Use Of Different Renewable Energy Sources to

Recover Energy from Buildings

A M.TECH. THESIS REPORT (STAGE 1)

submitted in partial fulfilment of the

requirements for the award of the degree

of

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY

in

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

by

KESHAV KHAIRARI
(23561013)

Under the Supervision of

Prof. Dr. Shabina Khanam

Department of Chemical Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
Roorkee – 247 667
Autumn semester 2024-2025

i
ii
CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the work being presented in this report entitled "CFD Simulation of
counter-current air-liquid and air-solid flows,” submitted in partial fulfilment of the
requirement for the award of the degree of “Master of Technology in Chemical Engineering”
and submitted to the Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology
Roorkee, is an authentic record of the work done by me, under the guidance of Dr. Shabina
Khanam, Associate Professor and Dr. Sumana Ghosh, Associate Professor of Chemical
Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee.

Date: 8November2024 KESHAV KHAIRARI

Place: IIT Roorkee 23561013

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to the best of
my knowledge.

Dr. Shabina Khanam

Associate Professor

Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee

Roorkee-247667, India

iii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Front Page i

Declaration ii

List of tables iii

List of figures iv

Table of contents v

Chapter 1 : Introduction 1
1.1 Overview 1
Chapter 2: LiteratureReview 3
2.1 RES in buildings 6
2.2 Optimizationstrategies for RES in buildings 6
Chapter 3 : Researchgap 7

Chapter 4 : Objectives 8

Chapter 5 : Methodology 9
5.1 Problem statement 9
5.2 Data collection and model building 9
5.3 Steps of design optimization 12
Chapter 6 : ResultsandDiscussion 11
6.1 Three renewable energy configurations 14
6.2 Analysis of optimal design 16
Chapter 7 : Future Work 18

Chapter 8 : References 19

Plagiarism Report

iv
 LIST OF TABLES

Table Title Page no.

no.
1 The major contribution of the papers related to the optimisation 3
and assessment of Renewable Energy Systems in buildings
2 Comparison of RES configuration (a) and (b) 17
3 Comparison of RES configuration (a) and (c) 17

v
 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure no. Title Page no.
1 Aerial view of Zero Carbon Building in Hong 13
Kong

vi
vii
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

As our need for energy grows, we are putting a lot of pressure on traditional energy sources
like coal, oil, and natural gas. These sources are limited, expensive, and harmful to the
environment. To address these issues, renewable energy options such as wind turbines,
solar panels, and diesel engines have emerged as effective and eco-friendly solutions for
buildings aiming for sustainable and low-carbon development.
Renewable energy plays a key role in reducing the use of traditional energy sources and
cutting greenhouse gas emissions1. Buildings alone account for about 40% of total energy
consumption, making them a significant focus for energy efficiency improvements2. In
response to this, governments around the world have invested heavily in renewable energy,
committing about USD 470 billion as of late 2021.(Government Energy Spending Tracker –
Analysis - IEA) This includes an average of USD 121 billion per year specifically for making
buildings more energy-efficient. However, there are challenges to implementing these
renewable energy solutions, such as uncertainties about financial returns and a shortage of
skilled workers for retrofitting existing buildings. Global emissions of greenhouse gases are
rising again, mainly due to increased electricity use, especially from fossil fuels like coal. The
International Energy Agency (IEA) aims for nearly net-zero emissions by 2050, but current
policies still predict significant CO2 emissions.
Buildings can use renewable energy in various ways, like generating energy on-site or
accessing distributed energy supplies4. The main energy uses in buildings are for heating,
cooling, and electricity5. Different renewable energy sources—such as solar, heat pumps,
biomass, and wind—are gaining popularity for making buildings more sustainable6.Solar
energy is collected through photovoltaic panels (which generate electricity) and solar
thermal panels (which produce heat)7. The effectiveness of solar panels depends on factors
like sunlight availability, which varies by location and time of year 8.Heat pumps can be
divided into two types: Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHPs), which draw heat from the
ground, and Air Source Heat Pumps (ASHPs), which use heat from the outside air 9,10. ASHPs
are particularly useful for modern buildings because they are easier and cheaper to install
than traditional heating system.Biomass, sourced from materials like crop residues and

1
organic waste, offers a steady supply of clean energy and is not heavily affected by weather
conditions11. Wind energy, generated by turbines, is another renewable source that can
produce electricity but relies on consistent wind and may require backup energy systems 12
One approach to achieving this is through nearly or net Zero Energy Buildings (nZEBs), which
produce as much energy as they use over a year. Governments have started promoting
nZEBs with various policies, but there is still no clear method for designing them effectively.
Designing nZEBs is challenging because it involves balancing different systems for climate
control and energy generation, which may also need to connect to smart grids.

2
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE
REVIEW
There is a lot of literature findings to explain how to use RES in buildings and how to
optimise the Renewable energy sources in buildings.
Table 1.The major contribution of the papers related to the optimisation and assessment of
Renewable Energy Systems in buildings
Sr. Author Assumpti Work done Results Gap
no. (year) ons
Reference
1. (Noguchi Developed a The ÉcoTerra Limited exploration
et building- house achieved of multi-source
al.,2008)13 integrated nearly net-zero hybrid energy
photovoltaic/ther energy systems. Further
mal (BIPV/T) consumption. research needed on
system, integrating other
evaluating renewable sources
potential for self- like wind and
consumption and biodiesel, along with
grid contribution optimized cost-
performance models
for varying climates.
2. Sobhani et Uses Proposed a Demonstrated Need for stochastic
al. 202014 current future-oriented the impact of modelling to
climate methodology for climate change incorporate
data renewable energy on system sizing uncertainties like
systems that and load climate change
adapts to climate matching index, impacts and demand
change and emphasizing the fluctuations in long-
energy price need for term renewable
variations. adaptable energy planning.

3
 designs. Conventional
optimization does
not account for
future variability
3. Mokhtara Consider Designed an Showed that Research needed to
et al. s climate optimal Hybrid optimal HRES adapt findings to
202115 diversity Renewable configurations urban areas,
in Algeria Energy System vary based on considering grid
(HRES) for rural climate, with interaction, load
buildings using a potential for balancing, and
multi-criteria high renewable scalability for
spatial analysis to fractions in neighbourhood-level
map renewable certain regions. applications.
energy potential.
4. Song et al. Assessed city- Results showed Limited application
202016 scale energy the framework of frameworks to
supply, capacity, could estimate model urban
and emissions by total city-scale scalability, load
clustering energy supply balancing, and peak
buildings and and emissions demand
optimizing effectively. management for
renewables for renewable systems
each cluster. in city
neighbourhoods.Ext
ending such models
to community scales
remains
underexplored.
5. Liu et al. Consider Designed a zero- Demonstrated Further research
202117 s on-site energy improved grid needed for scalable

4
 renewabl community using integration, storage solutions.
e hybrid renewable reduced costs,
integrati systems (HRES) and high self-
on with and proposed a consumption
storage grid penalty with storage;
model to evaluate emissions
cost impact of reduced by 70-
energy 90%.
exports/imports.
6. Hassan et Developed an The model Limited research on
al. 202118 optimization supported scaling these
model for decision-makers renewable
selecting cost- in cost optimization
effective minimization techniques to
renewable energy while meeting community-level or
upgrades for energy urban
existing buildings, reduction neighbourhood
aiming to reduce targets. settings, where grid
fossil fuel interaction and
dependency by at demand balancing
least 80%. are critical.
7. Chaturvedi Focus on Proposed Highlighted the Lacks specific
202119 India's strategies for a critical need for research on India’s
energy net-zero energy India's transition varied climate zones
transitio system in India, to address for zero-energy
n including climate change building solutions,
strategy stakeholder and its unique with limited focus on
engagement, challenges in integrating scalable
policy support, varied climates RES solutions in
and affordable and energy urban settings.

5
 financing. needs.

2.1 RES in buildings

Masa Noguchi's13 research on the ÉcoTerra house showcased net-zero energy design through
high-efficiency materials and renewable energy integration, setting a model for sustainable
housing. Sobhani et al. (2020)14 explored future-oriented nZEB designs, addressing climate
impacts on energy needs by emphasizing adaptable renewable configurations. Mokhtara et
al. (2021)15 optimized off-grid hybrid systems for rural Algeria, using GIS to tailor energy
mixes that reduce costs and environmental impact across diverse climates.

2.2 Optimisation strategies for RES in buildings

Research by Song et al. (2020)16, Liu (2020)17, Hassan et al. (2021)18, and Chaturvedi (2021)19
collectively address the challenges and strategies for integrating renewable energy at various
scales as seen in Table 1. Song developed a clustering-based framework for optimizing city-
wide renewable energy in Seoul, while Liu explored hybrid energy systems with storage
solutions for zero-energy communities. Hassan focused on cost-effective renewable
upgrades for buildings with high solar exposure, achieving significant energy reductions, and
Chaturvedi emphasized structural reforms needed to transition India toward a net-zero
energy system, highlighting policy changes suited to its industrial growth.

6
CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH
GAP
• The analysis of renewable energy system (RES) literature reveals a significant gap in
research focused on RES integration within Indian buildings. Although there are global
studies on RES implementation and optimization, research specific to India is limited
• Current research is largely confined to individual buildings, with limited emphasis on
scaling renewable energy systems to communities or urban neighbourhoods
• Many RES designs optimize current energy demands but do not account for future
changes, such as climate shifts or grid dependence. Comprehensive lifecycle analyses
that incorporate evolving energy needs and environmental impacts can improve long-
term sustainability and adaptability.

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CHAPTER 4
OBJECTIVES
• To develop a design method for Net Zero Energy Buildings (NZEBs) that aims to be
energy efficient, reduce costs, and minimize CO2 emissions.
• To consider an Indian multi storey building for RES optimisation

8
CHAPTER 5
METHODOLOGY
5.1 Problem statement
The Hong Kong Zero Carbon Building (ZCB) (as shown in fig. 1) serves as a benchmark for
studying renewable energy systems (RES) in low energy (LEB) and zero energy buildings
(ZEB). Spanning 1,520 square meters, this three-story building incorporates both passive and
active design elements, such as high-performance glazing, skylights, and renewable energy
sources like photovoltaics and bio-diesel generators, to achieve a high level of energy
efficiency. However, optimizing the integration of these RES components remains
challenging. The building faces the complex task of balancing environmental, economic, and
operational goals, specifically in reducing CO₂ emissions, minimizing operational costs, and
managing grid dependence.Our aim is to addresses these challenges by developing an
advanced optimization model for hybrid RES configurations that should consider
uncertainties, scalability, and resilience, aiming for cost-effective, sustainable, and climate-
adaptive energy solutions.

5.2 Data collection and model building

The data required for designing and optimizing renewable energy systems comes from
various sources, focusing on climate and building-specific parameters. Key data collection
mayinclude:
• Solar Radiation and Wind Velocity: Essential for calculating potential energy
production from solar panels and wind turbines. Collected for multiple years to
account for climate variability.
• Energy Demand Data: Building load data for cooling, heating, lighting, and other
appliances is gathered to model the building’s electricity needs accurately.
• System Component Data: Information about photovoltaic (PV) systems, wind
turbines, biodiesel generators, and storage systems, including efficiency, capacity,
costs, and expected lifetimes.

Modelling a building for an optimal renewable energy system involves creating mathematical
and computational representations of its energy demands, energy systems, and
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environmental interactions. Below is a step-by-step outline of the major components
involved in this type of building model, with each part including relevant equations.
1. Thermal Model for Heating and Cooling
The thermal model focuses on maintaining comfortable indoor temperatures,
accounting for heating and cooling needs based on weather, occupancy, and internal
heat gains.
• Cooling Load (Qc): This represents the amount of cooling required to maintain the
building’s set indoor temperature.
Qc= Qsolar+ Qinternal+ Qventilation −Qwall
Where:
Qsolar: Heat gained through windows from sunlight.
Qinternal: Heat from internal sources like equipment, lighting, and
occupants.
Qventilation: Cooling needed for fresh air ventilation.
Qwall: Heat loss through walls, floors, and the roof.
• Heat Transfer through Building Envelope (Qwall): The heat transferred through the
building envelope is calculated by:
Qwall=U⋅A⋅(Tindoor−Toutdoor)
where:
U: Overall heat transfer coefficient, representing insulation
effectiveness.
A: Surface area of walls, roof, and floors exposed to the outside.
Tindoor and Toutdoor: Indoor and outdoor temperatures, respectively.

2. Electricity Demand Model

The building’s electricity demand includes power required for cooling, lighting, appliances,
and HVAC systems.
The total electricity demand is given by:Wdemand=WHVAC+Wlighting+Wappliances
where:
HVAC Demand (WHVAC): Includes power for chillers, fans, and pumps.
Lighting Demand (Wlighting): Based on lighting systems and occupancy.
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 Appliances (Wappliances): Includes equipment like computers, elevators,
and other devices.
3. Renewable Energy System Model
This model calculates electricity generated by renewable energy sources such as
photovoltaics (PV), wind turbines, and biodiesel generators.
• Photovoltaic (PV) Power Generation (WPV):
GWPV=APV⋅ηPV⋅G
where:
APV: Area of PV panels.
ηPV: Efficiency of PV panels.
G: Solar irradiance on the panels.
• Wind Turbine Power Generation (WWT):
WWT=0.5⋅ρ⋅Ablade⋅vwind3⋅Cp⋅ηWT
Where:
ρ: Air density.
Ablade: Area swept by wind turbine blades.
vwind: Wind speed.
Cp: Power coefficient of the turbine.
ηWT: Combined efficiency of the wind turbine and generator.
• Bio-DieselGenerator(BDG) Power Generation (WBDG):
The bio-diesel generator provides backup power as needed:
WBDG=ηBDG⋅Pfuel
where:
ηBDG: Efficiency of the biodiesel generator.
Pfuel: Power provided by the biodiesel fuel.
4. Energy Balance and Mismatch Ratio
To maintain a net-zero energy balance, generated electricity must meet or exceed
demand.
• Electricity Supply-Demand Balance:
Wdemand=WPV+WWT+WBDG+Wgrid
where:
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 Wgrid:Represents electricity from or to the grid (used to balance when there’s excess
generation or demand).
• Mismatch Ratio (e): Measures how well generation meets demand over a year. For
net-zero energy, the mismatch ratio should be non-negative:
e=∑(Wsupply−Wdemand)/∑Wdemand
where:
Wsupply is the combined power output from renewable sources, and Wdemand is the
total building electricity need.

5. Optimization Objective Function

This function combines cost, emissions, and grid reliance to find the optimal RES
design.
• Objective Function (fave): Minimizes annual costs, CO₂ emissions, and grid
interaction:
1
Minfave=𝑛 ∑𝑛𝑖=1(w1f1, i + w2f2, i + w3f3, i)

where:
f1, i, f2, i,f3, i: Normalized values for costs, emissions, and grid interaction.
w1, w2,w3: Weighting factors for cost, emissions, and grid dependence.

5.3 Steps of design optimisation

Step 1: Identify Uncertainties
• We start by recognizing the uncertainties in key input parameters, like solar radiation,
wind speed, and energy loads (like cooling).
• Use Monte Carlo simulation to create a sample file that includes these parameters
for several years, capturing how they might vary over time.
Step 2: Set Design Options
• Next, we define the possible sizes for the renewable energy systems and determine
how many design options we will test.
• We develop models to simulate how much electricity the building will generate and
consume. These models are created in MATLAB and TRNSYS, using data from a

12
 typical meteorological year (1987 for Hong Kong). The sample file from Step 1
provides the varying inputs for these models.
Step 3: Calculate Mismatch Ratio
• For each design option, we calculate the difference (mismatch ratio) between the
electricity generated and the electricity consumed each year.
• If the mismatch ratio is zero or positive, we label that year as a "positive year"
(successful); if it is negative, we label it as a "negative year" (unsuccessful). This
allows us to see how well each design option performs over the years.
Final Step: Evaluate and Compare Options
• We analyse the performance of all the design options based on the average results
from the years evaluated.
• By comparing their performance, we can rank the design options and identify the
optimal choice for the nZEB.

Figure 1. Aerial view of Zero Carbon Building in Hong Kong

13
CHAPTER 6 RESULTS AND
DISCUSSIONS
I have focused on calculating the total cost (TC), carbon dioxide emissions (CDE), and grid
interaction index (GII) for different renewable energy system configurations and compared
them to find optimal solution within the considered parameters.

6.1 Three renewable energy configurations

a) Considering the below parameters
Area of photovoltaic (PV) panels, APV=1000 m2
Efficiency of PV, ηPV=0.18
Solar irradiance (average), G=5 kWh/m2/day
Wind turbine rated power, WWT,rated=40 kW
Wind velocity (average), vwind=5 m/s
Efficiency of wind turbine, ηWT=0.3
Bio-diesel generator rated power, WBDG, rated=100 kW
Bio-diesel generator efficiency, ηBDG=0.3
Building electricity demand (average), Wdemand=150 kW
Cost per kWh of grid electricity, costgrid=0.13USD/kWh
Fuel cost per Liter, costfuel=1.3 USD/L
Emission factors:
• Grid electricity, cdeele=0.608 kg CO2/kWh
• Bio-diesel, cdebio=2.68 kg CO2/L
Step 1: Calculate Energy Generated by Each Source
PV Power Generation (WPV): -
WPV=APV⋅ηPV⋅G
WPV=1000×0.18×5=900 kWh/day=32.7 kW average over a day
Wind Turbine Power Generation (WWT): -
WWT=WWT,rated×ηWT=40×0.3=12kW
Bio-diesel Generator Power Generation (WBDG):
For a 4-hour daily operation at rated capacity
WBDG=WBDG, rated×4=100×4=400kWh/day=16.7kW average over a day
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Total Electricity Generated:
Wsupply=WPV+WWT+WBDG=32.7+12+16.7=61.4kW
Step 2: Calculate Grid Dependency
Since Wdemand=150 kW
Grid import requirement: Wgrid=Wdemand−Wsupply=150−61.4=88.6kW
Step 3: Total Cost (TC)
Assuming annual operation:
Grid Electricity Cost:Costgrid=Wgrid×24×365×0.13=88.6×8760×0.13=100,828.8USD
Fuel Cost for Bio-diesel:
Using fuel consumption formula Fbio=AG×WBDG+BG×WBDG, rated
Assuming AG=0.246 L/kWhand BG=0.08145 L/kWh
Fbio=0.246×400+0.08145×100=98.58+8.145=106.725L/day
Annual Fuel Cost=106.725×365×1.3=50,627.48USD
Total Annual Cost:
TC=Costgrid+Fuel Cost=100,828.8+50,627.48=151,456.28USD
Step 4: CO₂ Emissions (CDE)
Grid Electricity Emissions:
CDEele=Wgrid×24×365×cdeele=88.6×8760×0.608=472,964.35kg CO2
Bio-diesel Generator Emissions:
CDEBDG=Fbio×365×cdebio=106.725×365×2.68=104,197.1kg CO2
Total CO₂ Emissions:
CDE=CDEele+CDEBDG=472,964.35+104,197.1=577,161.45kg CO2
Step 5: Grid Interaction Index (GII)
Assume we calculate GIIGIIGII based on standard deviation (for simplicity, let us say
grid import/export fluctuates by 10% daily):
Daily variation in grid interaction: ±0.1×88.6=±8.86 kW
Annual standard deviation approximation:
GII=STD (fgrid)≈8.86 kW

Considering the parameters above, the following results are obtained:

Total Cost (TC): 151,456.28 USD
15
 CO₂ Emissions (CDE): 577,161.45 kg CO₂
Grid Interaction Index (GII): 8.86 kW
b) Now I analysed the situation by varying some of the parameters: -
PV Area (APV): 1500 m² (increased from 1000 m²)
Wind Turbine Rated Power (WWT, rated): 60 kW (increased from 40 kW)
Bio-diesel Generator Daily Operation: 6 hours per day (increased from 4 hours)
Other parameters remain the same
The results with updated parameters after performing same set of calculations
Total Cost (TC): 131,561.82 USD (reduced from 151,456.28 USD)
CO₂ Emissions (CDE): 421,594.69 kg CO₂ (reduced from 577,161.45 kg CO₂)
Grid Interaction Index (GII): 5.08 kW (reduced from 8.86 kW)
c) Another RES configuration considering storage with all parameters
Battery capacity: 500 kWh
Round-trip efficiency of the battery: 90% (accounts for charging and discharging
losses)
Battery cost per kWh: 300 USD
Battery lifetime: 10 years
Battery degradation: 3% annually
Annual maintenance cost: 1% of the battery cost
The results after including storage with RES configuration are:
Total Cost (TC):88,313.33 USD (reduced from 151,456.28 USD)
CO₂ Emissions (CDE):273,655.82 Kg CO2(reduced from 577,161.45 kg CO₂)
Grid Interaction Index (GII):1.59 kW(reduced from 8.86 kW)

6.2 Analysis of Optimal design option

We can see from the table 2 that by increasing the PV panel area, wind turbine rated power,
and the biodiesel generator’s operational hours, the building's dependency on grid
electricity decreased significantly, from 88.6 kW to 50.75 kW. This led to a 14% reduction in
total annual cost, a 27% reduction in CO₂ emissions, and a lower grid interaction index,
indicating improved resilience and sustainability. These adjustments highlight the value of
hybrid renewable configurations in reducing grid reliance and achieving more stable energy

16
performance, especially beneficial for zero-energy building goals. Further optimization could
refine the balance between initial investment and energy independence.
From table 3, we can see that incorporating energy storage proves to be highly beneficial,
reducing operational costs, emissions, and dependency on grid power. This highlights the
value of energy storage systems in optimizing renewable energy configurations for buildings,
improving overall resilience, and supporting sustainability objectives.
Table 2. Comparison of RES configuration (a) and (b)
PARAMETERS Normal RES capacity Increased RES Improvement
capacity
Total Cost (USD) 151,456.28 131,561.82 19,894.46 USD
CO₂ Emissions (kg 577,161.45 421,594.69 155,566.76 kg
CO₂) CO₂
Grid Interaction Index 8.86 kW 5.08 kW 3.78 kW

Table 3. Comparison of RES configuration (a) and (c)

PARAMETERS Without battery With battery Improvement
Total Cost (USD) 151,456.28 88,313.33 63,142.95 USD
CO₂ Emissions (kg CO₂) 577,161.45 273,655.82 303,505.63 kg
CO₂
Grid Interaction Index 8.86 kW 1.59 kW 7.27 kW

If we compare these three RES configuration options, we can choose option (c) as it reduces
grid reliance,CO₂ emissions drop by more than 50% and with battery storage, grid
interaction variability is minimized.

17
CHAPTER 7 FUTURE
WORK
• Most of research is focusing on global buildings with research focused on Indian
buildings is limited. So, focus is to develop a model for an Indian building.
• There is less interest in the integration of storage (Electrical and thermal) along with
RES because of high energy consumption and high cost. So, focus is to integrate
thermal and electrical storage such that it can be energy efficient and cost effective.

18
CHAPTER 8
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