1. What makes cells the basic unit of life?

 Cells are called the basic unit of life because, a cell is the smallest unit that is
typically considered alive and also all the functions taking place inside the body of
organisms are performed by cells.

2. What are the 2 types of cell?

 Cells fall into two categories, prokaryotic and eukaryotic. A prokaryotic cell is a
simple, single celled or unicellular organisms that lacks a nucleus, or any other
membrane bound organelle. Prokaryotic cells are not as complex as eukaryotic cells.
They have no true nucleus as the DNA is not contained within a membrane or
separated from the rest of the cell, but is coiled up in a region of the cytoplasm called
the nucleoid. Prokaryotic organisms have varying cell shapes. The most common
bacteria shapes are spherical, rod-shaped, and spiral. A eukaryotic cell is a cell that
has a membrane bound nucleus and other membrane bound compartments or sacs,
called organelles. The word eukaryotic means “true kernel” or “true nucleus”, alluding
to the presence of the membrane bound nucleus in these cells. Through the
structures of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells differ, their molecular compositions and
activities are very similar prokaryotes and eukaryotes are similar in some
fundamental ways, reflecting their shared evolutionary ancestry. For instance, both
you and the bacteria in your gut decode genes into proteins through transcription and
translation. Similarly, you and your prokaryotic inhabitants both pass genetic
information on to your offspring in the form of DNA. In other ways, prokaryotes and
eukaryotes are quite different. That may be obvious when we're comparing humans
to bacteria. But for me at least, it's less obvious when we're comparing a bacterium to
a yeast (which is tiny and unicellular, but eukaryotic). The most fundamental
difference between a prokaryotic and eukaryotic relate how their cells are set up.

3. Identify the parts of each cells and its functions.

 Prokaryotic cells, which include bacteria and archaea, are characterized by their lack
of a membrane-bound nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Instead, they
have a simpler structure consisting of fewer components. The key parts and their
functions in prokaryotic cells are as follows:
1. Cell membrane: The prokaryotic cell membrane acts as a barrier between the
cell's internal environment and its surroundings. It controls the movement of
substances in and out of the cell, maintaining homeostasis.
2. Cytoplasm: The cytoplasm is a gel-like substance that fills the cell and contains
various molecules, enzymes, and cellular structures. It serves as the site for
numerous metabolic reactions.
3. Nucleoid region: Unlike eukaryotic cells with a defined nucleus, prokaryotes have a
nucleoid region. It contains a coiled circular DNA molecule called the bacterial
chromosome. The nucleoid region serves as the genetic material-storing area.
4. Plasmids: Prokaryotic cells may contain plasmids, which are additional small
circular DNA molecules separate from the main chromosome. Plasmids often carry
accessory genes that can provide advantages such as antibiotic resistance or the
ability to use unique nutrients.
 5. Ribosomes: Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis. Prokaryotic cells
have smaller ribosomes compared to eukaryotic cells.
6. Cell wall: Prokaryotes possess a cell wall, which provides structural support and
protection to the cell. The composition of the cell wall varies among bacteria and can
include peptidoglycan (in bacteria) or pseudomurein (in archaea).
7. Capsule: Some prokaryotic cells may have a capsule, which is a protective layer
outside the cell wall. It can help protect against desiccation, phagocytosis, and the
immune system of the host.
8. Flagella: Flagella are whip-like structures present in some prokaryotes that enable
them to move towards or away from stimuli (taxis). Flagella provide motility and are
essential for processes like bacterial colonization and finding nutrients.
9. Pili: Pili, or fimbriae, are thin, hair-like appendages extending from the cell
surface. They assist in cell attachment, conjugation (transfer of genetic material), and
twitching motility.

 Eukaryotic cell functions and parts.

Centrioles: Works on the organization of the cell by spacing where the nucleus is
compared to the other organelles
Centrosome Matrix: Helps to form the microtubules
Chromatin: Helps to package DNA, especially during mitosis, and helps control
which genes are expressed
Cytosol: The liquid that all of the organelles float in inside of the cell
Cytoskeleton: The most common function is to act, as the name suggests, a
skeleton for the cell to provide support and shape.
• Intermediate filaments: Help make up the cytoskeleton, usually thicker
than microfilaments
• Microtubules: Helps form the cytoskeleton for support of the cell, as well
as movement of the cell
Golgi apparatus: The Amazon shipping center of proteins, this acts to package
proteins from the ER into transport vesicles to be carried to other parts of the cell.
Lysosomes: The Rumba of the cell, it acts to engulf any toxic or unwanted
molecules so that the cell is not harmed. Can also work in groups to take down
bigger molecules that it alone cannot.
Mitochondrion: The power house, creates all of the energy needed for the cell by
breaking down glucose into water, oxygen, and ATP (the unit that represents
energy)
Nucleus: Where all of the DNA is housed to give out instructions.
Nucleolus: Between the nucleus and the nuclear envelope, it acts as the factory
for creating ribosomes that the rest of the cell can use
Nuclear Envelope: a double layered membrane that protects the nucleolus and
the nucleus.
Peroxisomes: Breaks down fatty acids into hydrogen peroxide, but don’t worry,
that breaks down into water and oxygen.
Plasma membrane: The shell of the cell, protects all of the organelles and
controls what molecules enter and exit
 Ribosomes: Where proteins are synthesized in the cell, creating different forms
of amino acids together to create the proteins
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum: Helps ribosomes bind so proteins can be made
and folded properly
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum: Breaks down carbohydrates, creates lipids that
are needed for the cell, and regulates calcium in the muscles
*Secretion of Exocytosis: toxins and other degraded products of the cell and
released along the cell membrane outside of the cell to be disposed of.

5. What are the four types of cell reproduction? Discuss

 The four types of cell reproduction, binary fission, mitosis, meiosis, and budding, are
interconnected and serve different purposes in different organisms. Binary fission
and budding are asexual reproduction, producing offspring without the involvement of
gametes or fusion of genetic material from two parents. These processes are efficient
for rapid population growth and ensure the perpetuation of genetically identical
individuals. Mitosis, on the other hand, is a form of cell reproduction in most
eukaryotic organisms, serving growth, development, and tissue repair. It produces
two genetically identical daughter cells from a parent cell, ensuring that genetic
information is conserved. Mitosis is crucial for the formation and maintenance of
tissues and organs in multicellular organisms.

Meiosis, on the other hand, is a form of sexual reproduction, occurring in cells

involved in the production of gametes. It involves two successive divisions, resulting
in the production of four haploid daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes
as the parent cell. These haploid cells then combine during fertilization to create
genetically unique offspring. Meiosis ensures that genetic material from two different
parents is mixed and shuffled, leading to genetic diversity and adaptation to changing
environments. Overall, these four types of cell reproduction contribute to the survival,
adaptation, and diversity of various organisms.
 DIFFERENT SHAPES OF
BACTERIA
STAPHYLOCCUS STREPOCCUS
CLOSTRIDIUM
AUREUS PHEUMONISE BOTULINUM

SALMONELLA STREBACILLUS SALMONELLA

MONILIFORMIS TYPHI

HELICOABACTER TREPONEMA VIBRIO

PYLORI PALLIDUM CHOLORAE
PARTS OF LIGT MICROSCOPE