C. habitats D. organizations
3. A. a B. an C. the D. Ø
4. A. so B. but C. if D. unless
5. A. variety B. commerce C. extinction D. destruction
6. A. expressing B. showing C. disappearing D. appearing
7. A. benefit B. reserve C. loss D. gone
8. A. impact B. interest C. infection D. absorption
9. A. needs B. populations C. natures D. medicines
10. A. to B. for C. with D. at
IV. Read the text. Use the information in the story to answer the questions below by
choosing the best answer A, B, C or D.
Since the world became industrialized, the number of animal species that have either
become extinct or have neared extinction has increased. Bengal tigers, for instance, which once
roamed the jungles in vast numbers, now number only about 2,300. By the year 2025, it is
estimated that they will become extinct.
 What is alarming about the case of the Bengal tiger is that this extinction will have been
caused almost entirely by poachers who, according to some sources, are not always interested in
material gain but in personal gratification. This is an example of the callousness that is
contributing to the problem of extinction Animals such as the Bengal tiger, as well as other
endangered species, are valuable parts of the world's ecosystem. International laws protecting
these animals must be enacted to ensure their survival - and the survival of our planet.
Countries around the world have begun to deal with the problem in various ways. Some
countries, in an effort to circumvent the problem, have allocated large amounts of land to
animals reserves. They then charge admission prices to help defray the costs of maintaining the
parks, and they often must also depend on world organizations for support. This money enables
them to invest in equipment and patrols to protect the animals. Another response to the increase
in animal extinction is an international boycott of products made from endangered species. This
has had some effect, but by itself it will not prevent animals from being hunted and killed.
1. The word "callousness" could be best replaced by which of the following?
A. incompetence B. indirectness C. insensitivity D. independence
2. The previous passage is divided into two paragraphs in order to contrast ____.
A. A comparison and a contrast B. A problem and a solution
C. A statement and an illustration D. Specific and general information
3. What is the main topic of the passage?
A. Endangered species B. Problems with industrialization
C. The Bengal tiger D. International boycotts
4. The word "poachers" could be best replaced by which of the following?
A. Concerned scientists B. Enterprising researchers
C. Illegal hunters D. Trained hunters
5. What does the word "this" refer to in the passage?
A. Bengal tiger B. Interest in material gain
C. Killing animals for personal satisfaction D. The decrease in the Bengal tiger
population
6. Where in the passage does the author discuss a cause of extinction?
A. Lines 5-7 B. Lines 7-9 C. Lines 10-16 D. Lines 1-3
7. What does the term "international boycott" refer to?
 A. A global increase in animal survival
B. A refusal to buy animal products worldwide
C. Defraying the cost of maintaining national parks
D. Buying and selling of animal products overseas
6. Which of the following best describes the author's attitude?
A. indifferent B. forgiving C. concerned D. surprised
9. Which of the following could best replace the word "allocated"?
A. set aside B. combined C. taken D. organized
10. The word "defray" is closest in meaning to which of the following?
A. make a payment on B. make an investment toward
C. raise D. lower
V. Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to
indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 1 to 10.
Plants and animals will find it difficult to escape from or adjust to the effect of global
warming, Scientists have already observed shifts in the lifecycles of many plants and animals,
such as flowers blooming earlier and birds hatching earlier in the spring. Many species have
begun shifting where they live or their annual migration patterns due to warmer temperatures
With further warming, animals will tend to migrate toward the poles and up
mountainsides toward higher elevations. Plants will also attempt to shift their ranges, seeking
new areas as old habitats grow too warm. In many places, however, human development will
prevent these shifts. Species that find cities or farmland blocking their way north or south may
become extinct. Species living in unique ecosystems, such as those found in polar and
mountainous regions, are especially at risk because migration to new habitats is not possible. For
example, polar bears and marine mammals in the Arctic are already threatened by dwindling sea
ice but have nowhere farther to go.
Projecting species extinction due to global warming is extremely difficult. Some
scientists have estimated that 20 to 50 percent of species could be committed to extinction with 2
to 3 Celsius degrees of further warming. The rate of warming, not just the magnitude, is
extremely important for plants and animals. Some species and even entire ecosystems, such as
certain types of forest, many not be able to adjust quickly enough and may disappear.
Ocean ecosystems, especially fragile ones like coral reefs, will also be affected by global
warming. Warmer ocean temperatures can cause coral to "bleach", a state which if prolonged
will lead to the death of the coral. Scientists estimate that even 1 Celsius degree of additional
warming could lead to widespread bleaching and death of coral reefs around the world. Also
increasing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere enters the ocean and increases the acidity of ocean
waters. This acidification further stresses ocean ecosystems.
1. The word "fragile" in paragraph 4 most probably means ____.
A. very large B. easily damaged C. rather strong D. pretty hard
2. The bleaching of coral reefs as mentioned in paragraph 4 indicates ____.
A. the water absorption of coral reefs. B. the quick growth of marine
mammals.
C. the blooming phase of sea weeds. D. the slow death of coral reefs.
3. The level of acidity in the ocean is increased by ____.
A. the rising amount of carbon dioxide entering the oceans
B. the decrease of acidity of the pole
C. the extinction of species in coastal areas
D. the lose of acidity in the atmosphere around the oceans
4. What does the passage mainly discuss?
A. Influence of climate changes on human B. Effects of global warming on
animals and
C. Global warming and possible solutions D. Global warming and species
5. Scientists have observed that warmer temperatures in the spring cause flowers to ____.
A. die instantly B. bloom earlier C. become lighter D. lose color
6. According to paragraph 2, when their habitats grow warmer, animalist tend to move ____.
A. south-eastwards and down mountainsides toward lower
B. north-westwards and up mountainsides toward higher
C. toward the North Pole and down mountainsides toward lower
D. toward the poles and up mountainsides toward higher
7. The pronoun "those" in paragraph 2 refers to ____.
A. species B. ecosystems C. habitats D. areas
8. The phrase "dwindling sea ice" in paragraph 2 refers to ____.
 A. the frozen water in the Artie. B. the violent Arctic Ocean.
B. the melting ice in the Arctic. D. the cold ice in the Arctic.
9. It is mentioned in the passage that if the global temperature rose by 2 or 3
Celsius degrees____.
A. half of the earth's surface would be B. the sea level would rise by 20
C. water supply would decrease by 50 D. 20 to 50 percent of species could
become
10. According to the passage, if some species are not able to adjust quickly to
warmer temperatures, ____.
A. they may be endangered B. they can begin to develop
C. they will certainly need water. D. they move to tropical forests.
VI. Read the following passage and choose the best option for each numbered blank.
Nearly 200 of the 1500 native plant species in Hawaii are at risk of going extinct in the
near future because they have been (1) ____ to such low numbers. Approximately 90 percent of
Hawaii's plants are found nowhere else in the world but they are (2) ____ by alien invasive
species such as feral goats, pigs, rodents and non- (3) ____ plants.
The Hawaii Rare Plant Restoration Group is striving to (4) ____ the extinction of the 182
rare Hawaiian plants with fewer than 50 individuals remaining in the (5) ____. Since 1990, (6)
____ a result of their ‘Plant Extinction Prevention Program’, sixteen species have been brought
into (7) ____ and three species have been reintroduced. Invasive weeds have been removed in
key areas and fencing put up in order to (8) ____ plants in the wild.
In the future the Hawaii Rare Plant Restoration Program aims (9) ____ collecting genetic
material from the remaining plants in the wild for storage as a safety net for the future. They also
aim to manage wild populations and where possible reintroduce species into (10) ____.
1. A. disappeared B. reduced C. increased D. developed
2. A. guarded B. invested C. conserved D. threatened
3. A. nation B. native C. national D. nationally
4. A. prevent B. encourage C. stimulate D. influence
5. A. wild B. atmosphere C. hole D. sky
6. A. so B. due C. as D. but
7. A. contamination B. production C. cultivation D. generation
8. A. derive B. vary C. remain D. protect
9. A. at B. for C. with D. on
10. A. shelters B. reserves C. gardens D. halls
VII. Read the passage, and choose the correct answer A, B, C or D for each question.
The peregrine falcon, a predatory bird indigenous to North America, was once in danger
of extinction. In the 1960s, scientists discovered byproducts of the pesticide DDT in the birds'
eggs, which caused them to be too soft to survive. The use of the pesticide had been 5 banned in
the United States, but the falcons were eating migratory birds from other places where DDT was
still used. In order to increase the survival rate, scientists were raising the birds in laboratories
and then releasing them into mountainous areas. This practice achieved only moderate success,
however, because many of the birds raised 10 in captivity could not survive in the wild.
There is now, however, a new alternative to releases in the wild. A falcon that has been
given the name Scarlett chose to make her home on a ledge of the 33rd floor of a Baltimore,
Maryland, office 15 building rather than in the wild, and, to the surprise of the scientists, she has
managed to live quite well in the city. Following this example, programs have been initiated that
release birds like Scarlett into cities rather than into their natural wild habitat. These urban
releases are becoming a common way to strengthen the species. Urban homes 20 have several
benefits for the birds that wild spots do not. First, there is an abundance of pigeons and small
birds as food sources The peregrine in the city is also protected from its main predator, the great
homed owl. Urban release programs have been very successful in reestablishing the peregrine
falcons along the East Coast. Though 25 they are still an endangered species, their numbers
increased from about 60 nesting pairs in 1975 to about 700 pairs in 1992. In another decade the
species may flourish again, this time without human help.
1. As used in paragraph 2, the word "spots" could best be replaced by ____.
A. places B. dilemmas C. jungles D. materials
2. According to the passage, where have the release programs been the most successful?
A. in office buildings B. on the East Coast C. in mountainous areas
D. in the wild
3. What is the main topic of the passage?
A. survival of peregrine falcons B. releases into the wild
C. endangered species D. harmful effects of pesticides
4. The word "ledge" in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to ____.
 A. window B. wall C. terrace D. shelf
5. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT a reason why a falcon might choose
to live in a city?
A. There are high places to nest. B. There are other falcons nearby
C. There is a lack of predators. D. There is abundant food.
6. In line 1, the phrase "indigenous to" could be best replaced by ____.
A. typical of B. protected by C. adapted to D. native to
7. The word "releases" as used in paragraph 2most probably means ____.
A. internment B. regression C. distribution D. possessions
8. According to the passage, which of the following are the falcon's main predators?
A. pigeons B. rattlesnakes C. owls D. humans
9. The word "byproducts" in paragraph 1 could best be replaced by which of the following?
A. derivatives B. proceeds C. chemicals D. elements
10. Why were the peregrine falcons in danger?
A. because of pesticides used by American farmers
B. because they migrated to countries where their eggs could not survive
C. because they ate birds from other countries where DDT was still used
D. because they were prized by hunters and hunted to near extinction
 UNIT 7
II. Choose the word or phrase among A, B, C or D that best fits the blank space in the
following passage.
We won't have robot doctors for a long time, (1) ____ the human doctors we have now
are beginning to learn on specialized artificial intelligence to help save time.
Google DeepMind has just announced a partnership with University College London
Hospital(UCLH) which will explore (2) ____ artificial intelligence to treat patients with head
and neck cancers. The goal is to develop tools to automatically identify cancerous cells for
radiology machines.
Currently, radiologists employ a manual process, called image (3) ____, to make CT and
MRI scans and use them to create a map of the patient's anatomy with clear guidelines of where
to direct the (4) ____. Avoiding healthy areas of the head and neck requires that map to be
extraordinarily detailed; typically it takes four hours to create. Google believes it can do the same
job or better in one hour.
DeepMind, Google's research arm, works primarily in deep learning, a form of artificial
intelligence that learns to identify patterns from looking at large amount of data. In this case,
DeepMind researchers will (5) ____ access to anonymized radiology scans from up to 700
former UCLH patients, and then feed them into (6) ____ that would process the scans to learn
the visual difference between healthy and cancerous tissue.
The partnership will (7) ____ researchers to train their algorithms with highly-
specialized, high-quality data, which theoretically will enable the algorithm to (8) ____ at a
higher rate of success than if they had been using publicly available scans.
For those concerned about machines making health (9) ____ decisions, UCLH made it
clear in a statement to the newspaper Guardian that clinicians will be in complete control of
diagnoses and treatment.
DeepMind isn't the first care. Samsung Medison, the South Korean (10) ____ company's
medical device arm, recently released an ultrasound machine that uses deep learning to quickly
recommend whether breast tissue is cancerous or benign. The machine's algorithm was trained
on 9,000 breast tissue scans, and is pending FDA approval in the US.
1. A. what B. why C. when D. but
2. A. using B. translating C. expressing D. performing
3. A. judgment B. discovery C. segmentation D. identification
4. A. intelligence B. radiation C. level D. strength
5. A. grow B. ask C. repair D. obtain
6. A. limit B. distance C. algorithms D. arrangement
7. A. move B. allow C. sail D. stop
8. A. perform B. access C. adopt D. change
9. A. develop B. exist C. rise D. care
10. A. way B. method C. technology D. organization
III. Read the following passage and choose among A, B, C or D the correct answer to each
of the questions from 1 to 6.
FIRST TIME IN THE AIR
When John Mills was going to fly in an aero plane for the first time, he was frightened.
He did not like the idea of being thousands of feet up in the air. "I also didn't like the fact that I
wouldn't be in control," says John.
"I'm a terrible passenger in the car. When somebody else is driving, I tell them what to
so. It drives everybody crazy."
However John couldn't avoid flying any longer. It was the only way he could visit his
grandchildren in Canada.
"I had made up my mind that I was going to do it, I couldn't let my son, his wife and their
three children travel all the way here to visit me. It would be so expensive for them and I know
Tom's business isn't doing so well at the moment - it would also be tiring for the children - it's a
nine-hour flight!" he says.
To get ready for the flight John did lots of reading about aero planes. When he booked his
seat, he was told that he would be flying on a Boeing 747, which is better known as a jumbo jet.
"I needed to know as much as possible before getting in that plane. I suppose it was a way of
making myself feel better. The Boeing 747 is the largest passenger aircraft in the world at the
moment. The first one flew on February 9th 1969 in the USA. It can carry up to 524 passengers
and 3.400 pieces of luggage. The fuel for aero planes is kept in the wings and the 747 is wings
are so big that they can carry enough fuel for an average car to be able to travel 16,000
kilometers a year for 70 years. Isn't that unbelievable? Even though I had discovered all this very
interesting information about the jumbo, when I saw it for the first time, just before I was going
to travel to Canada, I still couldn't believe that something so enormous was going to get up in the
air and fly. I was even more impressed when I saw how big it was inside with hundreds of
people!"
 The biggest surprise of all for John was the flight itself. "The take-off itself was much
smoother than I expected although I was still quite scared until we were in the air. In the end, I
managed to relax, enjoy the food and watch one of the movies and the view from the window
was spectacular. I even managed to sleep for a while! Of course," continues John, "the best
reward of all was when I arrived in Canada and saw my son and his family, particularly my
beautiful grandchildren. Suddenly, I felt so silly about all the years when I couldn't even think of
getting on a plane. I had let my fear of living stop me from seeing the people I love most in the
world. I can visit my son and family as often as I like now!"
1. Why did John Mills fly in an aero plane?
A. He wanted to go on holiday. B. He wanted to try it.
C. He wanted to see his family. D. He had to travel on business.
2. Why did John read about aero plane?
A. He wanted to know how they work. B. It was his hobby
C. It made him feel safer. D. He had found a book on them.
3. What happened when he saw the jumbo jet for the first time?
A. He felt much safer. B. He liked the shape of it.
C. He couldn't believe how big it was. D. He thought the wings were very
small
4. How did John feel when the aero plane was taking off?
A. excited B. happy C. sad D. frightened
5. What surprised John most about the flight?
A. That he liked the food. B. That he was able to sleep.
C. That there was a movie being shown. D. That the view was good.
6. How did John feel about his fears in the end?
A. He thought he had wasted time being afraid.
B. He realized it was okay to be afraid.
C. He hoped his grandchildren weren't afraid of flying.
D. He realized that being afraid kept him safe.
IV. Read the following passage and choose among A, B, C or D the correct answer to each
of the questions from 1 to 8.
 The first two decades of this century were dominated by the microbe hunters. These
hunters had tracked down one after another of the microbes responsible for the most dreaded
scourges of many centuries: tuberculosis, cholera, diphtheria. But there remained some terrible
diseases for which no microbe could be incriminated: scurvy, pellagra, rickets, beriberi. Then it
was discovered that these diseases were caused by the lack of vitamins, a trace substance in the
diet. The diseases could be prevented or cured by consuming foods that contained the vitamins.
And so in the decades of the 1920's and 1930's, nutrition became a science and the vitamin
hunters replaced the microbe hunters.
In the 1940's and 1950's, biochemists strived to learn why each of the vitamins was
essential for health. They discovered that key enzymes in metabolism depend on one or another
of the vitamins as coenzymes to perform the chemistry that provides cells with energy for growth
and function. Now, these enzyme hunters occupied center stage.
You are aware that the enzyme hunters have been replaced by a new breed of hunters
who are tracking genes - the blueprints for each of the enzymes - and are discovering the
defective genes that cause inherited diseases - diabetes, cystic fibrosis. These gene hunters, or
genetic engineers, use recombinant DNA technology
to identify and clone genes and introduce them into bacterial cells and plants to create factories
for the massive production of hormones and vaccines for medicine and for better crops for
agriculture. Biotechnology has become a multi billion dollar industry.
In view of the inexorable progress in science, we can expect that the gene hunters will be
replaced in the spotlight. When and by whom? Which kind of hunter will dominate the scene in
the last decade of our waning century and in the early decades of the next? I wonder whether the
hunters who will occupy the spotlight will be neurobiologists who apply the techniques of the
enzyme and gene hunters to the funtions of the brain. What to call them? The head hunters. I will
return to them later.
1. What is the main topic of the passage?
A. The microbe hunters. B. The potential of genetic
engineering.
C. The progress of modern medical research. D. The discovery of enzymes.
2. The word “incriminated” in the first paragraph is closest in meaning to ____.
A. blamed B. eliminated C. investigated D. produced
3. Which of the following can be cured by a change in diet?
A. Tuberculosis B. Cholera C. Cystique fibroses D. Pell Agra
4. The word "strived" in the second paragraph is closest in meaning to ____.
A. studied B. tried C. experimented D. failed
5. How do vitamins influence health?
A. They protect the body from microbes.
B. They are broken down by cells to produce energy.
C. They keep food from spoiling.
D. They are necessary for some enzymes to function.
6. The phrase "occupy the spotlight" in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to ____.
A. go to furthest B. lighten to load
C. conquer territory D. receive the most attention
7. The author implies that the most important medical research topic of the future will be ____.
A. the functions of the brain B. inherited diseases
C. the operation of vitamins D. the structure of genes
8. With which of the following statements would the author be most likely to agree?
A. Most diseases are caused by defective genes.
B. The focus of medical research will change in the next two decades.
C. Medical research throughout the twentieth century has been dominated by microbe
hunters.
D. Medical breakthroughs often depend on luck.
VI. Choose the word or phrase among A, B, C or D that best fits the blank space in the
following passage.
It's only natural that people want to use the latest innovations to better themselves. Smart
devices can truly do incredible things and (1) ____ simplify our day. They can also enhance our
(2) ____, arms us with knowledge, and transform themselves to become cyborgs.
Cyborg is a term used to describe a being that is half human and half (3) ____. This may
sound like something out of science-fiction novels, but some people have already adapted this
lifestyle. One is artist Neil Harbisson. He was born completely colour-blind, and could only see
black and white images. It seemed that he would never (4) ____ colour. After attending a
cybernetics talk in college, he met an inventor who agreed to make a special device for him.
They designed an eyeborg, a mechanical eye that converted colours into sound frequencies. This
enabled Harbisson to hear colour and perceive the world in a different way. He (5) ____ going to
museums to "hear" classic paintings. In fact, a simple walk in a different way. He started going
to museums to hear classic paintings. In fact, a simple walk down a grocery store filled with
colourful products produces some catchy tunes. Harbisson loves his eyeborg so much that he
rarely takes it (6) ____. He now gives talks urging others to consider adding their own
mechanical improvements.
In 1998, British scientist Kevin Warwick conducted his own experiment. He implanted a
chip inside of his arm, which he used to control lights and other appliances at home. He later
expanded the project (7) ____
placing electrodes inside his nervous system and linking it to the Internet. This allowed him to
control external objects including robotic arms, amplifiers, and loudspeakers. His work remains
influential as this example of extended sensory input was the first of its kind.
If you're interested in becoming a cyborg and you're (8) ____, a good place to start might
be with a pair of Google Glass. Users wear it like ordinary eyeglasses, yet Google Glass is
equipped with state-the-art electronics. Using voice (9) ____ you can have it take a picture of
what you see, see directions right in front of you, or translate your voice into other languages.
Hopefully, this experience will help you decide whether becoming a cyborg is right for you, or if
you're content to remain a human like the (10) ____ us.
1. A. help on B. help to C. help over D. help out
2. A. jobs B. perceptions C. careers D. offices
3. A. model B. copy C. representation D. machine
4. A. speak B. write C. share D. experience
5. A. started B. gone away C. stayed D. survived
6. A. with B. by C. off D. for
7. A. by B. out in C. out with D. over
8. A. willing B. asking C. making D. doing
9. A. causes B. provides C. commands D. transmits
10. A. make out B. make out C. rest of D. turn in
VII. Read the following passage and choose among A, B, C or D the correct answer to each
of the questions
Although the "lie detectors" are being used by governments, police departments, and
businesses that all want guaranteed ways of detecting the truth, the results are not always
accurate. Lie detectors are properly called emotion detectors, for their aim is to measure bodily
changes that contradict what a person says. The polygraph machine records changes in heart rate,
breathing, blood pressure, and the electrical activity of the skin (galvanic skin response, or GSR).
In the first part of the polygraph test, you are electronically connected to the machine and asked a
few neutral questions ("What is your name?", "Where do you live?"). Your physical reactions
serve the standard (baseline) for evaluating what comes next. Then you are asked a few critical
questions among the neutral ones ("When did you rob the bank?"). The assumption is that if you
are guilty, your body will reveal the truth, even if you try to deny it. Your heart rate, respiration,
and GSR will change abruptly as you respond to the incriminating questions.
That is the theory; but psychologists have found that lie detectors are simply not reliable.
Since most physical changes are the same across all emotions, machines cannot tell whether you
are feeling guilty, angry, nervous, thrilled, or revved up form an exciting day. Innocent people
may be tense and nervous about the whole procedure. They may react physiologically to a
certain word ("bank") not because they robbed it, but because they recently bounced a check. In
either case the machine will record a "lie". The reverse mistake is also common. Some practiced
liars can lie without flinching, and others learn to beat the machine by tensing muscles or
thinking about an exciting experience during neutral questions.
1. What is the main idea of this passage?
A. Lie detectors distinguish different emotions
B. Physical reaction reveal guilty
C. Lie detectors make innocent people nervous
D. How lie detectors are used and their reliability
2. According to the test, polygraph ____.
A. measure a person's thoughts B. always reveal the truth about a
person
C. make guilty people angry D. record a person's physical
reactions
3. According to the passage, what kind of questions is asked on the first part of the polygraph
test?
A. incriminating B. critical C. emotional D. unimportant
4. The word "ones" in paragraph 1 refers to ____.
A. questions B. reactions C. standards D. evaluations
5. The word "it" in paragraph 1 refers to ____.
 A. the question B. your body C. the assumption D. the truth
6. The word "assumption" in paragraph 1 could best be replaced with ____.
A. belief B. faith C. statement D. imagining
7. This passage was probably written by a specialist in ____.
A. sociology B. anthropology C. criminal psychology D. mind
reading
VIII. Read the following passage and choose among A, B, C or D the correct answer to each
of the questions.
There has been much debate over the past few decades concerning fears that nation will
lead to robots replacing human workers on a massive scale.
The increasing use of robotics, computers and artificial intelligence is a reality, but its full
implications are far from cut and dried. Some forecasts present the future in a utopian way,
claiming that robots will take over the tedious heavy work thus freeing up human time and
potential, allowing for more creativity and innovation w the other end of spectrum are those who
foresee an employment apocalypse, predicting that almost fifty percent of all American jobs
could vanish within the next few decades. Former Microsoft chairman Bill Gates states that in 20
years robots could be in place in a number of job categories, particularly those at lower end of
the scale in terms of skills.
The bottom line is that while the future is always uncertain, robots are a fixture of our
society, which is not going to disappear. As with the Industrial Revolution, where machines were
utilized in many tasks in place of manual laborers and social upheaval followed, the Digital
Revolution is likely to place robots in various jobs. In spite of that, many of today's jobs were not
in existence before the Industrial Revolution, such as those of programmers, engineers and data
scientists. This leads other experts to criticize this alarmist approach of robot scare-mongering,
which is invariably compared to the 19th-century "Luddites". This group was textile workers who
feared being displaced by machines and resorted to violence, burning down factories and
destroying industrial equipment - their rejection of inevitable progress has come to symbolize
mindless ignorance.
Needless to say, exactly what new kinds of jobs might exist in the future is difficult to
envision at present. Therefore, the crux of the issue is not whether jobs will be lost, but whether
the creation of new vacancies will outpace the ever-increasing number of losses and what skills
will be required in the future.
 It is clearly not all doom and gloom, as demand for employees with skills in data
analysis, coding, computer science, artificial intelligence and human-machine interface is rising
and will continue to do so. Furthermore, the demand for skills in Jobs where humans surpass
computers, such as those involving care, creativity and innovative craftmanship, are likely to
increase considerably. Ultimately, the key lies in the adaptation of the workforces, through
appropriate education and training, to keep pace with our world's technological progress.
1. What is the main concern associated with technological advances in the workplace?
A. safety at work B. increased unemployment
C. the use of artificial intelligence D. robots taking over the world
2. What do optimists predict technology will allow?
A. workplaces to become more relaxing B. a greater enjoyment of life
C. flexible working hours D. higher quality products
3. What can be inferred from the comments made by Bill Gates?
A. Changes will occur for many decades.
B. There will be increasing amounts of unskilled workers.
C. Highly skilled workers have less to worry about.
D. Technology will have a negative effect in the workplace.
4. Why is the example of the Industrial Revolution given?
A. It was also a time of great change in the workplace.
B. It had far less of an effect than the Digital Revolution.
C. It lead to widespread unemployment in the world.
D. It resulted in a more violent society.
5. What is the modern-day view of the Luddites?
A. They managed to protect their jobs.
B. Their refusing to adapt to change is seen in a negative way.
C. Their adapting to new technology saved their jobs.
D. Their actions are inspiring many workers today.
6. Which of the following is closest in meaning to crux in paragraph 4?
A. The most complex part B. The hidden message
 C. The least understood part D. The most important part
7. According to the article, which quality will technology never be able to replace?
A. teamwork B. human compassion
C. the desire to manufacture goods D. human intelligence
8. What is the main idea of this article?
A. There are few negative consequences to the Digital Revolution.
B. Learning about technology is a natural part of human development.
C. Workers will need to adapt to technological changes.
D. Unemployment will increase dramatically as technology advances.
 UNIT 8
II. Choose the word or phrase among A, B, C or D that best fits the blank spare in the
following passage.
Most people need some preparation before they are (1) ____ for the workforce, and
planning should begin long before it is time to start a career.
Many high school students don't yet know what they want to do. High school is a great
time to start thinking about careers. Setting on just one (2) ____ in high school isn't necessary,
but they should know how to explore careers and put time into investigating them and learning
about their skills and interests.
Understanding what you enjoy and what you are good at is the first step in (3) ____
careers. It is important to think about what you like to do because work will eventually be a big
part of the life. Once you have thought about the subjects and activities you like best, the next
step is to look for careers that put those interests to use. If you love sports, for example, you
might (4) ____ a career as a gym teacher, or a coach.
Another approach to identifying potential career interests is to consider local employers
and the types of jobs they have. There are many jobs in manufacturing and healthcare near the
high school. Talking directly to workers can help you get (5) ____ about what they do. If you
don't know workers in occupations (6) ____ interest you, ask people such as parents, friends, or
teachers for their (7) ____.
If job (8) ____ gives you a taste of what an occupation is like, imagine how helpful
getting experience could be. Students can begin getting career-related experiences in high school
through internships, employment, and other activities. Completing an internship is an excellent
(9) ____ get experience. Internships are temporary, supervised (10) ____ designed to give
students practical job training.
1. A. near B. ready C. secretive D. similar
2. A. present B. pastime C. employment D. occupation
3. A. explore B. explored C. exploring D. explores
4. A. consider B. contain C. exclude D. prevent
5. A fact B. information C. detail D. piece
6. A. that B. how C. why D. when
7. A. ability B. practice C. contacts D. judgement
8. A. writing B. shadowing C. believing D. persuading
9. A. notice about B. access to C. count for D. way to
10. A. reference B. assignments C. evidence D. stock
III. Read the following passage and choose among A, B, C or D the correct answer to each
of the questions.
1. Not so long ago almost any student who successfully completed a university degree or
diploma course could find a good career quite easily. Companies toured the academic
institutions, competing with each other to recruit graduates. However, those days are gone, even
in Hong Kong, and nowadays graduates often face strong competition in the search for jobs.
2. Most careers organizations highlight three stages for graduates to follow in the process of
securing a suitable career: recognizing abilities, matching these to available vacancies and
presenting them well to prospective employers.
3. Job seekers have to make a careful assessment of their own abilities. One area of assessment
should be of their academic qualifications, which would include special skills within their subject
area. Graduates should also consider their own personal values and attitudes, or the relative
importance to themselves of such matters as money, security, leadership and caring for others.
An honest assessment of personal interests and abilities such as creative or scientific skills, or
skills acquired from work experience, should also be given careful thought.
4. The second stage is to study the opportunities available for employment and to think about
how the general employment situation is likely to develop in the future. To do this, graduates can
study job vacancies and information in newspapers or they can visit a careers office, write to
possible employers for information or contact friends or relatives who may already be involved
in a particular profession. After studying all the various options, they should be in a position to
make informed comparisons between various careers.
5. Good personal presentation is essential in the search for a good career. Job application forms
and letters should, of course, be filled in carefully and correctly, without grammar or spelling
errors. Where additional information is asked for, job seekers should describe their abilities and
work experience in more depth, with examples if possible. They should try to balance their own
abilities with the employer's needs, explain why they are interested in a career with the particular
company and try to show that they already know something about the company and its
activities.
6. When graduates are asked to attend for interview, they should prepare properly by finding out
all they can about the prospective employer. Dressing suitably and arriving for the interview on
time are also obviously important. Interviewees should try to give positive and helpful answers
and should not be afraid to ask questions about anything they are unsure about. This is much
better than pretending to understand a question and giving an unsuitable answer.
7. There will always be good career opportunities for people with ability, skills
and determination, the secret to securing a good job is to be one of them.
1. In the paragraph 2, "them" refers to ____.
A. abilities. B. three stages C. careers organizations. D. available
vacancies
2. According to paragraph 4, graduates should ____.
A. ask friends or relatives to secure them a good job.
B. find out as much as possible and inform employers of the comparisons they want.
C. get information about a number of careers before making comparisons.
D. find a good position and then compare it with other careers.
3. In paragraph 5, "in more depth" could best be replaced by ____.
A. more honestly B. more carefully C. using more word D. in greater
detail
4. The word "prospective" in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to ____.
A. future B. generous C. reasonable D. ambitious
5. In paragraph 6, the writer seems to suggest that ____.
A. it is better for interviewees to be honest than to pretend to understand.
B. interviewees should ask a question if they can't think of an answer.
C. it is not a good idea for interviewees to be completely honest in their answers.
D. pretending to understand a question is better than giving an unsuitable answer.
6. Which of the following sentences is closest in meaning to the paragraph 7?
A. Determined, skilled and able people can easily find a good career.
B. Graduates should develop at least one of these areas to find a suitable career.
C. People with the right qualities should always be able to find a good career.
D. The secret of a successful interview is that interviewers have to possess
skills, determination or ability.
7. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true?
 A. Businesses used to visit the universities in Hong Kong to recruit graduates.
B. Until recently it was quite easy for graduates to get good jobs in Hong Kong.
C. Job seekers should consider as many as possible of the factors involved.
D. Graduates sometimes have to take part in competitions to secure a good career.
8. In paragraph 1, “those days are gone, even in Hong Kong", suggests that ____.
A. in the past, finding a good career was easier in Hong Kong than elsewhere.
B. it used to be harder to find a good job in Hong Kong than in other countries.
C. nowadays, everyone in Hong Kong has an equal chance of finding a good career.
D. even in Hong Kong companies tour the universities trying to recruit graduates.
IV. Read the following passage and choose among A, B, C or D the correct answer to each
of the questions.
Telecommuting is some form of computer communication between employees' homes
and offices. For employees whose job involve sitting at a terminal or word processor entering
data or typing reports, the location of the computer is of no consequence. If the machine can
communicate over telephone lines, when the work is completed, employees can dial the office
computer and transmit the material to their employers. A recent survey in USA Today estimates
that there are approximately 8.7 million telecommuters. But although the numbers are rising
annually, the trend does not appear to be as significant as predicted when Business Week
published "The Portable Executive" as its cover story a few years ago. Why hasn't
telecommuting become more popular?
Clearly, change simply takes time. But in addition, there has been active resistance on the
part of many managers. These executives claim that supervising the telecommuters in a large
work force scattered across the country would be too difficult, or at least systems for managing
them are not yet developed, thereby complicating the manager's responsibilities.
It is also true that employees who are given the option of telecommuting are reluctant to
accept the opportunity. Most people feel that they need regular interaction with a group, and
many are concerned that they will not have the same consideration for advancement if they are
not more visible in the office setting. Some people feel that even when a space in their homes is
set aside as a work area, they never really get away from the office.
1. With which of the following topics is the passage primarily concerned?
A. An overview of telecommuting B. The failure of telecommuting
C. The advantages of telecommuting D. A definition of telecommuting
2. How many Americans are involved in telecommuting?
A. More than predicted in Business Week B. More than 8 million
C. Fewer than last year D. Fewer than estimated in USA
Today
3. The phase “of no consequence” means ____.
A. of no use B. irrelevant C. of no good D. unimportant
4. The author mentions all of the following as concerns of telecommuting EXCEPT ____.
A. the opportunities for advancement B. the different system of
supervision
C. the lack of interaction with a group D. the work place is in the home
5. The word “them” in the second paragraph relent to ____.
A. telecommuter B. systems C. executives D. responsibilities
6. The reason why telecommuting has not become popular is that the employees ____.
A. need regular interaction with their families.
B. are worried about the promotion if they are not seen at the office.
C. feel that a work area in their home is away from the office.
D. are ignorant of telecommuting.
7. The word “reluctant” in paragrap 3 can best be replaced by ____.
A. opposite B. willing C. hesitant D. typical
IX. Choose the word or phrase among A, B, C or D that best fits the blank space in the
following passage.
No matter who we are or where we are from, we only have 24 hours each day to get
things done. Some people seem to make the most (1) ____ their time, using it to achieve their
goals and dreams. Others feel that life is passing them by and they aren't (2) ____ anything. If
you are in the latter group, it is not too late to turn things around. By implementing a few simple
hacks, you can start getting better results very quickly.
If you want to become more productive, it pays to learn about the Pareto (3) ____ (which
is also known as the 80-20 rule). It states that for most tasks, 80 percent of the results we get
come from 20 percent of the work we do. For example, 80 percent of the company sales usually
come from 20 percent of customers. Therefore, the trick is to focus your (4) ____ on the key 20
percent of actions that truly matter to greatly improve your results.
 In some cases, people may be busy from morning to night but still seem to get nothing
done. In this (5) ____, the problem might be that clear goals haven't been set. To fix this, set
some time aside to list the things you want to achieve in life. Then, select the top three or four
that you want to focus on for the next year. Look at your goals every night before bedtime and
ask yourself what are the next (6) ____ to accomplish each day. Then, promise yourself that you
will finish these tasks no matter how busy you get. If possible try completing the tasks first thing
in the morning so you are (7) ____ of success.
Another common mistake regarding productivity is not considering our (8) ____ levels.
If we try to work around the clock, we will eventually get tired and quit. Everyone needs time to
sleep, eat, (9) ____
with friends, and unwind from the stress of the day. To make sure you don't burn out, be sure to
schedule some time for breaks and fun activities into your (10) ____ every day. Finally, no
matter how difficult your goals may seem, remember the old saying that "a journey of a thousand
miles begins with a single step".
1. A. off B. on C. of D. over
2. A. extinguished B. accomplishing C. distinct D. invalid
3. A. principle B. death C. debt D. despair
4. A. efforts B. rubbish C. essence D. mixture
5. A. container B. origin C. house D. situation
6. A. result B. impression C. actions D. motivation
7. A. assured B. found C. funded D. fixed
8. A. defence B. energy C. preservation D. rescue
9. A. continue B. endure C. prolong D. socialize
10. A. occurs B. pollutes C. schedule D. suffers
X. Read the following passage and choose among A, B, C or D the correct answer to each of
the questions.
Simply being bilingual doesn't qualify someone to interpret. Interpreting is not only a
mechanical process of converting one sentence in language A into the same sentence in
language B. Rather, its a complex art in which thoughts and idioms that have no obvious
counterparts from tongue to tongue _ or words that have several meanings must be quickly
transformed in such a way that the message is clearly and accurately expressed to the listener.
 At one international conference, an American speaker said, "You can't make a silk
purse out of a sows ear", which meant nothing to the Spanish audience. The interpretation was,
"A monkey in a silk dress is still a monkey" an idiom the Spanish understood and that expressed
the same idea.
There are 2 kinds of interpreters, simultaneous and consecutive. The former sitting in a
separated booth, usually at a large multilingual conference, speaks to listeners wearing
headphones, interpreting what a foreign language speaker says actually a sentence behind.
Consecutive interpreters are the ones most international negotiations use. They are employed for
smaller meetings without sound booths and headphones. Consecutive interpretation also requires
two-person teams. A foreign speaker says his piece while the interpreter, using a special
shorthand takes notes and during a pause, tells the client what was said.
1. What is the purpose of the passage?
A. To differentiate between simultaneous and consecutive interpreters.
B. To state the qualifications of an interpreter.
C. To point out the importance of an interpreter.
D. To explain the scope of interpreting.
2. What is a difference mentioned between a simultaneous interpreter and a consecutive
interpreter?
A. The size of group with whom they work. B. Their proficiency in the language.
C. The type of dictionary they use. D. The money they are paid.
3. The word "converting" is closest in meaning to ____.
A. changing B. concluding C. understanding D. reading
4. The author implies that most people have the opinion that the skill of interpreting is ____.
A. very complex and demanding B. based on principles of business
C. simpler than it really is D. highly valued and admired
5. The phrase "the former" refers to ____.
A. simultaneous interpreters B. the conference
C. consecutive interpreters D. the booth
6. The example "You can't make a silk purse out of a sows ear" is used to ____.
A. point out the difference in attributes of animals in English and Spanish
B. emphasize the need for translation of the meaning of what is said
 C. show the differences in language A. and language B
D. stress the importance of word for word translation
7. The word "rather" is closest in meaning to ____.
A. In brief B. on the contrary C. in general D. as a result
8. Which of the following would a consecutive interpreter be used for?
A. An interpretation of a major literary work.
B. A business transaction between 2 foreign speakers.
C. A large meeting of many nations.
D. A translation of a foreign book.
XI. Read the following passage and choose among A, B, C or D the correct answer to each
of the questions.
INTERNET JOBS
Contrary to popular belief, one does not have to be a trained programmer to work online.
Of course, there are plenty of jobs available for people with high-tech computer skills, but the
growth of new media has opened up a wide range of Internet career opportunities requiring only
a minimal level of technical expertise. Probably one of the most well-known online job
opportunities is the job of Webmaster. However, it is hard to define one basic job description for
this position. The qualifications and responsibilities depend on what tasks a particular
organization needs a Webmaster to perform.
To specify the job description of a Webmaster, one needs to identify the hardware and
software the website the Webmaster will manage is running on. Different types of hardware and
software require different skill sets to manage them. Another key factor is whether the website
will be running internally or externally (renting shared space on the company servers). Finally,
the responsibilities of a webmaster also depend on whether he or she will be working
independently, or whether the firm will provide people to help. All of these factors need to be
considered before one can create an accurate webmaster job description.
Webmaster is one type of Internet career requiring in-depth knowledge of the latest
computer applications. However, there are also online jobs available for which traditional skills
remain in high demand. Content jobs require excellent writing skills and a good sense of the web
as a "new media'.
The term "new media" is difficult to define because it compasses a constantly growing set
of new technologies and skills. Specifically, it includes websites, email internet technology, CD-
ROM, DVD, streaming audio and video, interactive multimedia presentations, e-books, digital
music, computer illustration, video games, virtual reality, and computer artistry.
Additionally, many of today's Internet careers are becoming paid-by-the-job professions.
With many companies having to downsize in tough economic items, the outsourcing and
contracting of freelance workers online has become common business practice. The Internet
provides an infinite pool of buyers from around the world with whom freelancers can contract
their services. An added benefit to such their own country. online jobs is that freelancers are able
to work on projects with companies outside
How much can a person make in these kinds of careers? As with many questions related
to today's evolving technology, there is no simple answer. There are many companies willing to
pay people with Internet skills salaries well over $70,000 a year. Generally, webmasters start at
about $30,000 per year, but salaries can vary greatly. Freelance writers working online have
been known to make between $40,000 to $70,000 a year. 1. 1. Which of the followings is true
about the job of the freelance writers?
A. They may work with others in the company.
B. It is considered a "content" job.
C. They manage hardware and software.
D. They require in-depth knowledge of applications
2. The word "vary" in paragraph 6 can be best replaced by ____.
A. decrease B. change C. differ D. increase
3. It can be inferred from the passage that ____.
A. only skilled workers make good money.
B. online workers can work full-time online.
C. it is easy to become a webmaster.
D. workers with limited computer skills cannot work online.
4. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE of webmasters?
A. They never work independently.
B. The duties they perform depend on the organization they work for.
C. They require a minimal level of expertise.
D. They do not support software products.
5. What is the purpose of the passage?
 A. To inform people about the tasks and the roles of a webmaster.
B. To inform people about employment related to the Internet.
C. To inform people about the computer industry.
D. To explain why webmasters make a lot of money.
6. According to the passage, all of the followings are TRUE except ____.
A Webmasters must have knowledge of the latest computer applications.
B. Online workers cannot free themselves from the office.
C. "New media" is not easy to define.
D. There are online jobs available for workers with minimal computer skills.
7. Which of the followings is not mentioned as part of the "new media"?
A. Internet technology B. writing skills C. websites D. video
games
8. The word "identify" in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to ____.
A. name B. discover C. encounter D. estimate