INTRODUCTION TO

ENVIRONMENTAL
ENGINEERING
GIỚI THIỆU VỀ MÔI
TRƯỜNG SỐNG
KỸ THUẬT
 REFERENCE

1. Environmental Engineering Principles and Practice, Richard O. Mines, Jr., School of

Engineering, Mercer University, Macon, Georgia, USA, Wiley Blackwell, 2014.

2. Principles of Environmental Engineering and Science, Fourth Edition, Susan J. Masten

Michigan State University—East Lansing, MI, Mackenzie L. Davis, Emeritus, Michigan Stat
University—East Lansing, Mc Graw Hill Education, 2020
 WHAT IS ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
SCIENCE?
We are carring about:
- Natural resources: the quality and availability
- The wates streams impact them

Science: improve our understanding of natural processes

Engineering: use this understanding to develop and apply technologies that will maintain
or improve environmantal quality
 WHO ARE YOU?

Engineer: Problem solver

Environmental Engineer: solves environmental problems using scientific tools

What science tools do you have?

 WHAT IS ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE?
The study of how humans interact with their environment

Continents
Oceans
Clouds
Animal
Living Nonliv Soil
splants ing Rocks
forests things things
fungi
Natural environment …
Our Social
relations
built hips and
enviro institututi
nment ons
Buildings
Human-created living
centers

Man–made environment
 WHAT IS ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING?
Environmental Engineering is the integration of science and engineering principles to improve the
natural environment, to provide healthy water, air, and land for human habitation and for other
organisms, and to remediate pollution sites.
 ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

Air pollution Water Wastewater

Hazardous Radioactive
Solid wastes
wastes wastes

Other-noise
Integrated Pollution
and light
systems prevention
pollution
NATURAL RESOURCES: VITAL TO HUMAN
SURVIVAL

Raise some natural resources and distinguish them

 NATURAL RESOURCES

Nonrenewable
Renewable
Oil
Perpetually
available Sunlight, wind, wave
energy Coal
Renew
themselves over Timber, water, Minerals
short period
Raw Materials Energy +
Water use
+

Waste
Stream
Environment
Dermal
Inhalation
Ingestion
Products
Waste Stream Impacts

The production of a chemical has

an impact on many different
aspects of the environment,
including natural resources, air,
water, arable land, ecology and
human populations.
 Primary Impacts

Pollutants from waste streams can

directly
impact the air, water and land, and can
also have an adverse effect on the
environment and on humans through
dermal contact, ingestion or inhalation.
 Secondary Impacts

Pollutants from waste streams can also

react after being discharged to create
adverse effects in the air, water, land,
on the environment or to humans.
 CHALLENGE: POLLUTION

Waste products and artificial chemicals used in farms, industries, and households
 CHALLENGE: AGRICULTURE

• Expanded population led to increased food production and consumption

It’s one of humanity’s greatest achievements. But at an enormous environmental cost
• Nearly half of the planet’s pand surface is used for agriculture

•
i. Chemical fertilizers
ii. Pesticides
iii. Erosion
iv.Changed natural systems
 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
NATURAL RESOURCES
•It is important to consider the following in the design of a
process :
•Availability of the natural resource (material).
•Sustainable use of the material.
•Ability to recycle, conserve and/or use improved
technologies to maintain the availability of the material.
 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES : AIR
QUALITY
Mobile Sources:

Are automobiles, other transportation vehicles, and

recreational vehicles such as snowmobiles and
watercraft.
Stationary Sources:
Include factories and other manufacturing
processes .

Area Sources:
Are emissions associated with human activities that are not
considered mobile or stationary including emissions from
lawn and garden equipment, and residential heating.
Environmental Issues : Air Quality
Primary:
Those emitted directly to the
atmosphere.

Secondary:
Those formed in the atmosphere after emission of
precursor compounds.
 AIR POLLUTION

Learning Objectives

• Understand the different types, sources, and effects of air pollutants, including
local and global impacts
• Understand the fundamentals of how meteorology impacts the evaluation of air
pollutant emissions, and the basis of atmospheric dispersion modeling
• Understand the basic design and function of different types of air pollution
control technologies for particulate and gaseous air pollutants
 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES : AIR QUALITY

Common Air Pollutants

Carbon Monoxide
Lead Particulates
Particulate Matter (2.5 and 10 microns)
Sulfuric Oxide (SOx)
Ozone
Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)
and
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
Hydrocarbons (HCs)
 THE 6 POLLUTANTS AS CRITERIA
POLLUTANTS
• Sulfur dioxide (SO2), PM10 (particulate matter greater than 2.5
micrometers(μm)and lessthan orequal to10 μminsize)
•PM2.5 (particulate matter less than or equal to 2.5 μm)

•Carbon monoxide (CO)

•Ozone (O3)
•Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)

• Lead (Pb)
 NATIONAL
AMBIENT AIR
QUALITY
STANDARDS
(NAAQS) FOR
CRITERIA
POLLUTANTS
HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF CRITERIA POLLUTANTS
 AIR POLLUTION SOURCES
Sources of CO emissions?

The vast majority of carbon

monoxide emissions are
generated by mobile sources,
primarily on-road vehicles.

Sources of CO emissions. Based on EPA National Emissions

Inventory –http://www.epa.gov/air/emissions/
 AIR POLLUTION SOURCES
Sources of lead emissions?
Lead emissions are generated from a mix
of transportation sources, industrial
sources, and fuel combustion sources.
On-road transportation sources were a
major source of lead emissions, but the
advent of unleaded gasoline eliminated
those emissions. The single largest source
of lead emissions is still from
transportation sources, but it is now
primarily from aircraft engines.
Sources of lead emissions.

Industrial lead emissions are primarily generated by ferrous and non-ferrous metals production,
and fuel combustion lead emissions are primarily from utility power plants.
 AIR POLLUTION SOURCES
Sources of NOemissions?
x

The majority of nitrogen oxides

emission: transportation
sources,
largely by on-road vehicles, and to a
lesser degree from off-road vehicles,
locomotives, and commercial marine
operations.
Secondary to transportation sources is
utility fuel combustion.
Industrial sources constitute a
minority of overall.
Sources of NOxemissions.
AIR POLLUTION SOURCES
VOC?

The largest source is transportation.

Solvent usage sources include consumer and
commercial product usage, industrial surface
coating, graphic arts, degreasing, and dry
cleaning operations.
Industrial process VOC emissions are
generated primarily from oil and gas
production operations.
There are also a number of miscellaneous
sources of VOCs, including gas stations and
bulk gasoline terminal operations.
AIR POLLUTION SOURCES
PM?
The largest source of emissions is

dust from unpaved roads,

construction operations.

Second is from fuel combustion.

Other sources of PM emissions
include on-road and off-road vehicle
engines, waste disposal, cooking
operations, and numerous industrial
operations.
AIR POLLUTION SOUCES
SO2?
Sulfur dioxide are generated by the
oxidation of sulfur in fuels in
different combustion processes.
From power plants, with lesser
amounts generated by industrial
and commercial boilers, and
combustion of sulfur-containing
diesel fuels.
 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES : AIR QUALITY

Carbon Monoxide
Carbon monoxide is readily absorbed into the body from
the lungs. It decreases the capacity of the blood to
transport oxygen, leading to health risks for unborn
children and people suffering from heart and lung
disease.
Nitrogen Dioxide
Nitric oxide reacts with hydrocarbons in the presence of
sunlight to form nitrogen dioxide.
In the summer months NO2is a major component of
photochemical smog.
 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES : AIR QUALITY

Ozone
Ozone is not emitted directly into the atmosphere but
is primarily formed through the reaction of hydrocarbons
and nitrogen oxides in the presence of sunlight.
Sulfur Dioxide
Sulfur Dioxide is emitted directly into the atmosphere
and can remain suspended for days allowing for wide
distribution of the pollutant.

Source:
 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES : AIR QUALITY

Adverse Effects of Air Pollution

•Stratospheric ozone depletion
•Ozone depleting chemicals (CFCs, HCFCs) and light.
•Smog(creation of tropospheric ozone)
•Reaction of VOCs or HCs with NOx and light.
•Acid rain and deposition
•Reaction of NOx and SOx with water molecules in the
atmosphere.
•Global warming(or greenhouse gas effect)
•Caused by emission of “greenhouse gases” (CO2,
CH4, N2O, etc.).
 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES : AIR QUALITY

Acid Rain and Deposition

Acidification may lead to reduced health of trees and
eventually death of whole forests. Some soils contain
chalk which neutralizes the acid and hence keep the
effects of acidification invisible for a period of time.
Smog

Tropospheric ozone is absorbed by plants through the leafs.

In the leaves, ozone degrades chlorophyll. The loss of
chlorophyllinhibits photosynthesis and hence growth of
the plant.
 Tropospheric ozone
• Tropospheric: ground level ozone
• compound,
A strong which
oxidizing
reacts with other
pollutants in the atmosphere to form
fully or partially oxidized chemical
products, some of which may be
toxic air contaminants.
The photochemical formation of ozone in the presence of VOCs and NOx
Stratospheric ozone

Stratosphere: 10 –50 kilometers

above the Earth’s surface

Role of ozone?
Ozone absorbs UVB

Wavelengths of UVB: ? nanometers

Mechanism of Ozone Layer Destruction by CFC in Stratosphere
What are the effects of
acid rain?
Global Warming
The concentrations of greenhouse gases are continuously
increasingin the atmosphere due to human activities:
1) By emissions of naturally occurring greenhouse
gasses such as (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide
(N2O), and,
2) By emissions ofnew substances such as
halogenated carbons (CFCs, HCFCs and PFCs).
The possible increase of the earth’s temperature due to
these emissions is often referred to as the “greenhouse
effect” or “global warming."

Source:
CHALLENGE: CLIMATE CHANGE
Scientists have firmly concluded that humans are changing the compiosition of the
atmosphere
The Earth’s surface is warming

Melting glaciers
Rising sea levels
Impacted wildlife and crops
Increasingly destructive weather
Since the Industrial Revolution, atmospheric CO2concentrations have risen by 37%,
to the highest level in 650,000 years.

What is current CO2concentration?

 CHALLENGE: BIODIVERSIFY

Human actions have driven many species extinct, and biodiversify is declining
dramatically.
Biodiversity loss may be our biggest environmental problem. Once a species is
extinct, it is gone forever.
ENERGY CHOICES WILL AFFECT OUR
FUTURE
What kind of energy are we mainly dependent on?
 FOSSIL FUELS
2020: Fossil fuel still supply 84% of world energy.(*)

Machines

Chemicals
Transportatio

Products
(*):https://www.forbes.com/sites/rrapier/2020/06/20/bp-review-new-highs-in-global-energy-consumption-and-carbon-emissions-in-2019/?sh=11754bd766a1
SOLUTIONS?
 SOLUTIONS
• We must develop solutions that protect both our quality of life and the environment

• Organic agriculture

• Technology
⮚Reduce pollution

• Biodiversity
⮚Protect species

•Waste disposal
⮚ Recycling

• Alternative fuels
 SUSTAINABILITY: A GOAL FOR THE FUTURE

Sustainability
• Leaves future generations with a rich and full Earth
• Conserves the Earth’s natural resources
•Maintains fully functioning ecological systems

Sustainable development
The use of resources to satisfy current needs without compromising future
availability of resources
 CALCULATION

E P= F × × (1 − ER ∕100) (9.1)
where:
E = emissions, lb/h
P = product production rate, tons/h
F= emission factor, lb/ton
ER = overall emission reduction efficiency of air
pollution control equipment.
 CALCULATION

In other cases, the factor is based upon the content of a given substance in the raw material or fuel
used in an industrial process.
An example of this is the calculation of emission of sulfur oxides (SOx) from a coal fired boiler. This
is calculated as shown below.
E = P ×38(S) (9.2)
where:
E = emissions, lb/h
P = coal firing rate, tons/h
S =coalsulfurcontent,%
38 = EPA emission factor for SOx emissions.
EXAMPLE

?
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES

Particulate emissions control

Cyclones
Venturi scrubbers
Electrostatic precipitator
Fabric filters
Gaseous emissions control
Absorption
Adsorption
Oxidation
NOx control
INDOOR AIR POLLUTION

What causes indoor air pollution?

List at least 10???
Should it be vented?
QUESTIONS
Describe the difference between tropospheric and stratospheric ozone, and their role in
the global environment.

Describe the role of chlorofluorocarbons.