(1) (A). The stability of +2 state of elements of group 14 (10) (B).

Ionisation energy decreases in a group as the

increases down the group due to inert pair effect. atomic number increases. It is based on the fact
 Pb2+ > Sn2+ > Ge2+ (reducing order of stability) that we move down a group, the size of atom
 Ge2+ > Sn2+ > Pb2+ increases and the outer electrons became farther
(decreasing order of reducing character) away from the nucleus thus reducing the force of
(2) (A). The correct order of decreasing first ionisation attraction and hence ionisation energy decreases
potential is Ca > K > Rb > Cs. with increase in the atomic size.
(3) (B). IInd period (11) (A). Be - 1s22s2; B- 1s22s2p1 ; C - 1s22s2p2;
Be B C N O N - 1s22s2p3; O - 1s2 2s2p4.
Valence shell configuration IP increases along the period. But IP of Be > B.
2s2 2s2, 2p1 2s2, 2p2 2s2, 2p3 2s2, 2p4 Further IP of O < N because atoms with fully or
All the given options are of second period. partly filled orbitals are most stable and hence
Among them oxygen is expected to have highest have high ionisation energy.
ionisation potential, but nitrogen (2s2, 2p3) has (12) (B). Along the period. I.P. generally increases but not
higher ionisation potential due to its more stable regularly. Be and B are exceptions. First I.P.
configuration as compared to oxygen (2s2, 2p4) increases in moving from left to right in a period,
(4) (B). Among isoelectronic species, size decreases with but I.P. of B is lower than Be.
increase in nuclear charge (13) (C). Modern periodic table is based on the atomic
Mg2+ Na+ Ne O2– number.
No. of electron 10 10 10 10 (14) (A). For isoelectronic species, size of anion increases
Nuclear charge +12 +11 + 10 +8 as negative charge increases whereas size of
cation decreases with increase in positive charge.
 Mg2+ < Na+ < Ne < O2–
Further ionic radii of anions is more than that of
 Mg2+ has smallest size. cations. Thus the correct order is :
(5) (B). The atomic radius of Al = 143 pm and for Ga it
Ca++ < K+ < Ar < Cl– < S– –
is 135 pm. The radius of Ga is less than Al due
(15) (B). The factors on which the ionisation energy
to greater screening effect in Al (It has 8
depend are :
electrons in the penultimate shell).
(i) Atomic size – I.E. decreases as the atomic size
(6) (B). The tendency of an atom in a compound to
increases. So the attractive force decreases.
attract a pair of bonded electrons towards itself is
(ii) Number of electrons in the inner shell (screening
known as electronegativity of the atom. Fluorine
effect). As the number of shells increases
is most electronegative element. After fluorine,
screening effect also increases and hence the I.E.
the most electronegative element is oxygen as
tends to decrease.
per Pauling’s scale of electronegativity.
(16) (A). Proton affinity decreases in moving across the
XF = 4.0, XCl = 3.0, XO = 3.5, XS = 2.5
period from left to right due to increase in
(7) (D). On moving down the group ionisation energy charge, within a group the proton affinities
decreases with increase in number of inner shells decreases from to p to bottom.
due to screening effect. Furthermore, ionisation Nitrogen family > Oxygen family > Halogens
energy of 2nd period elements is greater than 3rd (17) (B). In the isoelectronic species, all isoelectronic
period elements. Among oxygen, nitrogen, anions belong to the same period and cations to
fluorine and sulphur, the lowest ionisation the next period.
energy is of sulphur. As their first ionisation (18) (D), (19) (B), (20) (D).
values indicated below. (i) Electrons closer to nucleus will experience
N = 1402.1 kJ/mol, O = 1313.7 kJ/mol, higher effective nuclear change.
F = 1680.8 kJ/mol, S = 999.4 kJ/mol 2p3 is closer to 4s1 as principal quantum number
(8) (B). Highest electron affinity among fluorine, is concerned first.
chlorine, sulphur and oxygen is of chlorine. The (ii) Magnesium having higher ionization potential
low value of electron affinity of fluorine than due to more stable electronic arrangement [Ne]
chlorine is probably due to small size of fluorine
3s2 in comparison to aluminium [Ne] 3s2 3p1.
atom ie, electron density is high which hinders
(iii) Ionization energy is not affected by entropy.
the addition of an extra electron.
(21) 19. The atomic number of the third alkali metal is
(9) (A). In a given group, atomic size increases due to
19.
addition of extra shell which outweighs the
(22) 1. The first three successive ionisation energies of
effect of increased nuclear charge. Number of
an element x are 520, 8000 and 11820 kJ/mol.
electrons increase with increase in addition of
The element x belongs to group 1.
extra shell. Hence, increase in atomic size down
(23) 5. The electronic configuration of atomic number
the group is due to increase in number of
38 is
electrons.
X (38) : 1s2, 2s2 2p6, 3s2 3p6, 4s2 3d10 4p6, 5s2
Hence, it belongs to IIA group and 5th period. It
is strontium (Sr.)

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(24) 5. The electronic configuration clearly suggest that (25) 2.I.E. + E.A. = 275 + 86 = 361 kcal mol–1
it is a d-block element (having configuration = 361 × 4.184 = 1510.42 kJ mol–1
(n – 1) d1–10 ns0–2 ) which starts from III B and 1510.42
goes till IIB. Hence with d 3 configuration it  Electronegativity =  2.797  2.8
540
would be classified in the group.

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