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Quality of Service in wsn 2

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International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887)

Volume 176 – No. 18, April 2020

Quality of Service in Wireless Sensor Networks

Mohammed Q. AL_shamiry Sharaf A. Alhomdy, PhD Yosef A. Abdulmoghni


Faculty of Computer and Faculty of Computer and Faculty of Computer and Information
Information Technology Information Technology Technology
Sana’a University, Sana’a, Yemen Sana’a University, Yemen Al- Razi University, Sana’a, Yemen

ABSTRACT manufacturing automation, process control, inventory


Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a widespread network used management, distributed robotics, weather sensing, environment
in many daily life activities such as environment, health, and monitoring, national border monitoring, and building and
nuclear radiation. Since, WSNs are networks that consists of structures monitoring [5][6]. There are different types of sensors
sensors which are distributed in an ad hoc manner. Therefore, as Seismic, thermal, visual, and infrared sensors.
there are many important issues related to WSN such as energy WSN has two basic kinds of architecture: Layered Architecture,
consumption, end-to-end delay, and packets delivery ratio. This and Clustered Architecture. A layered architecture has a single
study aims to review the most recent works published in the field powerful base station (BS), and the layers of sensor nodes
of quality of service (QoS) metrics in WSNs. It focuses on around it correspond to the nodes that have the same hop-count
energy consumption, end-to- end delay and packets delivery to the BS. The advantage of a layered architecture is that each
ratio metrics. It will be helpful for researchers to know some of node is involved only in short-distance, low-power transmissions
the trends and recent research in field of networking, as well as to nodes of the neighboring layers. A clustered architecture
to learn some future works in this area. organizes the sensor nodes into clusters, each governed by a
cluster-head. The nodes in each cluster are involved in message
General Terms exchanges with their cluster-heads, and these heads send message
Power consumption, end-to-end delay, network lifetime, routing to a BS. Clustered architecture is useful for sensor networks
protocols. because of its inherent suitability for data fusion. The data
gathered by all member of the cluster can be fused at the cluster-
Keywords head, and only the resulting information needs to be
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), Base Station (BS), Quality communicated to the BS. The cluster formation and election of
of Service (QoS), Internet of Things (IoT). cluster-heads must be an autonomous, distributed process [7][8].
1. INTRODUCTION Operational Challenges of WSNs are energy efficiency, limited
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are networks that consists of storage and computation, low bandwidth and high error rates,
sensors which are distributed in an ad hoc manner. These sensors scalability to a large number of sensor nodes, survivability in
work with each other to sense some physical phenomenon and harsh environments, experiments are time- and space-intensive,
then gathering the information to get relevant results. But they and Errors are common as wireless communication, noisy
have low power, limited memory, and energy constrained due to measurements, and node failure are expected [1]. There three
their small size [1]. The sensor node lifetime typically exhibits a common objectives from a Quality of Service (QoS) perspective
strong dependency on battery life. In many cases, the wireless in WSN, those are energy efficiency, reliable communication
sensor node has a limited power source (<500 mAh, 1.2 V), and and latency awareness [1]. There are many obstacles in the
replenishment of power may be limited or impossible altogether development of WSNs. Therefore, many universities and
[2][3]. technology companies employ groups of researchers to
overcome these obstacles. This study focused on review some
The roles of WSN engineers is to develop a cost-effective
QoS metrics in WSN.
standards-based wireless networking solution that supports low-
to medium data rates, has low power consumption, and 2. OVERVIEW
guarantees security and reliability. The position of sensor nodes There are many of literature review that focused on QoS metrics
do not have be predetermined, allowing random deployment in in WSN. This study gathers 29 scientific papers. These papers
inaccessible terrains or dynamic situations; however, this also classified into three categories. The first category is the Energy
means that sensor network protocols and algorithms must possess Consumption in WSN. The second category is the end-to-end
self-organizing capabilities. For military and/or national security delay. The third category is packets delivery ratio to Base
applications, sensor devices must be amenable to rapid Station (BS).
deployment. The deployment must be supportable in an ad hoc
fashion, and the environment is expected to be highly dynamic 2.1 Energy Consumption
[4]. The WSN consists of a group of small sensors that have a limited
Traditionally, sensor networks have been used in the context of power source. Energy consumption is one of the most important
high-end applications such as radiation and nuclear-threat issues related to the lifetime of WSN. Many researchers have
detection systems, ‘‘over-the-horizon’’ weapon sensors for ships, focused on energy consumption, and how to reduce energy
biomedical applications, habitat sensing, and seismic monitoring. consumption.
More recently, interest has focusing on networked biological and In 2018, Youngbok Cho an et al. proposed hierarchical network
chemical sensors for national security applications; furthermore, architecture to solve the energy consumption problem, and
evolving interest extends to direct consumer applications. implement suitable routing mechanism to handle low power
Existing and potential applications of sensor networks include, devices (devices battery operated ). The simulation results
among others, military sensing, physical security, air traffic showed that the proposed scheme is more energy efficient and
control, traffic surveillance, video surveillance, industrial and

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International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887)
Volume 176 – No. 18, April 2020

flexible than traditional wireless sensor network schemes and end-to-end delay and Loss in WSN.
consequently, the new scheme can be implemented for efficient
communication in the Internet of Things. The proposed EHARA is a new routing algorithm proposed by Thien D. Nguyen
approaches didn't focus on end-to-end delay and packets et al.[14] they integrating a new parameter called Extra Backoff
delivery ratio [4]. for enhanced the algorithm. Simulation results showed that their
algorithm enhanced network lifetime by about 50% Compared to
EiP-LEACH is protocol proposed by Anupkumar M Bongale et Path Recovery Time algorithm, It also enhanced the network
al. [9] aims at enhance energy consumption in WSN, in which lifetime by 40% compared to Energy Harvesting Aware Ad-hoc
using probability based threshold value that is influenced by On-Demand Distance Vector Routing Protocol (EHA-AODV)
residual energy of candidate Cluster Header node and average algorithm. The algorithm did not focus on other networking
initial energy of entire network for Cluster Header selection, metrics, such as packets delivery ratio and end-to-end delay in
their proposed reduces energy consumption when the distance is WSN.
small between the Cluster Header and the Base Station, in their
protocol only energy is considered the primary parameter in ICH-LEACH is protocol proposed by M. Bennani Mohamed Taj
deciding Cluster Header node. But they did not care about the et al.[15] it uses at most one intermediate CH. The aim of their
distance to Base Station. protocol is to extend the lifetime of the WSN. The proposed
protocol `is characterized by the adjustment of the power of
Ons Bouachir et al.[10] presented an EAMP-AIDC protocol, an transmission, and the distance between the BS and cluster heads.
energy aware MAC protocol for EH-WSNs based on individual The proposed protocol increases the life time of the Wireless
duty cycle optimization. It takes into consideration nodes’ Sensor Network, and reduces energy consumption. The authors
residual energy and data and application requirements to define did not care about packets delivery ratio in the Wireless Sensor
active and sleep periods (individual dynamic duty cycles), that Network.
allow to create a balanced load in term of energy consumption
and in terms of cooperative data relaying tasks between the In [16], Jian Shen et al. proposed a new Energy Efficient
different participating nodes so as to ensure continuous network Centroid-based Routing Protocol (EECRP) for wireless sensor
operation. OMNET++ was used to evaluate the proposed network assisted internet of things to improve the performance
protocol, the simulation results showed that the proposed of the network and increase the network lifetime. The proposed
protocol is better in energy consumption compared to the IEEE protocol includes three key parts: a new series of algorithms for
802.15.4 standard. However, EAMP-AIDC MAC and data adapting clusters and rotating CH for evenly distribute the
dissemination/aggregation protocols aren't related, and it didn't energy load among all nodes in the network, a new distributed
focus on packets delivery ratio and end-to-end delay. cluster formation technique, and a new mechanism to reduce the
energy consumption. The proposed protocol includes three key
In [11], Mohammad Fouladlou et al. proposed a routing parts: a new series of algorithms for adapting clusters and
algorithm in improve the energy efficiency of WSN devices in rotating CH for evenly distribute the energy load among all
Internet of Things. The propose used the genetic algorithm for nodes in the network, a new distributed cluster formation
clustering to reduce energy consumption in wireless nodes. The technique, and a new mechanism to reduce the energy
compared their algorithm with IEEE 802.15.4 protocol. The consumption. Their simulation results showed that EECRP
proposed routing algorithm has shown a better performance in performs better than GEEC, and LEACH-C to reduce energy
terms of energy consumption. The proposed algorithm doesn’t consumption. However, EECRP isn't suitable when the BS is
focus on other QoS metrics in WSN, such as end-to-end delay located outside of the network, and it isn't focus on other
and Loss in WSN. networking metrics, such as end-to-end delay and packets
delivery ratio in WSN.
Wided Abidi , and Tahar Ezzedine.[12] proposed a new
algorithm for clustering in WSN ,they use fuzzy logic. Their, Mohamed Eshaftri et al. [7] proposed Load-balancing Cluster-
proposed approach is based on three parameters, distance Based Protocol (LCP), that is a new Cluster Based protocol that
between the node and the Base Station, residual energy ,and the introduces a new inter-cluster approach to increase WSN
number of neighbors within the cluster range to elect Clusters lifetime. The proposed protocol rotates continuously the election
Header and form clusters. Their simulation results confirm that of the CH election in each cluster according to highest residual
their approach is effective to reduce energy and increase the energy in each round. The main contribution of their proposed
lifetime of the WSN. But, they didn't focus on end-to-end delay protocol is its ability to rotate the role of the Cluster Header
and packets delivery ratio in WSN. between nodes of the same group, and selecting the node with
the highest energy to become a Cluster Header. The simulation
In [13], Walid Abushiba et al. proposed CH-leach for improves results showed that the LCP protocol increases network lifetime
energy consumption to WSN in IOT environment. Simulation by 15% compared to other clustering protocols. However,
results show that their proposed protocol improves network life energy consumption were the performance metrics used in the
by 40% compared to DEEC protocol. The authors in this evaluation of the LCP, but they didn't evaluate the performance
approach didn't focus on other QoS metrics in WSN, such as
of LCP according to other networking metrics, such as packets guaranteed .The simulations results showed that the proposed
delivery ratio and end-to-end delay. SD protocol achieves energy efficiency without sacrificing
success rate of serving requests. The proposed approach didn't
In [8], Rana Helal, and Amr ElMougy. proposed a new protocol implement a hardware prototype of this protocol in order to
for local Service Discovery (SD), that propose eliminates the evaluate its robustness on a real network, also, the authors didn't
need for a dedicated gateway. The proposed protocol utilizes a focus on delay.
multi-tier network architecture in order to achieve two
objectives: high success rate in satisfying service requests , and LEACH-TLCH is algorithm proposed by Chunyao FU et al.[17].
energy efficiency . By limiting the number of hops that an Service it is a new improved algorithm of LEACH protocol which is
Discovery request has to traverse before being satisfied, Energy intended to extend the life of the network and balance the energy
efficiency is achieved , and by using a hierarchical structure of consumption of the entire network. The simulation results
Distributed Hash Tables (DHTs) a high success rate is indicated that there is an improvement in energy efficiency and

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International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887)
Volume 176 – No. 18, April 2020

lifetime of the network. The authors didn't focus on other delivery ratio in WSN.
networking metrics, such as packets delivery ratio and end-to-
end delay. Enhanced GPSR (E-GPSR) is protocol proposed by Tianli Hu et
al.[22] aims at reduce the end-to-end delay in WSN , the
2.2 End-to-End Delay proposed protocol into account takes the length of nodes’
Delay in the transmission of data between the sensors with each residual buffer and the geographical location of the nodes. The
other or between the sensors and the BS is an important problem simulation results show that this proposed protocol reduces the
in WSN. Many researchers have focused on end-to-end delay end-to-end delay. E-GPSR did not focus on Energy
and how to reducing end-to-end delay. Next sections show consumption.
reviews on eight scientific research papers related to End-to-End In [23], Demir AK et al. proposed cross-layer approach using the
Delay issues. network and MAC layer to improve the delay, reliability and
In [18], Yan Sun et al. proposed Speed Up-Greedy Perimeter throughput in WMSNs. In this approach, each node has to know
Stateless Routing Protocol for WSNs (SU-GPSR) , it is a the quality level of the next hop to select the best route to the
position-based routing scheme . The greedy mode works sink. The quality level here is a function of channel quality, data
together with speed up mode to provide a solution for data rate, and buffer size and accordingly the next hop is chosen.
transmission. SU-GPSR not only embraces both mobile nodes Lijuan Wang et al.[24] proposed a new routing protocol called
and still nodes in one unified scheme, but when evaluating the GPSRI (Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing Improved) , which
potential next hop, SU-GPSR provide a complete energy an improvement of a GPSR. The simulation results showed that
consumption consideration .The simulation results showed that the GPSRI Reduces the end-to-end delay rate in WSN. GPSRI
the SU-GPSR has a improvement on average transmission delay didn't focus on other QoS metrics in WSN, such as energy
compared with EGPSR and FA-GPSR. The proposed protocol consumption and packets delivery ratio.
did not care about the packets delivery rate.
Sabin Bhandari et al.[19] proposed a new cloud-assisted
2.3 Packets Delivery Ratio
clustering framework, where each sensor node in their proposed There are many threats and factors affecting the successful
framework elects itself as a CH on the basis of the closeness access of data to BS. Data loss is an important problem in WSN.
factor, and residual energy. They analyzed the impact of Many researchers have focused on Packets Delivery Ratio, and
heterogeneity of Internet of Things networks in terms of how to increase the packets delivery rate to BS. Next sections
bondness among IoT nodes and energy. The numerical results show reviews on nine scientific research papers related to
show that the proposed framework reduces End to End delay, packets delivery ratio issues.
and provides higher throughput and longer network stability as
compared to the conventional one. The proposed framework is Hongyan xin and Xuxun liu.[25] proposed an accurate-distances
not suitable for Internet of Vehicle (IoV) network, the proposed based transmission scheme, to solve the many-to-one
framework don't prioritization for wireless IoT. transmission problem of strip-based Wireless Sensor Network
and avoid energy holes of such a Wireless Sensor Network,
In [20] Mengkun et al. proposed a new dynamic network routing which is divided into multiple layers. This scheme didn’t care
protocol for WSN, through improved the GPSR protocol based about transmission design assisted by super nodes, and they
on stratification of traffic density. The main idea of improved the didn't care in delay in WSN.
GPSR protocol is using a stratification strategy , depending on
the density of nodes nearby, Where the nodes can adjust strategy In [26], Hui Chen et al. proposed an improved inter-cluster
of maintaining neighbors list. Nodes maintain a two- hops- multi-hop routing protocol based on quality of service
neighbor list, when the density of nodes nearby is lower than (CMPBQ), that base on traditional LEACH protocol, this
critical value. Nodes maintain a one-hop neighbor list, when the protocol aims to ensure reliable data transmission in WSNs. The
density of nodes nearby is larger than critical value. Simulation simulation results showed that the proposed protocol improve
experimental results showed their the performance of improved the data transmission reliability. In this approach, the authors
algorithm has a improvement on average transmission delay didn’t focus on delay and Energy consumption in WSN.
compared with the classical GPSR algorithm, and also the Hasna Dhehibi et al.[27] proposed new design of energy
transmission overhead was smaller than the 2- hop GPSR efficient LEACH protocol that based on MOD LEACH. They
protocol. The authors did not focus on Energy consumption in tried to manage intelligently the remain power of the node in
WSN. order to increase lifetime of the network and packets delivery
two energy-efficient models proposed by Ademola et al.[6] for ratio. Their results demonstrated that their proposed protocol
WSNs in the Internet of Things environment, the first model is well improve lifetime of the network and packets delivery ratio
an Energy-Aware Clustering model, and the second model is an to the base station. This model did not focus on end-to-end
a Service-Aware Clustering model. In the first model individual delay.
sensor nodes are assigned roles based on their service delivery. GRCS is new geographic routing protocol proposed by Manel
Simulation results showed that their proposed models reduces Khelifi et al.[28] that enhance of the GPSR protocol, the
data packets delay and has the longest network lifetime proposed protocol based on the clustering mechanism for WSNs.
compared with LEACH-C and FCMCP protocols. The proposed This protocol aims to increase packets delivery ratio successfully
approach did not compare a service-aware clustering model with to the BS. They in their proposed protocol had optimized the
multiple BSs . path to the destination dynamically by selecting some different
In [21], Alka Singh et al. discussed selection cluster head and paths to reach the destination. Simulation results confirmed that
vice cluster head and presented a method of energy efficient GRCS, when compared to GPSR, presents better rate of packets
routing based on both V-LEACH protocol and particle swarm delivery successfully to the BS. However, in GRCS protocol, the
optimization (PSO) technique. The proposed protocol reduces locations of the destination and the source are used to route the
End to End delay, reduces energy consumption, and increases packets. and the routing decision is not always based on routing
the life time of the WSN. But they didn't focus on packets tables. In such a type of routing, imprecise location information

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International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887)
Volume 176 – No. 18, April 2020

can have devastating consequences on the routing process. packets delivery rate. Some researchers have focused on
improving two QoS metrics, such as reducing power
In [29], Varun Sharma and Somesh Sharma. improved the consumption and reducing end-to-end delay, or reducing power
performance of health monitoring network by LEACH protocol consumption and increasing packets delivery rate. As shown
(Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) Protocol. They before, there are a few studies focused on improving all QoS
reduced the energy consumption and packet loss ratio for the metrics in WSN such as power consumption, end-to-end delay,
mobile health monitoring so that Patient Health Record (PHR) and packets delivery.as mention before, considering all the
can transfer securely. The simulation results showed the Packets metrics may cause a tradeoff problem between the other metrics.
Loss Ratio and Energy Consumption Be better. The authors did
not focus on delay in WSN. 4. CONCLUSIONS
M. Faheem et al.[30] proposed a new dynamic clustering This review paper shows that there is considerable interest in
protocol, it based quality-of-service (QoS) and energy efficient developing the WSN in terms of energy consumption, end-to-
(called EQRP). The proposed protocol reduces excessive packets end delay, and packets delivery. There are many studies in this
retransmissions and improves network reliability significantly field have a significant contribution in improving the QoS in the
for WSN-based the Smart Grid (SG) applications WSN. This study focused on some scientific papers that
concentrate on QoS in WSN. This study focused on energy
.Performance results show that the EQRP has successfully consumption, end-to-end delay, and packets delivery ratio in
improved packets delivery ratio, improved throughput ,residual WSN. Despite the development of the WSN, there is a need for
energy, and memory utilization. The proposed protocol for further improvement on these three QoS metrics. in WSN. The
WSN-based the Smart Grid (SG) applications only and not for previous studies focused on one metric or two metrics of QoS
all WSN-based IOT applications. metrics and did not focus on the other metrics. So, i n c l u d i n g
In[31], Emad Alnawafa et al. proposed an improved multi-hope all the other metrics will be considered as a future work.
technique (IMHT-LEACH). The IMHT-LEACH distributes all
the Cluster Heads into a number of levels. It suggested a new
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