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Lecture Notes in Mechanical
Engineering
Series Editors
Fakher Chaari
National School of Engineers, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
Francesco Gherardini
Dipartimento di Ingegneria “Enzo Ferrari”, Università di Modena e Reggio
Emilia, Modena, Italy
Vitalii Ivanov
Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Machines and Tools, Sumy
State University, Sumy, Ukraine
Editorial Board
Francisco Cavas-Martínez
Departamento de Estructuras, Construcción y Expresión Gráfica
Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Murcia, Spain
Francesca di Mare
Institute of Energy Technology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum,
Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
Mohamed Haddar
National School of Engineers of Sfax (ENIS), Sfax, Tunisia
Young W. Kwon
Department of Manufacturing Engineering and Aerospace Engineering,
Graduate School of Engineering and Applied Science, Monterey, CA, USA
Justyna Trojanowska
Poznan University of Technology, Poznan, Poland
Olaf Ciszak
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Poznan University of Technology,
Poznan, Poland
Vitalii Ivanov
Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Machines and Tools, Sumy
State University, Sumy, Ukraine
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively
licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is
concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of
illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in
any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and
retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or
dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the
advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate
at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the
editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the
material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have
been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional
claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Jakub Michalski
Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Auxetic materials and structures have unique properties thanks to their
negative Poisson’s ratio resulting from specific micro- or
macrostructure. They are known to have superior resistance to
dynamic loads in many cases. This includes fatigue, fracture, vibrations,
blasts, and impacts. However, this topic still requires further research
since there are several types of auxetics and the effect of their Poisson’s
ratio on the response to various dynamic loads can be unexpected. In
this article, impact tests were performed using the finite element
method. The behavior of two sandwich plates was compared. The first
plate had an auxetic anti-tetrachiral core while the other one, used for
reference, was not auxetic and had a hexagonal honeycomb core. The
goal was to find out whether this type of auxetic structure can be used
for improved puncture protection or not. The results obtained from
numerical simulations definitely confirm that the auxetic plate has the
potential to replace its hexagonal honeycomb counterpart that could be
used as shielding in various demanding applications.
1 Introduction
1.1 Auxetics and Their History
Materials with a negative Poisson’s ratio are called auxetics. They
deform in an unusual manner when subjected to tension (they become
thicker) or compression (they become thinner). This characteristic
influences the behavior of auxetics also under other operating
conditions. Their improved strength and resistance to various kinds of
loads result in many potential applications. It has already been proven
that auxetics can be used, among others, for furniture, protection
equipment, sports gear, sensors and actuators, components in the
aerospace industry, implants and prostheses, gaskets, or fasteners [1,
2]. This wide range of applications continues to expand with new
research in the field of auxetics. It is also important to mention that
auxetic structures can be made of regular materials such as structural
steel or aluminum and their negative Poisson’s ratio (measured as a
ratio of transverse to longitudinal strain) is a result of a specific shape.
The simplest example of such a structure is a re-entrant, shaped like an
hourglass and obtained directly from the regular hexagonal honeycomb
cell [1]. Adjustment of its internal angle (between the ribs of unit cells)
leads to a change in the value of Poisson’s ratio. Thus, the modification
of this angle allows for a smooth transition to a non-auxetic structure
[3]. However, there are also many other auxetic structures, including
the anti-tetrachiral one used in this case.
The history of auxetics goes back to Saint-Venant’s discovery that
Poisson’s ratio can have negative values. After that, in the XX century,
scientists confirmed negative Poisson’s ratio of several natural
structures (including minerals and tissues) through experiments. The
large interest in this type of materials began in the 1980s when tests
were extended to artificial structures [1]. The development of
numerical methods allowed researchers to perform their studies on
those unique materials much more efficiently. One of the greatest
achievements in the field of auxetics was the invention of a method of
turning regular foams into auxetic ones. This approach was first
described by Lakes [4] in 1987 and then improved by other scientists.
The method is based on the fact that proper mechanical and thermal
treatment changes the microstructure of foams and leads to a negative
Poisson’s ratio.
In fact, the name auxetics was not introduced until 1991 when
Evans [5] derived it from the Greek word “auxetikos” meaning “the one
that tends to increase”. Henceforth, materials and structures with
negative Poisson’s ratio are commonly referred to by this name.
Nowadays, research in the field of auxetics focuses mainly on the
design of new complex micro- or even nanostructures and their
advanced manufacturing methods, including precise additive
manufacturing methods. Apart from that, there are still several types of
loads and applications where auxetics have not been thoroughly tested
yet but provide promising initial results. Some of these cases, studied
by authors, are fatigue [6] and blast [7] or impact conditions. The latter
are discussed in this article.
26 juillet 1914.
Méditation préliminaire.