WORK, ENERGY , POWER AND MACHINES

1. An object of mass 0.5kg is thrown vertically up with a velocity of 30m/s. Calculate its
potential energy at the maximum height. [g= 10m/s2] ANS= 225.0J
2. A boy of mass 70kg climbed a hill 1000m high. Calculate the maximum energy gained by
the boy. [g=10m/s2]. ANS=700000J
3. A body is pulled along a horizontal plane by a force of 15N over a distance of 20.0cm. If
the force makes an angle of 30° with the horizontal, calculate the energy used. ANS=2.6J
4. A body of mass 50kg is lifted vertically to a height of 10m. Calculate the minimum amount
of work done. [take g as 10m/s2]. ANS=5000J
5. A 10kg mass falls from rest from a point 30m above the ground. Calculate its total energy
on reaching a point 10m above the ground. [take g as 10m/s2]. ANS=4000J
6. An athlete of weight 600N runs up a flight of stairs 10m high in 12s. Calculate the power
of the athlete. ANS=500W
7. An object of mass 0.5kg has kinetic energy of 25J. Calculate its speed. ANS=10m/s
8. A ball of mass 100g, falling through a distance of 5m onto a floor, rebounces to a height of
3m. Calculate the energy lost by the ball. [g=10m/s2]. ANS= 2.0J
9. A body of mass 50kg is lifted vertically to a height of 10m. Calculate the minimum amount
of work done. [take g as 10m/s2]. ANS=5000J
10. A load of mass 5.0kg is raised by a frictionless pulley system at a velocity of 1.2m/s,
calculate the power developed by the system. [g=10m/s2]. ANS=60.0W
11. A car moving on a level road increases its speed from 5m/s to 10m/s. The percentage
increase in its kinetic energy is. ANS=300%
12. A ball falls from a height 20m above the ground. If 15% of its energy is lost on impact
with the ground, to what height does its rebound? ANS=17m
13. A water pump rated 1200W delivers water to a height of 60m in 10s. Calculate the mass of
the water delivered. [g=10m/s2]. ANS=20kg
14. An electric heater rated 1.0kW, 240V is operated for 10hours. Calculate the energy
produced. ANS=3.60 x 107J
15. A body of mass 15kg falls from a height 12m above the earth. Calculate its total energy
midway during the fall. [g=10m/s2]. ANS=1800J
16. A body is pulled up an inclined plane by a constant force of 3N, if the body has a weight of
4N. If the height of the inclined plane is 1.5m and makes an angle of 30° to the horizontal:
i. If the plane is frictionless, calculate the acceleration of the body. ANS=2.5m/s2
ii. Calculate the effective work done on the body to move it to the top of the plane.
ANS=6.0J
iii. The normal reaction exerted by the plane on the body. ANS=3.5N
iv. Determine the total distance covered by the body when pulled to the top of the plane.
ANS=3.0m
17. A body of mass 100kg is released from a height of 200m. Calculate the energy with which
the body strikes the ground. [g=10m/s2]. ANS=200kJ
18. A body is pulled up an inclined plane by a constant force of 7N, if the body has a weight of
5N. If the total distance on the inclined plane is 2.5m and makes an angle of 60° to the
horizontal.
i. If the plane is frictionless, calculate the acceleration of the body. ANS=5.34m/s2
ii. Calculate the effective work done on the body to move it to the top of the plane.
ANS=10.8J
iii. The normal reaction exerted by the plane on the body. ANS=2.5N
19. An object of mass 2kg is released from a point 6m above the ground. Calculate its
mechanical energy after falling through a distance of 4m. [g=10m/s2]. ANS=40J
20. A body of mass 25kg is raised 4.0m above the ground. Calculate the work done.
[g=10m/s2]. ANS=1000.0J
 21. A constant force of 40N acting on a body initially at rest gives an acceleration of 0.1m/s 2
for 4s. Calculate the work-done by the force. ANS=32J
22. A body rolls down a slope from a height of 100m. Its velocity at the foot of the slope is
20m/s. What percentage of its potential energy is converted into kinetic energy? ANS=
20%
23. A ball of mass 0.1kg is thrown vertically upwards with a speed of 10m/s from the top of a
tower 10m high. Neglecting air resistance. Its total energy just before hitting the ground is.
[g=10m/s2]. ANS=15J
24. If a body of mass 5kg is thrown vertically upwards with a velocity of u, at what height will
the potential energy equals the kinetic energy? ANS: h= u2/2g
25. A pump is used to lift 100kg of water through a height of 60m in 20s. Calculate the power
of the pump. [g=10m/s2]. ANS=3kW
26. Perform the following calculations:
(a) A body of mass 1000g is released from a height of 10m above the ground. Determine its
kinetic energy just before it strikes the ground. [g=10m/s2]. ANS=100J
(b) A crate of mass 8.0kg requires 72J of energy to push it through a distance of 6.0m.
Neglecting frictional force, calculate the magnitude of the applied force. ANS=12.0N
(c) A machine lift a 300kg crate through a height of 10m in 60s. Calculate the output power of
the machine. [g=10m/s2]. ANS=0.5kW
(d) An object is lifted vertically through a 3m and then returned to its original position. How
much work is done on the object if it weighs 40N. ANS=0J
(e) A body of mass 2kg is released from a point 100m above the ground level. Calculate its
kinetic energy 80m from the point of release. [g=10m/s2]. ANS=1600J
(f) A body of mass 250g is uniformly accelerated from 2m/s to 15m/s. Calculate the work
done by the body. ANS=27.6J
(g)

The diagram above illustrate a body of mass m, initially at a height H above the ground. If the
body is released to fall freely through point W to the ground.
i. Write an expression for the total mechanical energy of the body at point A
ii. Show that as the body passes through the point W, there is no change in its total energy.

27. A ball of mass 200g falls from a height of 6m onto a floor and rebounds to a height of 4m.
Calculate the energy lost due to its impact with the floor. [g=10m/s2]. ANS=4J
28. Solve the following
(a) State three factors that determines the location of a solar power station. ANS:
i. Latitude
ii. Area for solar energy
iii. Effect of seasons
iv. Hours of sunlight
v. Intensity of sun
(b) Explain the term closed system in relation to the definition of energy: ANS: A closed
system is a system (group of objects) that neither receives energy from nor gives energy to
its surrounding.
(c) Name the energy transformation which occurs in a functioning:
i. Car Engine. ANS: Chemical→ heat→Mechanical energy
ii. Steam turbine. ANS: Heat→Mechanical→Electrical
iii. Electric current used to drive a crane. ANS: Electrical→Kinetic energy→Potential Energy
iv. Electric bulb is switched on. ANS: Electrical→Heat energy→Light Energy
v. Electric lamp. ANS: Electrical energy→ Heat energy→Light energy
vi. Hydroelectric damps. ANS: Gravitational potential energy→ Electrical energy
vii. Photosynthesis: ANS: Electromagnetic radiation→Chemical energy

(d)
29. If an average force of 200N is used to stretch the elastic material of a catapult through a
distance of 40cm, calculate the kinetic energy gained by a stone released by the catapult.
ANS=80J
30. A machine does 212.0J of work in 40.0s. Calculate the power developed. ANS= 5.30W
31. A body of mass 100.0kg moves with a velocity of 8.0m/s. Calculate its kinetic energy.
ANS= 3200.0J
32. A machine does 800.0J of work in 5.0s. Calculate its power. ANS=160.0W
33. A force of 24.0N moves a body through a distance of 1.2m in the direction of the force.
Calculate the work done. ANS=28.8J
34. Calculate the power of an electric motor which does 6000J of work in a minute. ANS=
100W
35. An athlete of mass 60kg runs at a velocity of 8m/s. Calculate the kinetic energy of the
athlete. ANS= 1.92x103J
36. A load of 150N is lifted from the ground onto a table 0.8m high. Calculate the work done.
ANS=120J
37. It takes a weight-lifter 2.0s to carry a metallic block of weight 75.0N to the third floor of a
building which is 12.0m high. Calculate the power of the weight-lifter. ANS= 450.0W
38. A rectangular piece of wood weighing 30.0N is lifted from the floor onto a table 1.2m
high. Calculate the work done. ANS= 36.0J
39. A crane scoops up a tonne of gravels and moves it to a height of 40.0m in 10.0s. Determine
the power of the crane. [g=10m/s2]. ANS=4000W
40. A machine with power rating 720W is used to do 8.640J of work. What time will it take
the machine to complete the work. ANS= 0.012s
41. Define the following terms as applied to a simple machine;
i. Mechanical advantage: ANS= Mechanical advantage is defined as the ratio of the load to
the effort
ii. Velocity ratio: Velocity ratio is defined as the ratio of effort distance to load distance in
the same time
iii. Efficiency: Efficiency is defined as the ratio of work output to the work input expressed as
a percentage
(b) What effects does friction have on each of the above terms
i. Mechanical advantage. ANS= When friction increases, the mechanical advantage
reduces
ii. Velocity ratio: ANS= Velocity ratio is not affected by friction
iii. Efficiency: ANS= When friction increases, efficiency decreases (since the mechanical
advantage decreases)
42. A body of mass 250g is uniformly accelerated from 2m/s to 5m/s. Calculate the work done
by the body. ANS=2.625J
43. A 40W bulb will consume 40J of energy in. ANS=1s
44. A 2000kg car start from rest and accelerated to a final velocity of 20m/s in 16seconds.
Assuming a constant air resistance of 500N, Find
i. The average power developed by the engine of the car. ANS=30kW
 ii. The instantaneous power developed by the engine when the car reaches its final speed.
ANS= 60kW
45. A body of mass 2kg is released from a point 100m above the ground level. Calculate its
kinetic energy 80m from the point of release. [g=10m/s2]. ANS=1600J
46. A body of mass 25kg moves on a horizontal straight road with a velocity of 15m/s.
Calculate the height above the road at which it posses a potential energy equal to its kinetic
energy. [g=10m/s2]. ANS=1125m
47. A machine lift 300kg crate through a height of 10m in 60s. Calculate the output power of
the machine. [g=10m/s2]. ANS=0.50kW
48. A body of mass 450g changes its speed from 5m/s to 25m/s. What is the work done by the
body. [g=10m/s2]. ANS=135J
49. A car traveling at 30m/s overcomes a frictional resistance of 100N while moving.
Calculate the power developed by the engine. [1hp=0.75kW]. ANS=4.0hp
50. A load of 30N is raised 2m when an effort of 10N moves through 8m. Calculate the
i. Mechanical advantage. ANS=3
ii. Velocity ratio. ANS=4
iii. Efficiency of the machine. ANS=75%
51. (a) Define efficiency as applied to a machine.
(b) The following set of readings of load, and effort E was obtained in an experiment with
a lifting machine of velocity ratio 10.
L/N 200 400 600 800 1000
E/N 60 80 100 120 140
i. Plot a linear graph with E as ordinate and L as abscissa
ii. use your graph to obtain an equation involving E and L
iii. Calculate the mechanical advantage and efficiency of the machine to raise a load of 800N
52. A machine requires 1000J of energy of work to raise a load of 300N through a vertical
distance of 2.5m. Calculate the efficiency of the machine. ANS= 75%
53. A machine has a velocity ratio of 5 and is 80% efficient. What effort would be needed to
lift a load of 200N with the aid of this machine. ANS=50N
54. To draw water from a well, a wheel and axle system of velocity ratio 5 coupled with a
pulley system of velocity ratio 15 is used. Calculate the velocity ratio of the coupled
machine. ANS=75
55. A machine requires 10000J of work to raise a load of 600N through a vertical distance of
3.5m. The efficiency of the machine is. ANS=21%
56. A machine requires 900J of work to raise a load of 450N through a vertical distance of
1.2m. Calculate the efficiency of the machine. ANS=60%
57. (a) An earth moving machine uses diesel oil, which when burnt will produce 3.0x109J of
energy. The work performed by the machine is 2.7x108J. What is the efficiency of the
machine. ANS=9.0%
(b) If 60J of useful work is done by a machine, when 75J of energy is supplied, calculate
the efficiency of the machine. ANS=80%
(c) A crane at Appraku Timbers uses a fuel which when burnt produces energy of 5.0x105J.
If its efficiency is 50%, calculate the work done by the crane in lifting logs. ANS=
25.0x104J
(d) A stone of mass 5kg is thrown to a height of 100m
i. What is its kinetic and its potential energy at the maximum height? ANS= 5000J
ii. Calculate its kinetic and hence its velocity after falling 50m. [g=10m/s2]. ANS= 2500J
(e) An object of mass 0.5kg is thrown vertically up with a velocity of 30.0m/s. Calculate its
potential energy at the maximum height. ANS= 225.0J
(f) A stone weighing 3.0kg falls from the top of a building, which is 25.0m high. Calculate.
i. The potential energy of the stone at the start of fall. ANS= 750J
 ii. The velocity half way through its falls and hence kinetic energy at that point.
ANS=15.8m/s, 375J
58. A machine whose velocity ratio is 5 requires 1000J of work to raise a load of 500N
through a vertical distance of 1.5m. Calculate the mechanical advantage of the machine.
ANS=3.75
59. The sign of work done by a force on a body is important to understand. State carefully if
the following quantities are positive or negative:
(a) Work done by a man in lifting a bucket out of a well by means of a rope tied to the bucket.
ANS= Work done is positive because the force exerted by the man is along the
direction of motion of the bucket.
(b) Work done by gravitational force in the above case. ANS= Work done is negative
because the gravitational force acts in the downward direction while the bucket is
moving up.
(c) Work done by friction on a body sliding down on an inclined plane. ANS= Work done is
negative because frictional force always acts in the opposite direction of the motion of
the body.
(d) Work done by an applied force on a body moving on a rough horizontal plane with
uniform velocity. ANS= Work done is positive as the applied force is in the direction of
the motion of the body
(e) Work done by a resistive force of air on a vibrating pendulum in bringing it to rest. ANS=
Work done is negative as the resistive force acts against the direction of vibration of
pendulum
60. The following table gives the effort, P needed to raise the various loads, W using a
machine with velocity ratio 10
Load W/N 10 20 30 40 50 60
Effort P/N 60 110 160 210 260 310
i. Plot a graph with effort, P on the vertical axis and load, W on the horizontal axis
ii. Use the graph to calculate the mechanical advantage and efficiency of the machine
61. A lever lifts a load of 2000N through a distance of 1m when a force is applied through a
distance of 2m. If the mechanical advantage of the machine is 5. calculate the work done
on the machine. ANS=800J
62. A lever lifts a load of 6000N through a distance of 3m when a force is applied through a
distance of 2m. If the mechanical advantage of the machine is 10. calculate the work done
on the machine. ANS=1200J
63. A man uses a crowbar 60cm long to tilt a cube of marble weighing 600kg. The fulcrum is
10cm from the end which is placed just under the middle point on one edge of the cube.
i. Give a diagram of the arrangement and calculate the minimum vertical force which the
man must apply at the far end of the bar to tilt the cube. ANS=1200N
ii. If he depresses one end, a vertical distance of 12cm, how far is the center of gravity of the
cube raised. [g=10m/s2]. ANS=0.024m
64. A man uses a crowbar 90cm long to tilt a cube of marble weighing 800kg. The fulcrum is
15cm from the end which is placed just under the middle point on one edge of the cube
i. Give a diagram of the arrangement and calculate the minimum vertical force which the
man must apply at the far end of the bar to tilt the cube. ANS=1600N
ii. If he depresses one end, a vertical distance of 18cm, how far is the center of gravity of the
cube raised. [g=10m/s2]. ANS=3.6cm
65. A man uses a wheelbarrow 60cm long to tilt a cube of marble weighing 800kg. The
fulcrum is 10cm from the end which is placed just at the end point of one edge of the cube
i. Give a diagram of the arrangement and calculate the minimum vertical force which the
man must apply at the far end of the bar to tilt the cube. ANS= 1600N
ii. If he depresses one end, a vertical distance of 18cm, how far is the center of gravity of the
cube raised. [g=10m/s2]. ANS= 0.036m
66. A lever lifts a load of 2000N through a distance of 1.0m when a force is applied through a
distance of 2.0m. If the mechanical advantage of the machine is 5. calculate the work done
on the machine. ANS= 800J
67. A windlass has an axle of radius 10cm and a handle of radius 40cm. An effort of 20N
raises a load of 60N. What is the efficiency of the machine? ANS= 75%
68. In a wheel and axle, the radius of the wheel is 10cm and that of the axle is 2cm. If it used
to raise a load of 50N, Find the effort required operating at 80% efficiency. ANS= 12.5N
69. A differential wheel and axle operating at 44% has the wheel of diameter 27cm. The
smaller axle has diameter of 9cm. An effort of 5N is required to move a load of 40N. What
is the diameter of the bigger axle. ANS= 11.96cm
70. (a) What is a simple machine. ANS= A simple machine is any device by which energy
input at one point produces work output on a load at another point.
(b) The velocity ratio of a certain machine is 5. the effort E and the load L of the machine
are related by the equation, E=0.2L +30
i. Calculate the mechanical advantage (M. A) for 200N, 300N, 400N, 500N and 600N
ii. Plot a graph of M. A against L
(c) Use the graph to determine the values of L for which the efficiency of the machine
exceeds 70%
71. A block and tackle system has four pulleys system and is used to raise a load of 600N
through a distance of 8m. If the efficiency is 90%. calculate the
i. Mechanical advantage of the system. ANS= 3.6
ii. work done by the effort. ANS= 5333.3J
iii. Effort applied. ANS= 166.67N
72. A block and tackle system has five pulleys system and is used to raise a load of 300N
through a distance of 8m. If the efficiency is 80%. calculate the
i. Mechanical advantage of the system. ANS= 4.0
ii. Work done by the effort. ANS= 3000J
iii. Effort applied. ANS= 75
73. (a) Give two characteristic of velocity ratio of a pulley system. ANS
i. Velocity ratio does not depend on friction
ii. velocity ratio matches with the number of pulleys, whether it is perfect or imperfect
machine
(b) Give one main property of the rope used in a pulley system. ANS
i. The main property of the rope is that, it is inextensible, so that it does not introduce error
in the determination of the distance moved by the effort and the load
(c) What is the relationship between a single fixed pulley and a perfect single movable
pulley in terms of mechanical advantage.
74. (a) Draw a block and tackle pulley system with velocity ratio 6.
(b) With such a machine, an effort of 2.5N is required to raise the load of 10N.
i. Calculate what fraction of the work done is lost. ANS= 1/3
ii. Explain why this energy is wasted. ANS= This lost work is due to work done against
friction and the weight of the movable pulley as they move up together with the load.
iii. What would be the magnitude of the effort if there were no such waste. ANS= 1.67N

75. (a) Draw a block and tackle pulley system with velocity ratio 6.
(b) With such a machine, an effort of 4.8N is required to raise the load of 15N.
i. Calculate what fraction of the work done is lost. ANS=
ii. What would be the magnitude of the effort if there is no such waste. ANS=
76. An effort of 250N is applied to a pulley system consisting of two fixed and movable
pulleys to lift a load to a height of 20m. If the efficiency of the system is 60% and the work
done in overcoming friction is 3000J, Calculate the
i. Mechanical advantage of the system. ANS=0.9
ii. Weight lifted. ANS= 225
iii. work done by the effort. ANS=7500J
77. An effort of 350N is applied to a pulley system consisting of two fixed and movable
pulleys to lift a load to a height of 35m. If the efficiency of the system is 70% and the work
done in overcoming friction is 4000J, Calculate the
i. Mechanical advantage of the system. ANS=
ii. Weight lifted. ANS=
iii. Work done by the effort. ANS=
78. (a)A load of 50N was raised through a vertical height of 4m, the length of the plane was
5m and the efficiency of the inclined plane was 60%. find the velocity ratio and effort.
ANS= 1.25, Effort= 66.67N
(b) A load of 400N was moved up a plane inclined at an angle of 30° to the horizontal. If
the vertical height through which the load was raised was 2m, calculate.
i. The distance the effort moves. ANS= 4m
ii. Velocity ratio. ANS= 2
iii. Mechanical advantage. ANS= 100
iv. Efficiency. ANS= 5000%
79. (a) i) State the principle of conservation of energy. ANS= The principle of conservation of
energy states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but can be converted from
one form to another OR The principle of conservation of energy states that the total energy
in a closed system is constant.
ii) What is meant by renewable and non-renewable sources of energy? Give one example
of each. ANS= A renewable source of energy is one which does not get finished or
depleted and it can be replaced by some other means. A non-renewable source of energy is
one which is being depleted with time
Examples of renewable source of energy: Sun, wind, water, geothermal, tidal, Biomass
(vegetable fuels), waves, hydroelectric
Examples of non-renewable source of energy: Coal, petrol, nuclear, natural gas
80. solve the following
(a) List in order, the four pistons strokes of a car engine. ANS:
✔ Intake or induction stroke
✔ Compression stroke
✔ Power or ignition stroke
✔ Exhaust stroke
(b) Where does the engine get its energy. ANS: The engine gets its energy from the
combustion of mixture of air and petrol
(c) What is a heat engine. ANS: A heat engine is a device that absorbs energy from a source
of higher temperature to performs some mechanical work then rejects some of the heat
at a lower temperature. Or a heat engine is a device/machine which changes heat
energy obtained by the burning of a fuel to kinetic energy.
(d)
81. Perform the following calculations on simple screw:
(a) For a screw jack, the pitch of the screw is 5mm and the effort bar is 30cm long. Find the
load to be raised with an effort of 20N, If the efficiency is 10%. ANS: 756N
(b) What is the greatest mechanical advantage, which can be obtained with a screw jack when
the pitch of the screw is 6mm and the handle is 25cm long, if we assume that there are no
frictional losses. ANS= 261.83
(c) A load of 2100N placed on top of a screw jack is lifted by a force 300N applied to the
operating arm at a distance of 35cm from the axis of the screw. If the pitch of the screw is
1.25cm, find the:
i. Mechanical advantage. ANS=7
ii. Velocity ratio. ANS=175.95
iii. Efficiency. ANS= 3.98%
(d) A screw jack has a thread of 10mm pitch. What effort applied at the handle 400mm long
will be required to lift a load of 2kN, if the efficiency at the load is 45%. ANS=17.7N
(e) A screw jack has an effort wheel diameter of 300mm and pitch is 6mm. If a load of 1200N
is lifted by an effort of 200N, find the efficiency of the machine. ANS=3.82%
(f) A screw jack of pitch 8mm has a lever of 250mm length. If the efficiency is 30%. find the
effort required to lift a load of 1500N. ANS=25.46N
(g) A load of 4000N is to lifted by a screw jack having a thread 10mm pitch. The efficiency of
the jack at this load is 40%. determine the effort applied at the end of a handle of 60cm
length. ANS=26.52N
(h)
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