D.A.

V PUBLIC SCHOOL
No.19 Sitaram Nagar, Velachery Chennai-600 042

PHYSICS PROJECT

ACADEMIC YEAR-2024-25

TOPIC: THERMODYNAMICS

NAME OF THE STUDENT : R DEEVESH KUMAR

CLASS & SECTION : XI-C

CLASS ROLL NO : 07
MS. SARANYA S Date:

D.A.V Public School,

No.19, Sitaram Nagar,

Velachery, Chennai-42

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project work entitled “THERMODYNAMICS” was done under my
supervision.

The project work is being submitted by R DEEVESH KUMAR of class XI-C as a part of the
Assessment. This is the original work of the candidate during the Academic Year 2024 – 2025.

Signature of the Supervisory In-charge Signature of the Principal

Signature of the Subject Teacher School Seal

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I thank my Principal, Mrs. M. Sujatha for giving me a wonderful opportunity to do this

project.

I thank my Supervisory in charge, Mrs. M Sujatha who helped me by giving ideas in

completing the project.

I thank my Subject Teacher, Ms. Saranya S who guided and helped me in doing this project
completely.

I would also like to thank my parents who helped me in completing my project successfully. I
would also like to thank all my friends who helped me in completing this project.

R DEEVESH KUMAR
 INDEX

S.NO TOPIC PAGE

NO.

1. INTRODUCTION 1

2. LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS 2-3

3. APPLICATIONS IN DAILY LIFE 4

4. FUTURE SCOPE OF THE PROJECT 5

5. BIBLIOGRAPHY 6
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIG.NO NAME PAGE NO.

1.1 THERMODYNAMICS 1

2.1 PICTORIAL REPRESENTATION OF ZEROTH LAW OF 2

THERMODYNAMICS

2.2 PICTORIAL EXPLAINATION OF FIRST LAW THROUGH 3

ADIABATIC PROCESS

2.3 PICTORIAL REPRESENTATION OF HEAT TRANSFER 4

3.1 JET ENGINE 5

ICE
3.2 5

4.1 EXAMPLE OF ELECTRODYNAMICS 6

 1.INTRODUCTION

Thermodynamics in physics is a branch that deals with heat, work and temperature, and their relation to
energy, radiation and physical properties of matter.
To be specific, it explains how thermal energy is converted to or from other forms of energy and how
matter is affected by this process. Thermal energy is the energy that comes from heat. This heat is
generated by the movement of tiny particles within an object, and the faster these particles move, the more
heat is generated.

FIG1.1: THERMODYNAMICS
Thermodynamics is not concerned about how and at what rate these energy transformations are carried
out. It is based on the initial and final states undergoing the change. It should also be noted
that Thermodynamics is a macroscopic science. This means that it deals with the bulk system and does
not deal with the molecular constitution of matter.

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2. LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS

2.1 Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

 When a body, ‘A’, is in thermal equilibrium with another body, ‘b’, and also separately in thermal
equilibrium with a body ‘, C’, then body, ‘B’ and ‘C’, will also be in thermal equilibrium with each
other. This statement defines the zeroth law of thermodynamics. The law is based on temperature
measurement.

FIG2.1:PICTORIAL REPRESENTATION OF ZEROTH LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

 There are also various ways to state the zeroth law of thermodynamics. However, in simple terms,
it can be said, “Systems that are in thermal equilibrium exist at the same temperature”.
 Zeroth law of thermodynamics takes into account that temperature is something worth measuring
because it predicts whether heat will transfer between objects or not. This is true regardless of how
the objects interact. Even if two objects are not in physical contact, heat can still flow between
them by means of the radiation mode of heat transfer. On the other hand, the zeroth law of
thermodynamics states that if the systems are in thermal equilibrium, no heat flow will take place.


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2.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics

The First Law of Thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed. Alternatively,
some sum it up as "the conservation of energy." Ultimately, the First Law of Thermodynamics is a
statement that energy can be transferred between the system and the surroundings through the transfer of
heat (q) or by the performance of mechanical work (w).

ΔE = q + w
Energy doesn't simply materialize or disappear. Any gain in energy by the system will correspond to a
loss in energy by the surroundings, or any loss in energy by the system will correspond to a gain in energy
by the surroundings.

FIG2.2:PICTORIAL EXPLAINATION OF FIRST LAW THROUGH ADIABATIC PROCESS

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2.3The Second Law of Thermodynamics

For a spontaneous process, the entropy of the universe increases.

For a spontaneous process, ΔSuniverse > 0.

For a spontaneous process, ΔSsystem + ΔSsurroundings > 0

Ultimately, for any spontaneous process the entropy, which is related to randomness or
disorder, of the universe increases.

The last statement of the Second Law of Thermodynamics divides the universe into
two parts: the system (what you're investigating) and the surroundings (everything
in the universe besides the system). In chemistry the system is often a chemical
reaction under investigation. To be clear the Second Law does NOT mean that
ΔSreaction must be positive as ΔSreaction is just the ΔSsystem which can be either positive or
negative. But if ΔSreaction for a spontaneous reaction is negative, then the Second Law
does mean that ΔSsurroundings must be positive and of greater magnitude in this
example so that ΔSsystem + ΔSsurroundings > 0.

In one sense you can view the Second Law of Thermodynamics as being the most
important of the three; in the sense that it is the one most commonly tested upon in
this chapter and students should recognize it in any of the three forms presented
above.

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FIG2.3:PICTORIAL REPRESENTATION OF HEAT TRANSFER

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3.APPLICATIONS IN DAILY LIFE

 According to the law, heat always flows from a body at a higher temperature to a body at the lower
temperature. This law is applicable to all types of heat engine cycles including Otto, Diesel, etc. for all
types of working fluids used in the engines. This law has led to the progress of present-day vehicles.
.

FIG3.1:JET ENGINE

 Melting of ice cube: Ice cubes in a drink absorb heat from the drink making the drink cooler. If we
forget to drink it, after some time, it again attains room temperature by absorbing the atmospheric
heat. All this happens as per the first and second law of thermodynamics.

FIG3.2: ICE

4.FUTURE SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

 Most of the important laws of Physical Chemistry, including the van’t Hoff law of lowering of
vapour pressure, Phase Rule and the Distribution Law, can be derived from the laws of
thermodynamics.

 It tells whether a particular physical or chemical change can occur under a given set of conditions
of temperature, pressure and concentration.

 It also helps in predicting how far a physical or chemical change can proceed, until the equilibrium
conditions are established.

FIG 4.1

FIG 4.1:EXAMPLE OF ELECTRODYNAMICS

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 The law of conservation of momentum holds no matter how complicated the force is between
particles. It applies to all interactions, including collisions and separations caused by explosive
forces. It can also be generalized to situations where Newton's laws do not hold, for example in the
theory of relativity and in electrodynamics.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

 https://www.toppr.com/guides/chemistry/thermodynamics/applications-of-thermodynamics/

 https://www.chadsprep.com/chads-general-chemistry-videos/3-laws-of-thermodynamics-
definition/#:

 https://www.apsmcollege.ac.in/glassimg/thumb_album/1596648754-93.pdf

 https://byjus.com/physics/thermodynamics/#:~:text=Thermodynamics%20in%20physics%20is
%20a,is%20affected%20by%20this%20process.

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