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velocity boundary layer

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4 views

velocity boundary layer

Uploaded by

Sunil Dhankhar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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1.

HYDRODYNAMIC BOUNDARY LAYER


The concept of a boundary layer as proposed by prandtl forms the starting point for the simplification
of the equation of motion and energy. When a real i.e., viscous fluid, flow along a stationary solid
boundary, a layer of fluid which comes in contact with boundary surface and undergoes retardation
this retarded layer further causes retardation for the adjacent layer of the fluid. So small region is
developed in the immediate vicinity of the boundary surface in which the velocity of the flowing fluid
increases rapidly from zero at boundary surface and approaches the velocity of main stream.

Types of boundary layer

1. Velocity boundary layer (or)hydrodynamic boundary layer

2. Thermal boundary layer Velocity boundary layer (or) hydrodynamic boundary layer

In the Velocity boundary layer, velocity of the fluid is less than 99% of free steam velocity.

The fluid approaches the plate in x direction with uniform velocity U∞. The fluid particles in the fluid
layer adjacent to the surface get zero velocity. This motionless layer acts to retard the motion of particles
in the adjoining fluid layer as a result of friction between the particles of these two adjoining fluid layers
at two different velocities. This fluid layer then acts to retard the motion of particles of next fluid layer
and so on, until a distance y =δ from the surface reaches, where these effects become negligible and the
fluid velocity u reaches the free stream velocity U∞ as a result of frictional effects between the fluid
layers.
Velocity boundary layer on a flat plate: It is most essential to distinguish between laminar and
turbulent boundary layers. Initially, the boundary layer development is laminar as shown in figure for
the flow over a flat plate. Depending upon the flow field and fluid properties, at some critical distance
from the leading edge small disturbances in the flow begin to get amplified, a transition process takes
place and the flow becomes turbulent. In laminar boundary layer, the fluid motion is highly ordered
whereas the motion in the turbulent boundary layer is highly irregular with the fluid moving to and
from in all directions. Due to fluid mixing resulting from these macroscopic motions, the turbulent
boundary layer is thicker and the velocity profile in turbulent boundary layer is flatter than that in
laminar flow.
Displacement thickness δ* = ∫ 1− d𝑦

Momentum thickness θ =∫ 1− d𝑦

Energy thickness δe = ∫ 1− d𝑦

Wall shear stress


Friction force per unit area is called shear stress, and is denoted by 𝜏. Experimental studies indicate
that the shear stress for most fluids is proportional to the velocity gradient, and the shear stress at the
wall surface is expressed as

Τw= µ |y=0 (N/m2)

The determination of the wall shear stress from the above Eqn. is not practical since it requires a
knowledge of the flow velocity profile. A more practical approach in external flow is to relate 𝜏 to the
upstream velocity V as

Τw = cf (N/m2)

where Cf is the dimensionless friction coefficient or skin friction coefficient, whose value in most cases
is determined experimentally, and ρ is the density of the fluid

2. MOMENTUM EQUATION FOR HYDRODYNAMIC BOUNDARY


LAYER
Momentum equation for hydrodynamic boundary layer over a flat plate:
Let us consider a fluid flowing over a stationary flat plate and the development of hydrodynamic
boundary layer as shown in Fig. Consider an elemental 2D control volume (dx x dy x unit depth) within
the boundary layer region. Some assumptions need to be made here such as:
1. The flow is steady and the fluid is incompressible.
2. The viscosity of the fluid is constant.
3. The pressure variations in the direction perpendicular to the plate are negligible.
4. Viscous-shear forces in the Y-direction are negligible.
5. Fluid is continuous both in space and time.
Let the fluid velocity at left hand side be u

Then , 𝑢 + 𝑑𝑥 is the velocity of the fluid flow at right hand side

Similarly let v= fluid velocity at the bottom face


The mass flow rate along x-direction at the top face mx = ρu(dy x 1) = ρudy
Change in momentum of mass mx along x-direction is given by
dMx = mx x change in velocity in x direction

= mx 𝑢+ 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑢

= mx 𝑑𝑥

= ρu 𝑑𝑥dy

The mass flow rate along y direction my = ρu(dx x 1) = ρudx


Change in momentum of mass my along y-direction is given by
dMy = my x (change in velocity in y direction)

= my 𝑢+ 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑢

= my 𝑑𝑦

= ρv 𝑑𝑥dy

Total viscous force along x- direction is given by


Fx = [(𝜏 + 𝛿𝜏) − 𝜏] x area

= µ + 𝑢 𝑑𝑦 − µ (dx x 1)

=µ dx dy

Assuming the gravitational force is balanced by the buoyancy force for equilibrium of the element, we
have
Inertial force = viscous force

∴ ρu 𝑑𝑥dy + ρv 𝑑𝑥dy = µ dx dy

µ
u +v =

𝛛𝐮 𝛛𝐮 𝛛𝟐𝐮 µ
u𝛛𝐱 + v𝛛𝐲 = ϒ 𝛛𝐲𝟐 (substituting ϒ = )

This equation is known as equation of motion or momentum equation for hydrodynamic

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