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The History of Chinese Animation

China has been one of the first countries to develop its own aesthetic for
dynamic images and to create animation films with distinctive character-
istics. In recent years, however, and subject to the influence of Western
and Japanese animation, the Chinese animation industry has experienced
several new stages of development, prompting the question as to where
animation in China is heading in the future.
This book describes the history, present, and future of China’s anima-
tion industry. The author divides the business’s 95-year history into six
periods and analyzes each of these from a historical, aesthetic, and artistic
perspective. In addition, the book focuses on representative works, themes,
directions, artistic styles, techniques, industrial development, government
support policies, business models, the nurturing of education and talent,
broadcasting systems, and animation.
Scholars and students who are interested in the history of Chinese anima-
tion will benefit from this book, and it will appeal additionally to readers
interested in Chinese film studies.

Sun Lijun, Professor, Vice President of Beijing Film Academy and Presi-
dent of China Animation Institute of BFA. He was appointed as the Vice
President of BFA in 2012. Sun Lijun is one of the experts who receive State
Council special allowance. He has directed several animated feature films,
such as The Little Solider, Happy Running, Legend of a Rabbit, and Harvest,
among others. Since 2005 his animated feature films have been screened
internationally, including at the Berlin International Film Festival, Annecy
Film Festival, Ukraine International Film Festival, Seoul International
Film Festival, and more. His films have won many top awards both domes-
tic and abroad, such as the Best Animated Film of 28th and 29th Golden
Rooster Awards, which are the top awards given by Chinese government to
the most outstanding and talented artists.
China Perspectives

The China Perspectives series focuses on translating and publishing works

by leading Chinese scholars, writing about both global topics and China-
related themes. It covers Humanities and Social Sciences, Education,
Media, and Psychology, as well as many interdisciplinary themes.
This is the first time any of these books have been published in English
for international readers. The series aims to put forward a Chinese perspec-
tive, give insights into cutting-edge academic thinking in China, and inspire
researchers globally.

Titles in the arts currently include:

Establishment of “Drama” Orientation

Transition of the Research Paradigm of Chinese Dramas
in the 1920s and 1930s
Zhang Yifan

Embodiment and Disembodiment in Live Art

From Grotowski to Hologram
Shi Ke

China in the Age of Global Capitalism

Jia Zhangke’s Filmic World
Wang Xiaoping

A History of Chinese Animation

Edited by Sun Lijun

For more information, please visit https://www.routledge.com/series/CPH

The History of Chinese
Animation II

Edited by Sun Lijun

TRANSLATED BY

SHI YI AND LI JUNTING

First published in English 2020
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2020 selection and editorial matter, Sun Lijun; individual
chapters, the contributors
Translated by Shi Yi and Li Junting
The right of Sun Lijun to be identified as the author of the editorial
material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been
asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright,
Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or
reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical,
or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including
photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or
retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks
or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and
explanation without intent to infringe.
English version by permission of The Commercial Press.
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this title has been requested

ISBN: 978-0-367-42775-7 (hbk)

ISBN: 978-0-367-85503-1 (ebk)
Typeset in Times New Roman
by codeMantra
Contents

Preface vii
Acknowledgments viii
List of figures ix
List of contributors xvi

PART I
1978–1988 – Chinese animation after
the reform and opening up (I) 1

PART II
1989–1999 – Chinese animation after
the reform and opening up (II) 129
vi Contents

PART III
After the year 2000 – Chinese animation
stepping into the new century 171

Bibliography 219
Index 221
Preface

As practitioners of animated film, we have the responsibility to grasp the

cultural inheritance function of animation and film. And in this regard,
what we should do first is to respect history.
Film and animation are a kind of art; therefore, we should first respect
such art and realize and insist on their function of cultural inheritance and
transmission. Animation creation also carries the function of cultural inher-
itance and transmission and animation acts as the nourishment for the mind
that delivers our long history and national culture to younger generations.
Facts have proved that the power and achievements generated by any art
form, such as film, animation or painting, in combination with its own na-
tional cultural tradition or national spirit, are so influential and meaningful
that they cannot be ignored even in the western countries with their ad-
vanced animation technologies.
Acknowledgments

This book won’t have been possible without the research and interviews
done by editorial board members including Wang Hao, Liu Mengya, Ma
Hua, Zhang Yu, Zhang Wenzheng, Yu Luo, Li Guyu and Tan Hui. I am
immensely grateful to the book’s associate editors Li Jianping and Wang
Hao. The two led the editorial board members, mostly PhD candidates and
professors, to untiringly search for archival materials and interview a num-
ber of longtime animation experts at Shanghai Animation Film Studio, in-
cluding Yan Dingxian, Zhang Songlin, Duan Xiaoxuan, Hu Jinqing, Qian
Yunda and Huang Yushan, among others. These experts created the first
prosperity of Chinese animation industry and left us an enormous legacy
in animation art. This book represents our heartfelt gratitude and tribute
to them.
My thanks also go to Professor Zhu Yuhua at the New York Film Acad-
emy, Professor Cao Xiaohui at the Beijing Film Academy and Taiwanese
animation export Yu Wai-ching, who did their utmost to make this book
possible.
The book is selected in the program of 2019 “China Book International”,
and has attracted attention of people of all circles around the world. Here,
we’d like to express our special thanks to the New York Film Academy for
its huge support and contribution to the making of the book.
Sun Lijun
Figures

2.1 Stage photo of animated feature film Nezha

Conquers the Dragon King 7
2.2 Stage photo of animated feature film The Legend
of Sealed Book 7
2.3 Stage photo of animated feature film Golden
Monkey Conquers the Demon 8
2.4 Stage photo of animated feature film Reynard the Fox 8
2.5 Stage photo of animated short film The Fox and the Hunter 9
2.6 Stage photo of animated short film To Shoot
without Shooting 9
2.7 Stage photo of animated short film Reed Pipe 10
2.8 Stage photo of animated short film Nüwa Fixing up Sky 10
2.9 Stage photo of animated short film A Daoist from
Laoshan Mountain 11
2.10 Stage photo of animated short film Monkeys
Fishing on the Moon 11
2.11 Stage photo of animated short film Ginseng Fruit 11
2.12 Stage photo of animated short film Nine-color Deer 12
2.13 Stage photo of animated short film Strawman 12
2.14 Stage photo of animated short film Water Deer 12
2.15 Stage photo of animated short film Cao Chong
Weighs an Elephant 13
2.16 Stage photo of animated short film The Blind Girl
and the Fox 13
2.17 Stage photo of animated short film Jia Zi Saves a Deer 13
2.18 Stage photo of animated short film Single-plank Bridge 14
2.19 Stage photo of ink-wash animation The Deer’s Bell 15
2.20 Stage photo of ink-wash paper-cut film The Snipe
Grapples with the Clam 15
2.21 Stage photo of ink-wash animation The Land 16
2.22 Logo of Locarno International Film Festival 17
2.23 Logo of Karlovy Vary International Film Festival 18
2.24 Logo of Cannes International Film Festival 18
x Figures
2.25 Poster of the 1st Shanghai International Animation
Film Festival in 1988 21
2.26 International judges having a heated discussion
during the 1st Shanghai International Animation
Film Festival in 1988 21
3.1–3.7 Title: Nezha Conquers the Dragon King;
Original work: The Investiture of the Gods;
Screenwriter: Wang Shuchen; Director:
Wang Shuchen, Yan Dingxian and Xu Jingda;
Length: 63 minutes; Producer: Shanghai
Animation Film Studio 24
3.8 Photographer Duan Xiaoxuan on location for the
shooting of Nezha Conquers the Dragon King 28
3.9 Mural Nezha Conquers the Dragon King at the
Beijing Capital International Airport (partial
image shown). Painted by Zhang Ding 31
3.10 Image design of Nezha in animation Nezha
Conquers the Dragon King 32
3.11 Image design of Li Jing in animation Nezha
Conquers the Dragon King 32
3.12 Image design of Dragon King of the East China
Sea in animation Nezha Conquers the Dragon King 33
3.13 Image design of Taiyizhenren in animation Nezha
Conquers the Dragon King 33
3.14 Image design of son of Dragon King Ao Bing in
animation Prince Nezha’s Triumph 34
3.15 Image design of small deer in animation Nezha
Conquers the Dragon King 34
3.16–3.18 Scene design of animation Nezha Conquers the
Dragon King 35
3.19 The three directors of animation Nezha Conquers
the Dragon King, Wang Shuchen (middle),
Yan Dingxian (left) and Xu Jingda (right) were
discussing the creation 36
3.20 Stage photo of “The Birth of Nezha” in animation
Nezha Conquers the Dragon King 38
3.21 Stage photo of “Rebirth” in animation Nezha
Conquers the Dragon King 38
3.22 Li Jing was holding high a sword to kill Nezha and
Nezha was looking at Li Jing 39
3.23 The home solider stopped Li Jing, saying “Spare him” 39
3.24 Lightning flashes and thunder rumbles. Li Jing
looked nervous 40
3.25 Nezha called “Papa! Papa!” 40
3.26 The sword dropped by Nezha 41
 Figures xi
3.27 The four dragon kings were utterly discomfited and
exerted pressure on Li Jing 41
3.28 Nezha gripped a bunch of hair with his teeth 42
3.29 Nezha reached for the sword on the ground 42
3.30 Nezha jumped high and pointed to the sky above 43
3.31 The small deer runs here at top speed 43
3.32 In the flash and shadow of the sword, Nezha
committed suicide by cutting his own throat 44
3.33 Li Jing was astonished 44
3.34 Nezha raised his head slowly 45
3.35 The sword dropped again 45
3.36 The small deer came with the red silk ribbon
(a silk-like divine weapon) and golden circle in its
mouth and put them by Nezha’s side 46
3.37 Director Wang Shuchen of animation Nezha
Conquers the Dragon King (right) guiding young
actors to dub young characters in the film 47
3.38 The three directors of animated feature film
Monkey King Conquers the Demon, Te Wei (front
middle), Lin Wenxiao (rear left) and Yan Dingxian
(rear right), at the shooting location in Jiangxi 48
3.39 Director Te Wei discussing the script of
animated feature film Monkey King Conquers
the Demon with animators 48
3.40–3.41 Mr. Wan Laiming awarding the Chinese film “Golden
Rooster Award” to chief creator of animated feature
film Monkey King Conquers the Demon 49
3.42–3.45 Title: Monkey King Conquers the Demon; Original
work: Journey to the West; Screenwriter: Te Wei,
Bao Lei; Director: Te Wei, Yan Dingxian, Lin
Wenxiao; Length: 90 minutes; Year: 1985;
Producer: Shanghai Animation Film Studio 50
3.46 Choreographic elements displayed by Lady White
Bone when transformed into a human shape in
animated feature film Monkey King Conquers the Demon 54
3.47 Facial expressions and postures revealed that Sun
Wukong was so angry that his hair raised up his hat
when his piercing eyes identified a demon in animated
feature film Monkey King Conquers the Demon 54
3.48 Stage photo: Sun Wukong kneels down and
kowtows to his master in animated feature film
Monkey King Conquers the Demon 55
3.49–3.52 Title: The Legend of Sealed Book; Original work:
Pingyaozhuan; Screenwriter: Wang Shuzhen,
Bao Lei; Director: Wang Shuzhen, Qian Yunda;
xii Figures
Length: 90 minutes; Year: 1983; Producer:
Shanghai Animation Film Studio 57
3.53 Image design of the county magistrate and his father
in animated feature film The Legend of Sealed Book 59
3.54 Motion design of the Little Emperor, the Female
Fox, the Fox Mother and the fox A Guai in
animated feature film The Legend of Sealed Book 60
3.55–3.57 Scene design of animated feature film The Legend
of Sealed Book 60
3.58 Title: Three Monks; Screenwriter: Bao Lei;
Director: A Da; Length: 20 minutes; Year: 1980;
Producer: Shanghai Animation Film Studio 63
3.59 In the animated short film Three Monks, the
conflicts were perfectly resolved at the end by using
such a whole modern way to fetch water 65
3.60–3.62 In the animated short film Three Monks, “tortoise,”
“butterfly,” and “fish” were used in the appearance
of the three characters to show their kindness 65
3.63 The scene of three monks chanting in animation
Three Monks was presented in the “cavalier perspective” 69
3.64–3.65 The journey of the animated characters in Three
Monks was illustrated by turning the character’s bodies 69
3.66 The rise and fall of the sun in animation Three
Monks was illustrated using an up and down
motion following with the rhythm of the music 72
3.67 Director A Da of animation Three Monks
performing 72
3.68–3.71 Title: Snow Kid; Screenwriter: Ji Hong; Director:
Lin Wenxiao; Length: 20 minutes; Year: 1980;
Producer: Shanghai Animation Film Studio 74
3.72–3.75 Title: The Deer’s Bell; Screenwriter: Sang Hu;
Director: Tang Cheng, Wu Qiang; Length:
20 minutes; Year: 1982; Producer: Shanghai
Animation Film Studio 78
3.76–3.79 Title: The Land; Screenwriter: Wang Shuzhen;
Chief director: Te Wei; Director: Yan Shanchun,
Ma Kexuan; Length: 19 minutes; Year: 1988;
Producer: Shanghai Animation Film Studio 81
3.80–3.81 Photo from 1998 of chief director Te Wei and the
animators working on in-wash animation
of The Land 83
3.82–3.84 Fragment of ink-wash animation The Land: the old
eagle left the young eagle, indicating the metaphor
of the parting between the master and the apprentice 86
 Figures xiii
3.85–3.88 Title: The Snipe Grapples with the Clam;
Screenwriter: Gu Hanchang, Mo Du; Director: Hu
Jinqing; Length: ten minutes; Year: 1983; Producer:
Shanghai Animation Film Studio 89
3.89 The ink-wash paper-cutting animation selected
suitable materials and used fine-fibre technique so
that characters’ model had a furry texture 93
3.90 Animators of ink-wash paper-cut film The Snipe
Grapples with the Clam shown installing thin joints
on the neck of the snipe 93
3.91 Photo of the animators using the ink-wash paper-
cut film technique during the shooting of The Snipe
Grapples with the Clam 94
3.92 Title: The Story of Avanti; Screenwriter: Ling Shu,
Jin Xi; Director: Qu Jianfang, Jin Xi, Liu Huiyi, Cai
Yuanlan, Jin Fangling; Length: 310 minutes; Year:
1979–1988; Producer: Shanghai Animation Film Studio 95
3.93 Animator of puppet series The Story of Avanti
shown sketching in Xinjiang 95
3.94 Director and art designer Qu Jianfang of puppet
series The Story of Avanti (right) at work 96
3.95 Image design of Avanti in puppet series The Story
of Avanti 96
3.96 Photo of Director Qu Jianfang of puppet series The
Story of Avanti (right) at the shooting site 97
3.97 The first episode Eradicating the Rice-Stealing Mice 100
3.98 The second episode Catching the Enemy on Air 100
3.99 The third episode The Thief Eating the Red Clay 101
3.100 The fourth episode The Husband-eating Cockroaches 101
3.101 The fifth episode The Cat-eating Uncle 102
3.102–3.104 Title: Calabash Brothers; Screenwriter: Yao
Zhongli, Yang Yuliang, Mo Du; Director: Hu
Jinqing, Ge Guiyun, Zhou Keqin; Length:
130 minutes; Year: 1986–1987; Producer: Shanghai
Animation Film Studio 104
3.105–3.107 Title: Dirty King Adventure; Screenwriter: Ling
Shu; Director: Qian Yunda Yan Shanchun; Length:
130 minutes; Year: 1986–1987; Producer: Shanghai
Animation Film Studio 108
4.1 The animated film Distress on Ice uses lines that are
strong and powerful 113
4.2 The paper-cutting animation Fire Child draws on
the line features of the ethnic batik art in Yunnan
Province and Guizhou Province 113
xiv Figures
4.3 The animators of Snow Child strove to create a
pure spiritual world 114
4.4 The puppetoon The Fool Buying Shoes employed
“leaving blankness” for real-object modelling 116
4.5 The story in paper-cutting animation A Praying
Mantis Catches a Cricket came from a widely
known Chinese proverb 117
4.6 Two characters in animation Butterfly Spring were
staring at each other for a long time 117
4.7 Opera actions at the fighting scene in animation
Havoc in Heaven 118
4.8 Animation Good Cat Mimi borrowed colours from
Chinese folk woodcuts and New Year paintings 120
4.9 The animation Child from A Fisherman’s Family
was directly adapted from Chinese folk New Year
paintings 120
4.10 The character modellings in animation Ginseng
Doll are close to the images in Yangliuqing New
Year’s pictures 121
4.11–4.12 The animation Nine-color Deer was adapted from
materials from Dunhuang murals 122
5.1 Stage photo of animated film Professor Panda Says 125
5.2 Stage photo of animation Older Master Q 125
7.1 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 135
7.2 Tom and Jerry 135
7.3 She-Ra: Princess of Power 136
7.4 BraveStarr 136
7.5 The Mole 137
7.6 The Smurfs 137
7.7 Stage photo of cartoon Around the World in
Eighty Days 140
8.1 Disney and other creators dubbing animated short
film Mickey Mouse 145
8.2 Stage photo of the second film The Gallopin’
Gaucho among “Mickey Mouse” animation series 145
8.3 Stage photo of the world’s first animated film with
sound, Steamboat Willie 146
8.4 Modern animation studio 153
13.1–13.3 Animation layout of Little Soldier Zhang Ga 179
13.4 Character design of the animation Little Soldier
Zhang Ga 180
13.5 Animation for Thru the Moebius Strip 182
15.1 Animation School, Beijing Film Academy 204
Other documents randomly have
different content
230. Names of the several parts of flowers 417
231. Names of the excellence of some flowers 419
232. Names of the incenses and perfumes 419
233. Names of all sorts of words, phrases (for the use of those who
wish to understand the Sanskrit text) 229–253
234. The names of numerals, the definite and indefinite numbers,
according to the Phal-chin division of the Kahgyur 673
235. Names occurring in the Sherchin Treatise of the Kahgyur 676
236. Names originating with the Lalita Vistara, in the second vol. of the
mDo class of the Kahgyur 680
237. Names occurring in the mkong-mdsod or Sanskrit Abhidharma, of
the Stangyur 684 [216]
238. Names of the common numerals, of the inhabitants of the world 421
239. Names of all sorts of quantities and measures of distances from an
atom to a Yojanam; a measure of 4000 fathoms 426
240. Names of the proportion of strength in a decimal progression 428
241. Names of time, and its subdivisions and seasons 101
242. Names of the corners and cardinal points or quarters, and
intermediate corners of the world 107
243. } Names of the ten advantages derived from learning and
discipline 429
243. } Names of the five classes of transgression, and of those of an
indefinite character 430
244. Names of the four defects, or of the four great transgressions 431
245. Names of thirteen transgressions by which one is rendered a
residue or dregs of the priests 431
246. Names of thirty transgressions, committed by accepting and using
unlawful things, the wearing or carrying of which should be
avoided 432
247. Names of the ninety transgressions 435
248. Names of those four transgressions that must be confessed to
obtain forgiveness 445
249. Names of many things to be learned and observed 446
250. Names of seven terms for reconciling and settling disputes or
quarrels 460
251. Names of punishment, chastisement, and correction 460
252. Names of entreating, addressing, petitioning, praying the
priesthood, and of performing some ceremonies on certain
occasions 362
253. Names of taking refuge with the three Holy Ones 465
254. Names of the eight fundamental articles to be learned and
observed by those who enter into the religious order 466
255. Names of those four moral maxims that are repeated to him who
will be made a Gelong (S. shramana) 122
256. Names of all sorts of religious persons 122
257. Names of several terms occurring in the Dulva, in the text entitled
“The adopting of the religious order, or the taking of the religious
character” 126
258. Names of the thirteen implements or utensils (of a religious
person) 468
259. Names of utensils or implements of a Gelong 469 [217]
260. Names of those twelve persons who perform several assigned
duties on behalf of others 477
261. Names of the four classes of the Buddhists, together with their
eighteen subdivisions 479
262. The seventeen subjects or matters of the Dulva 481
263. Names of the five sorts of water fit to be drunk by the priests 483
264. Names of reproaching or rebuking a Buddhist priest (S. Shramana;
Tib. Gelong), or any other religious person 484
265. Names of a Bihar (sacred edifice), and several other places and
things belonging to it 486
266. Names of the material or stuff of which garments are made 487
267. Some words and phrases taken or collected from the Dulva 137
268. Names of those six persons among the disciples of Sakya, who
were known under the name of the six Tribunes (in Sanskrit,
Shadvargikah) 150
269. Names of the four kinds of nurses 151
270. Names of diseases 109
271. All sorts of distempers, diseases, or sickness 490
[Contents]

XVII.

A Comparative Vocabulary of Sanskrit, Hindi, Hungarian,

&c., Words and Names.

A Fragment.

Not only in several memoranda of his friends, but in the preface of

his Tibetan Dictionary, and also in the letters which Csoma
addressed to Captain Kennedy in 1825, we find that the learned
Hungarian had noticed, not merely a certain linguistic affinity
between the Sanskrit and Hindi with the Hungarian tongue, but he
discovered the existence of words and names, in the countries of
South-East of Europe, which seem to point in that direction. Csoma
has repeatedly given expression to such an opinion, the importance
of which did not escape the notice of men like Wilson, Prinsep,
Torrens, Campbell, and others. Yet, with the view to publication, he
seemed always disinclined putting such memoranda on record,
[218]because he had hoped, no doubt, that after arriving at Lassa he
would be able to present to the public something more tangible and
complete than what he could gather merely from resources collected
in India.

The ardent hope of his life, that of visiting Lassa and the country
beyond, was destined, however, never to be gratified.

A few pages of manuscript annotations in Csoma’s own handwriting

are now in the possession of the Academy of Sciences of Hungary.
These annotations are presented to the reader, however, it may be
confessed, with some diffidence. Desirous to do justice to Csoma’s
memory, we wish to guard against the supposition that he would
ever have permitted this apparently unimportant vocabulary to
appear as we find it, because the most cursory examination of it
amply testifies that these memoranda are but casual annotations of
words as they struck him in the course of his reading; still even so
they will be considered as precious relics by those who look with
interest on Csoma’s life and labours, as the plank of a sunken vessel
would be that a wave chanced to throw upon a friendly shore.

With these preliminary remarks, and only under conditions just

described, do we feel justified in bringing to light this hitherto
unknown collection.

âtâ आता H. father atya.

annada अन्नद S. he who gives food enni adó.
annadânam अन्नदानं S. the giving food enni adás.
ashita अशित S. eaten ett, evett.
ash अश् S. to eat enni.
ashanam अशनं S. food ozsonya.
argha अर्घ S. price, value ár, becs.
astam अस्तं S. sunset este.
(?) astamatî अस्तमती S. getting towards evening esteledik.
amutra अमुत्र S. there amott.
agni अग्नि S. fire (tüz égni.)
âlasa आलस S. lazy aluszékony.
aswara अस्वर S. having deficient voice szótalan.
ardati अर्दति S. hurts árt.
alati अलति S. prevents elöz, megelöz.
[219]
artha अर्थ S. price érték.
arthajna अर्थज्ञ S. understanding értelem.
aham अहं S. I, yes én, ám.
arthayate अर्थयते S. asks kérdez.
âm आम् S. indeed ám.
arha अर्ह S. value, price ár, becs.
arhati अर्हति S. values becaül.
artham अर्थं S. for —— ért.
e.g., gurvartham, guruért.
arthaka अर्थक S. wealth érték,
gazdagság.
arthavat अर्थवत् S. wealthy értékes,
gazdag.
âlasya आलस्य S. sleepy, apathetic aluszékony,
aluszom.
(?) akar he will akar.
ati अति S. above, upper felette.
lâ ला S. taking, occupying, conquering foglaló.
(?) Atila अतिला (?) Adi-la, successful, great chief, elökelö,
conqueror gyözelmes
foglaló.
aṭala अटल S. firm, solid állandó.
angikâ अङ्गिका S. a shirt ümeg, ing.
argala अर्गल S. a bolt horgoló,
rekesz.
ativṛiddha अतिवृद्ध S. very old megvénült.
asti अस्ति S. is van, vagyon.
nâsti नास्ति S. is not nincsen.
tejas तेजस् S. fire, energy tüz, fény.
twish त्विष् S. light, fire tüz.
tâta तात S. father atya.
trâta त्रात S. preserved megtartott.
trâyate त्रायते S. preserves megtart.
tâḍayati ताडयति S. pushes taszit.
twam त्वं S. thou te.
thâl, thâlâ, thâlî थाल, थाला, थाली a dish tál.
H.
talati तलति S. telni.
tâlayati तालयति S. tölteni.
to be full, complete
talapayati तलपयति (?) töltetni. [220]
S.
tasyati तस्यति S. pushes, tosses taszit.
staryate स्तर्यते S. spreads terjed,
terjeszkedik.
trâ, त्रा,
trâyate, त्रायते, to hold tartani.
trâpayate त्रापयते S.
râga राग S. anger harag.
râma राम S. joy öröm.
raktam रक्तं S. blood vér.
raktapa रक्तप S. blood-sucker, a leech vérszopó.
rakta-vîja रक्तवीज S. pomegranate veres bélü,
veres magú.
râjati राजति S. shines ragyog.
loka लोक S. world világ.
loshṭa लोष्ट S. rust rozsda.
lankâ लङ्का S. a girl lyánka.
ghâs घास H. grass gaz, fü.
bol बोल H. speak thou szólj.
bolnâ बोल्ना H. to speak szólni.
bulânâ बुलाना H. to call szólitni.
bulwânâ बुलवाना H. to cause to call szólittatni.
(?) bâlya बाल्य S. the family család.
N.B.—Magyar family names: Bala, Buda, Bodala, Barta, Bálya, Bod, Bede, Binde,
Vajna, Beder, Vida, Bardocz, Bihar, Hari, Csorja, Sánta, Buja, Székely.
bandhu बन्धु S. a friend barát.
bhrâtâ भ्राता S. brother bátya.
bhrátá me भ्राता मे S. my brother bátyám.
bhogyâ भोग्या S. a whore buja,
bujálkodó.
bheka भेक S. a frog béka.
bṛiksha, vṛiksha बृक्ष S. a tree bükkfa.
bhâshita भाषित S. a discourse beszéd.
bhayânak भयानक H. champion (terrific) bajnok.
bṛikha, vṛisha वृख H. बृष S. a bull bika.
vichâraka, विचारक S. and the judge biró.
bichârak H.
balgati बल्गति S. to tramp (to jump) ballagni.
Bharata भरत S. younger brother of Râma, son of Dushmanta
and Sakuntalâ.
—Magyar words: Barát, Barta, Bartos. [221]

son of the moon, regent bölcs.

Budha बुध S.
of the planet Mercury Buda.
bhâshe भाषे S. I talk beszélek.
balavân बलवान् S. (?) an idol bálvany.
eka एक S. and H. one egy.
idam इदं S. this ez.
hinsâ हिंसा S. injury kinzás.
hinsati हिंसति S. injures kinoz, kinzani.
hansa हंस S. a gander gantzi.
hâsya हास्य S. laughter kaczagás.
हज़ार H.
hazâr one thousand ezer.
सहस्र S.
Himavat हिमवत् S. Himālaya range havas.
himâgama हिमागम S. cold season téli idöszak.
hikkati हिक्कति S. hiccoughs csuklik
(csuklani).
hûṇa हूण S. a barbarian hun.
hûnkâra हूङ्कार S. uttering the sound of a hûn hun nyelven
beszélni.
ûna (Hún?) ऊन S. to decrease megfogyni,
kevesbedni.
hasati हसति S. laughs kaczag.
halabhṛit हलभृत् S. name of Balarâma eke-tartó.
chashaka चषक S. a cup csésze.
chakra चक्र S. a wheel kerék.
chakra; circus, circulus, cherk, in Russian; in Magyar: kerek, kerék, kör, kert,
kerület, keritni, kerülni, kerités.
chhatra छत्र S. a parasol sátor, ernyö.
chhala छल S. deceit csalás.
chamû चमू S. multitude; an army csomó,
sokaság.
chîkayati चीकयति S. touches, tickles csikland.
chyâvayati च्यावयति S. scorns csúfol.
chinoti चिनोति S. assembles, v.n. gyül.
chayayati चययति S. assembles, v.a. gyüjt.
chapayati चपयति S. assembles, v.c. gyüjtet.
cheṭa, cheḍa चेट, चेड S. servant cseléd. [222]
garta गर्त S. hole in the ground gödör.
galhate गल्हते S. blames gyaláz.
gohannam गोहन्नं S. cow-dung ganéj.
ghagghati घग्घति S. derides kaczag.
ghâtayan घातयन् S. killer katona.
(îsh) îshṭe (ईश्) ईष्टे S. rules uralkodik.
Îsha ईश S. name of Siva Siva isten
neve.
îshîtâ ईशीता S. superiority uralkodás,
felsöbbség.
îshitṛi, îshitâ ईशितृ, ईशिता S. owner tulajdonos, úr.
Sikandar सिकन्दर H. Alexander Sándor.
îḍ, îṭṭe ईड्, ईट्टे S. praises, greets üdvözöl.
îrte ईर्ते S.
îrayati ईरयति S. goes jár.
îyate ईयते S.
yâti याति S. walks jár.
yâ, yâti या, याति S. to go jár.
itastatas इतस्ततः S. here and there ide’s tova.
îrayati ईरयति S. lets go jártat.
iti इति S. thus igy.
îrshya ईर्श्य S. envy irigység.
îshṭe ईष्टे S. rules (to be a god) uralkodni,
Isten, lenni.
ishṭam इष्टं S. (the desired) God Isten.
yazdân ‫يزدان‬‎P. God Isten.
uru, vṛihat उरु, वृहत् S. great, a giant úr, hatalmas.
urvîsha उर्वीश S. proprietor órias.
vahanam वहनं S. drawing, carrying vinni, vonni.
vasanam, vastra वसनं, वस्त्र S. the cloth, linen vászon.
varaṇa वरण S. defence óltalom.
Jegyz: Varna.
vâdayati वादयति S. accuses vádol.
vachaknu वचक्नु S. gossiping fecsegö.
-wâlâ ॰वाला H. belonging to a place or hová való.
country [223]
vyâdha व्याध S. a hunter vadász.
vṛika वृक S. a wolf farkas.
(?) utsa उत्स ? street utcza.
uras उरस् S. great nagy úr.
varyya वर्य्य S. the chief vajda.
(?) varabala वरबल S. powerful (?) verböltz.
jalnâ जल्ना H. to ignite, v.n. gyúlni.
jalânâ जलाना H. to ignite, v.a. gyujtani.
jalwânâ जलवाना H. to burn, v.c. gyujtatni.
jwalati ज्वलति S. shines, burns fénylik, gyúl.
jwalana ज्वलन S. lighting meggyúl.
jayati जयति S. conquers, is victorious gyöz,
gyözelmes.
jaya जय S. name of Yudhishthira Gyözö, Geyza.
yavana यवन S. a stranger jövevény.
yudh युध् S. war had, háború.
naḍa नड S. a reed nád.
naḍvat नड्वत् S. abounding in reeds nádas.
na न S., H. no, not ne, nem.
nápi नापि S. not even nem éppen.
nâma नाम S. is it not? nem é?
nacha नच S. nor, neither nem is.
nanu ननु S. is it not? nem é?
nirarthaka निरर्थक S. unmeaning érthetetlen.
mâyate, mâti मायते, माति S. measures mér.
mushka मुष्क S. a strong man, a thief erös ember,
tolvaj.
N.B.—muszka.
mṛiga मृग S. deer szarvas, vad.
mṛigayati मृगयति S. sports vadász.
mṛigayâ मृगया S. a chase vadászat.
mṛigayu मृगयु S. a hunter vadász.
mṛiduromavat मृदुरोमवत् S. fine haired, a hare finom szörü,
nyúl.
măyănâ मयना H. a maina (Gracula religiosa) szajkó.
N.B.—majom, majmolni-
kansa कं स S. goblet kancsó. [224]
kupatha कु पथ S. a hilly tract, a difficult path kárpát,
hegyes.
kinchit किञ्चित् S. little kicsi.
kara कर S. arm, hand kar, kéz.
kukkuṭa कु क्कु ट S. a cock kakas.
kashâya कषाय S. bitter keserü.
kûpa कू प S. a well kút.
kilâsa किलास S. a boil kelés.
kiki किकि S. a blue jay kék szajkó.
kukara कु कर S. having a crooked arm görbe karú.
kakkati कक्कति S. derides kaczag,
gunyol.
(?) kikkati to cough köhögni.
koṛh कोढ़ H. leprosy kór.
kim किम् S. who ki.
kshomam क्षोमं S. silk selyem.
kapha कफ S. phlegm, spittle köp.
karpûra कर्पूर S. camphor kámfor.
kalasha कलश S. a goblet kulacs.
khara-nakhara खरनखर S. sharp-nailed köröm,
körmös.
khyöd ཁྱོད་ (Tibetan) you kend,
kegyelmed.
kashchit कश्चित् S. who? what? kicsoda?
micsoda?
kishora किशोर S. a youth kis úr.
kîrtita कीर्तित S. celebrated hirdetett
(megkürtölt).
kîrtti कीर्त्ति S. fame hir.
khatam खतं S. a pond gödör.
kis kâ किस का H. whose kié.
kis ko किस को H. to whom kinek.
kula कु ल S. a family család.
sakula सकु ल S. belonging to the same family ugyan azon
családból való,
székely?
paṇa, dhana पण, धन S. money, coin pénz.
pachati पचति S. föni.
pachayati पचयति S. to cook, to boil fözni.
pachayat पचयत् S. fözetni.
patati पतति S. carries viszen, szál.
patayati पतयति S. makes over (to) szálit. [225]
pâtayati पातयति S. delivers szálittat.
patha पथ S. road út.
pathati पथति S. travels utazik.
pathayati पथयति S. causes to travel utaztat.
panthati पन्थति S.
shows the way utasít.
panthayati पन्थयति S.
pathin पथिन् S. utas.
traveller
pathika पथिक S. utazó.
pathila पथिल S. wayfarer utazó.
pathika santati पथिकसन्तति S. a caravan utitársaság.
a footman
padika पदिक S. gyalogos.
a pedestrian
padâsanam पदासनं S. footstool lábszék,
zsámoly.
pachaka पचक S. a cook szakács.
pachaka strî पचकस्त्री S. a female cook fözö asszony.
(?) Pârthus पार्थुः S. a rebel pártütö,
pártos.
N.B.—Parthi exules Scytharum (Justinianus).
palâla पलाल S. straw, stubble polyva,
szalma.
pataka पतक S. that which falls or descends, a mi esik,
a torrent patak.
pachaka पचक S. earthen vessel fazék.
pâṇḍu पाण्डु S. clothed in yellowish white (?) pandúr.
paṭa पट S. cloth posztó.
shîrshaka शीर्षक S. a helmet sisak.
suta सुत S. a son szülött, szülni.
sû सू parturition szülés.
sauchika सौचिक S. a tailor szabó.
sûchi सूचि S. a needle tü (talán
szöcs?).
(sû) savanam (सू) सवनं S. to bring forth szülni.
suhṛita सुहृत S. a lover szeretö.
sûta सूत S. born szülte, szülött.
shakaṭa शकट S. a cart, carriage szekér.
sabhâ सभा S. a gathering of people, a room szoba. [226]
shobhâ शोभा S. beauty szépség.
sankaṭa सङ्कट S. narrow szük.
sevati सेवति S. serves szolgál.
sûshati सूषति S. brings forth szül.
skhadate स्खदते S. tears szakad.
(?) sabdati to destroy, to defeat leszabdalni.
shwasati श्वसति S. breathes szuszog.
sahate सहते S. bears szül.
sau सौ H. one hundred száz.
sa स S. he az.
sabala सबल S. one with an army, with a (?) szabolcs.
force or power
shikhâ शिखा S. a stack or covered heap (fedél) asztag.
(?) sakti island sziget.
sukṛita सुकृ त S. virtuous erényes.
suhṛida सुहृद S.
lover, tender, compassionate szeretö.
surata सुरत S.
sûrya सूर्य्य S. the sun nap.
sûryâvartta सूर्य्यावर्त्त S. sunflower napraforgó.
sevaka सेवक S. servant szolga.
salavaṇa सलवण S. salted szalonna.
dwâram द्वारं S. a courtyard udvar.
dharati धरति S. holds tart.
dadâti ददाति S. gives, contributes adakozik.
dasha दश S. ten tiz.
dhṛi धृ S. to hold, to retain tartani.
N.B.—Examine these roots for all derivatives; e.g., “dhṛita-râshṭra,” the holder of a
kingdom, a sovereign, a ruler, országtartó.
N.B.—dhar, in Hungarian: tart; tartani, tartozni, tartózkodni, tartás, tartomány,
tartozó, tarlatik, &c.
dhwani ध्वनि S. a sound zaj, moraj.
(?) Duna Danube. [227]
(?) lip लिप to stride lépni.
 (Conjugate this verb.)
Loma-pâda लोमपाद S. King of Anga, Bhaugulpore is its capital.
N.B.—Árpád.

Csoma affixed a remarkable note at the end of this paper, in the

following words: Materiam dedi, formam habetis, quærite gloriam si
placet! [229]

1 A shelter, a house; in Tibetan, Khyim. ↑

2 The ten commandments of Buddha are these:—
1. Not to kill. 2. Not to steal. 3. Not to commit adultery. 4. Not to tell falsehood. 5.
Not to use abusive language. 6. Not to speak nonsense. 7. Not to slander. 8. Not
to be covetous. 9. Not to bear malice. 10. Not to be stubborn in a wrong
principle. ↑
[Contents]
 INDEX.
Aavor, 55

Abbot of Pukdal, 160

Abulferagius, 53

Abulfida, 53

Academy of Sciences of Hungary, 1, 106, 142, 167

Adrianople, 25

Afghanistan, 21, 32

Aga Mahdi Rafael, 29, 38

Agathyrsus, 54

Agram, 13, 25

Aleppo, 26, 32

Alexandria, 26, 32

Alexander & Co., 122

Allard and Ventura, 27, 32

Al-Mamun, 128

Al-Mansur, 128

Alphabetum Tibetanum, 19, 28, 36, 61, 127

Amara Kosha, 59

Amara Sinha, 59

Ambála, 23, 34, 71

America, 58

Amherst, Lord, 23, 76, 125

Amritsir, 28

Andkhoi, 101

Andrada, 96

Anga,47

Appendix, 169

Arabic language, 52, 57, 155

Araris, 56

Asia Minor, 57

Asiatic Society of Bengal, 75, 76, 103, 104, 116, 117, 123, 130, 134, 135, 143, 144

Asoka, 109

Assyria, 43, 57, 64

Austria, Emperor of, 24

Bacchus, 54

Bactria, 59

Baghdad, 26, 32, 128

Balee (Bali) Ram, 70, 78

Balk, 27, 59

Baptist Mission Press, 115, 120

Bamian, 27, 32, 59

Belaspore, 30
Bellino, Mr., 26

Bengal, 49, 53

Bengali language, 155

Bentinck, Lord Cavendish, 125

Bernier, 21

Besarh, 18, 35, 68, 88

Bessarabia, 54

Bethlen College, 24

Beyrut, 26, 32

Bhadra Kalpika, 111

Bhagvan, 55, 58

Bhote, Bhutan, Bootan, 42, 144, 165, 193

Bihar, 56

Black Sea, 55

Blumenbach, 127

Bœotia, 56

Bokhara, 2, 27, 36, 101

Borysthenes, 54

Brahma, 44

Brahmaputra, 91

Bucharest, 25, 32

Bud, 59 [230]
Buda, 56

Budenz, 166

Budparast, 59

Bulgaria, 25, 55

Bunger, 55

Burmah, 53

Bushby, 145

Cabool, see Kabúl

Cairo, 26

Calcutta, 2, 28, 35, 77, 112

Calder, 102

Campbell, 1, 15, 19, 22, 145, 155

Canterbury, Archbishop, 10

Carthage, 56

Cashmere, see Kashmir

Caspian Sea, 55

Catai Taikun, 61

Ceylon, 53

Champa, 43

Chandernagore, 50

Chandra Komi, 50

Charlemagne, 54, 128

Chatham’s Letters, 12

Chepaul, 82

China, 26, 40, 61, 63

Chios, 26, 32

Chronology, Tibetan, 65

Chronos, 44

Collins, Dr., 165

Constantinople, 25

Crete, 57

Croatia, 25

Crozier, 117

Csoma’s cousin, 3

Csoma’s parents, 3

Csoma’s tomb, 154

Csoma’s travelling library, 161

Cunningham, General, 98

Cyprus, 26, 32

Dacia, Dakia, 54, 56

Daka, 27, 32

Dala, 94

Dalai Lama, 40

Danube, 25, 32, 54

Darjeeling, 145

Delhi, 23, 24, 41

Deodar, 82

Depter Ningpo, 63

Derghe, 63

Dictionary, Tibetan, 114

Diodorus Siculus, 90

Dnieper, 54

mDo, 47, 49, 111

Dras, 19, 32

Dulva, 47

Durand, 2, 166

Eber, 55

Eden, Sir A., 166

Eichhorn, 6

Elliott, 41

English language, 57

Enos, 26, 32

Eötvös, Baron, 16, 17

Epitaph (Csoma’s), 154

Eszterházy, Prince, 121, 130, 131, 163

Etymology, Tibetan, 51
Euphrates, 57

Fatalism, 49

Fateh Ali Shah, 26

Fiorillo, 12

Fo-a-Xaca, 60

Forbes, 117

Forster, 21

Francis Joseph of Austria, 161

Franks, 117

Fraser, 80, 99, 100, 102

French language, 57, 155

Gauls, 54, 58

Gengiz Khan, 60, 63

Gerard, 19, 22, 39, 70, 76, 77, 80, 98, 99, 102, 158

German, 54, 57, 59, 155

Getæ, 55, 56, 58

Gibbon, 61

Giorgi, see Alphabetum Tibetanum

Göcz Ilona, 3

Gogra, 91

Goths, 54, 59 [231]

Göttingen, 6, 117
Grammar, Tibetan, 114

Greek language, 57, 58

Griffith, 151

Grote, A., 164, 166

Guignes, de, 61

Gyakan, 63

Gyanak, 63

Gyud, Gyud-de, 48, 49

Gyulai, 166

Du Halde, 61

Hamadan, 26, 32

Hammer, von, 129

Hang, 69

Hanover, 24

Harun-al-Rashid, 128

Hebrew language, 52, 155

Heber, 55

Hegedüs, 4, 9, 36, 128

Henderson, 21

Herepei, 6

Hermanstadt, 25

Herries, Farquhar, & Co., 10

Himbabs, 28, 32

Hindú Kush, 36

Hindustani, 155

Hodgson, 106, 110, 112, 123, 140–147

Hor, 63

Horatius, P., 49

Horváth, Baron, 3, 166

Hügel, Baron, 16, 17, 20, 21

Hunfalvy, 157

Hungarian language, 52, 57

Hungs, 150

Huns, 40, 153, 155

Jacquemont, 21

Jamoo, 28

Jäschke, 124

Jat tribes of India, 55

Ichthyolites, 82

Jesus, 59

Imaus, 53

Indeterminists, 48

Indra, 44

Jones, Sir William, 53

Joobal, 82

Irkutsk, 13

Iswara, 44

Italian language, 57

Julpigori, 136

Jupiter, 44

Justinianus, 56

Kabul, 27, 32, 59

Kalingah, 53

Kahgyur, 45, 46, 50, 52, 69, 107

Kalapsa, 63

Kalkas, 63

Kalmuks, 63

Kanaor, Kunawar, 18, 80, 81, 82, 83, 94, 96, 97

Kaniska, 109

Kanum, 18, 69, 80, 82, 87, 95, 96, 98, 104

Kashmir, 16, 21, 28, 29, 30, 49, 53

Katmandú, 59, 139, 140

Kenderessy, 7, 13

Kenderessy-Csoma scholarship, 13, 160

Kennedy, 19, 21, 22, 23, 24, 34, 36, 39, 71, 73, 76, 77, 102, 124

Kermanshah, 26, 32
Kézdi-Vásárhely, 160

Khalon, 29, 36

Kham, 150

Khamyul, 62

Kharpon, 69

Khorassan, 27, 32, 36, 53

Khri de Srongtsan, 128

Khri Srong déhu tsan, 61, 128

King, Dr., 166

Kissengunj, 136

Klaproth, 11, 79, 149

Kongcho, 64

Körös, village of, 3

Körösi, 9

Kosala, 47

Kotgurh, 68, 69, 97

Kováts, 27

Kovászna, 3

Kulm, 27

Kulu, 30, 68, 69

Kun-dgah-Snyingpo, 63 [232]

Kungavo, 47
Kylas, 91

Ladak, 28, 29, 35, 42, 123

Lahore, 28

Lahoul, 30, 69, 70

Lalita Vistara, 107

Larnica, 26

Lassa, 40, 42, 62, 102

Latakia, 26, 32

Latin language, 57

Leh, 21, 28, 29, 32, 35

Leitner, 160

Lloyd, 136, 138, 139, 154

Libera Mensa regia, 24

Literary Society at Pest. See Scientific Society

Limbus, 150

Macedonia, 25, 32, 54, 57

Macnaughten, 119, 133, 135

MʻCann, 166

MʻKenzie, 77, 92, 102

Magadha, 47, 53

Mahabharut, 85

Mahadeo, 91
Magyar, 55, 156, 157, 158

Mahomed Ali Mirza, 26

Mahomed Azim Khan, 27

Mahratta, 155

Maitreya, 43

Malan, 20, 64, 137, 142, 158, 166

Malda, 135

Marco Polo, 40

Mansarowar, 81, 91, 94

Maros, 14

Massagetæ, 55

Mauritius, Emperor, 6

Meer Izzut Oollah, 28, 29

Mer and Ser, 20

Mendee, 30

Merdin, 16, 32

Meshed, 32

Metcalfe, Sir C., 100, 102, 117

Mill, 117

Mithridates, 56

Mitscherlich, 8

Mivang, 62
Moldavia, 54, 59

Mongolia, 36, 88

Mongols, 40, 60

Monó village, 3

Moorcroft, 19, 21, 23, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 34, 41, 51, 67, 70, 75

Moorcroft’s diary, 101

Moorcroft’s tomb, 101

Mosul, 26, 32

Moscow, 13

Moses, 57

Mollah Eskander Csoma, 133

Mussurie (Masuri), 16

Nagy-Enyed, 4, 29

Nagy Szeben, 3

Naho, 69

Nami Srongtsan, 61

Narayana, 44

Narthang, 62

Nemzet, 3, 140

Nepal, 42–49, 59, 61, 63, 64, 110, 112–123

Nesselrode, 29

Nicholson, 70
Niebuhr, 54

Ninus, 43, 64

Nirmankaya, 43

Nissung, 96

Niti Shastra, 50

Oden, Woden, 59

Odessa, 13

Olympus, 44

Orbán Balázs, Baron, 3, 161

Orfa, 26, 32

Orthoëpy, Tibetan, 51

Orthography, Tibetan, 51

Otantrapur, 52

Ovid, 55

Oxus, 55, 153

Padma, 68, 69

Padmakarpo, 64

Pagan, 55–58

Paks-yul, 47 [233]

Palso, 35

Panchen Rinpoché, 62

Panjáb, 37