CSBB301- Computer Network

LAB MANUAL
3rd Year (V Semester)
Computer Science and Engineering Branch

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

National Institute of Technology, Delhi

(An Autonomous Institute Under the aegis of Ministry of Education,
Govt. Of India)

Prepared By :Arshee Naz (TA)

Verified By :Dr Karan Verma

 LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
(Using CISCO Packet Tracer)

1) Study of different types of Network cables and Practically implement the cross-wired
cable and straight through cable using clamping tool.

2) Install and configure Network Devices: HUB, Switch and Routers.

3) To analyse the performance of various configurations and protocols in LAN

4) To construct a VLAN and make the PC’s communicate among a VLAN

5) To construct a Inter - VLAN and make the PC’s communicate among a VLAN

6) To construct a Wireless LAN and make the PC’s communicate wirelessly

7) To construct simple LAN and understand the concept and operation of Address
Resolution Protocol (ARP)

8) To understand the concept and operation of Routing Information Protocol (RIP)

9) To construct multiple router networks and understand the operation of OSPF

Protocol

10)To construct multiple router networks and understand the operation of EIGRP
Protocol

11)To understand the operation of TELNET by accessing the router in server room
from a PC in IT office.

12) To understand the operation of SSH by accessing the routers remotely by PCs

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 Experiment: 1
Configuration of LAN
Aim:
To analyse the performance of various configurations and protocols in LAN
Requirements

• Windows pc – 3Nos
• CISCO Packet Tracer Software ( Student Version)
• 8 port switch – 1 No
• Cat-5 LAN cable

Procedure

• Open the CISCO Packet tracer software

• Drag and drop 3 pcs using End Device Icons on the left corner
• Select 8 port switch from switch icon list in the left bottom corner
• Make the connections using Straight through Ethernet cables
• Give IP address of the PC1, PC2 and PC3 as 192.168.1.1, 192.168.1.2 and 192.168.1.3
respectively, ping between PCs and observe the transfer of data packets in real and
simulation mode.
Theory
A local area network (LAN) is a collection of devices connected together in one
physical location, such as a building, office, or home. A LAN can be small or large, ranging
from a home network with one user to an enterprise network with thousands of users and
devices in an office or school.

A LAN comprises cables, access points, switches, routers, and other components that
enable devices to connect to internal servers, web servers, and other LANs via wide area
networks.

The advantages of a LAN are the same as those for any group of devices networked
together. The devices can use a single Internet connection, share files with one another, print to
shared printers, and be accessed and even controlled by one another.

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Network Topology Diagram for LAN

Input Details for LAN

PC0 PC1 PC2

IP Address : 10.0.0.1 IP Address : 10.0.0.2 IP Address : 10.0.0.3
Gate way : 10.0.0.50 Gate way : 10.0.0.50 Gate way : 10.0.0.50

LAN OUTPUT WINDOW: (PINGING FROM PC0-PC1)

Packet Tracer PC Command Line 1.0

C:\>ping 10.0.0.2
Pinging 10.0.0.2 with 32 bytes of data:

Reply from 10.0.0.2: bytes=32 time=8ms TTL=128

Reply from 10.0.0.2: bytes=32 time=4ms TTL=128
Reply from 10.0.0.2: bytes=32 time=4ms TTL=128
Reply from 10.0.0.2: bytes=32 time=4ms TTL=128

Ping statistics for 10.0.0.2:

Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),
Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
Minimum = 4ms, Maximum = 8ms, Average = 5ms

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 VIVA QUESTIONS
A local-area network (LAN) is a computer network that spans a relatively small area. Most often,
a LAN is confined to a single room, building or group of buildings, however, one LAN can be connected
to other LANs over any distance via telephone lines and radio waves.

What are the advantages of LAN?

In LAN computers can exchange data and messages in the easy and fast way. It also saves time
and makes our work fast. Every user can share messages and data with any other user on LAN. The user
can log in from any computer on the network and access the same data placed on the server.

How does LAN work?

Early LAN (Local Area Network) networks were formed using coaxial cable, coax is an electric
cable and it is used to carry radio signals. LAN (Local Area Network) setup is developed by connecting
two or more than two computers with each other using a physical connection in order to share files and
data overtime.

What is a disadvantage of LAN?

Disadvantages of LANs:

The use of email within the network can lead to problems of time wasting as people send
messages that do not relate to work. If the dedicated file server fails, work stored on shared hard disk
drives will not be accessible and it will not be possible to use network printers either.

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 Experiment:2
Configuration of VLAN
Aim:
To construct a VLAN and make the PC’s communicate among a VLAN
Requirements
• Windows pc – 6 Nos
• CISCO Packet Tracer Software ( Student Version)
• 8 port switch – 1 No
• Cat-5 LAN cable
Procedure

• Open the CISCO Packet tracer software

• Drag and drop 6 pcs using End Device Icons on the left corner
• Select 8 port switch from switch icon list in the left bottom corner
• Make the connections using Straight through Ethernet cables
• Give IP address of the PCs as per table, ping between PCs and observe the transfer of
data packets in real and simulation mode.

Theory

A VLAN is a group of devices on one or more LANs that are configured to

communicate as if they were attached to the same wire, when in fact they are located on a
number of different LAN segments. Because VLANs are based on logical instead of physical
connections, they are extremely flexible.

VLANs define broadcast domains in a Layer 2 network. A broadcast domain is the set
of all devices that will receive broadcast frames originating from any device within the set.
Broadcast domains are typically bounded by routers because routers do not forward broadcast
frames. Layer 2 switches create broadcast domains based on the configuration of the switch.
Switches are multiport bridges that allow you to create multiple broadcast domains. Each
broadcast domain is like a distinct virtual bridge within a switch.

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Network Topology Diagram for VLAN

Input Details for VLAN 10

PC0 PC1 PC2

IP Address : 10.0.0.1 IP Address : 10.0.0.2 IP Address : 10.0.0.3
Subnet Mask : Subnet Mask : Subnet Mask :
255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0
Gate way : 10.0.0.50 Gate way : 10.0.0.50 Gate way : 10.0.0.50

Input Details for VLAN 20

PC0 PC1 PC2

IP Address : 20.0.0.1 IP Address : 20.0.0.2 IP Address : 20.0.0.3
Subnet Mask : Subnet Mask : Subnet Mask :
255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0
Gate way : 20.0.0.50 Gate way : 20.0.0.50 Gate way : 20.0.0.50

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CONFIGURATION OF THE SWITCHPORT FOR VLAN:
Switch>en
Switch#config
Configuring from terminal, memory, or network [terminal]?
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Switch(config)#vlan 10
Switch(config-vlan)#ex
Switch(config)#vlan 20
Switch(config-vlan)#ex
Switch(config)#interface range fastEthernet 0/1-3
Switch(config-if-range)#switchport access vlan 10
Switch(config-if-range)#ex
Switch(config)#interface range fastEthernet 0/4-6
Switch(config-if-range)#switchport access vlan 20
Switch(config-if-range)#ex
Switch(config)#ex
Switch#
%SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console

VLAN OUTPUT: (PINGING FROM PC0)

C:\>PING 10.0.0.2

Pinging 10.0.0.2 with 32 bytes of data:

Reply from 10.0.0.2: bytes=32 time=1ms TTL=128

Reply from 10.0.0.2: bytes=32 time<1ms TTL=128
Reply from 10.0.0.2: bytes=32 time<1ms TTL=128
Reply from 10.0.0.2: bytes=32 time<1ms TTL=128

Ping statistics for 10.0.0.2:

Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),
Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
Minimum = 0ms, Maximum = 1ms, Average = 0ms

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C:\>PING 20.0.0.1

Pinging 20.0.0.1 with 32 bytes of data:

Request timed out.

Request timed out.
Request timed out.
Request timed out.

Ping statistics for 20.0.0.1:

Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 0, Lost = 4 (100% loss),

MAC- ADDRESS TABLE:

Result

Hence, created VLAN structure and observed the communications of PCs within a
VLAN

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 VIVA QUESTIONS
What is LAN and VLAN?

VLAN and LAN are two terms used frequently in the networking field. ... VLAN is an
implementation of a private subset of a LAN in which the computers interact with each other as if they
are connected to the same broadcast domain irrespective of their physical locations

What is VLAN? And how it is reduce the broadcast traffic?

A VLAN is a logical grouping of network users and resources connected to administratively

defined ports on a switch. VLAN divides the broadcast domain so, the frames that will be broadcasted
onto the network are only the ports logically grouped with in the same VLAN.

What is Inter VLAN Routing?

VLANs divide broadcast domains in a LAN environment so, by default only Hosts that are
members of the same VLAN can communicate. Whenever hosts in one VLAN need to communicate with
hosts in another VLAN, the traffic must be routed between them. This is known as Inter VLAN Routing.

Give the Command to Create VLAN?

Switch(config)#vlan 10
Switch(config-vlan)#ex

How can we add an interface to a VLAN?

Switch(config)#interface range fastEthernet 0/1-3
Switch(config-if-range)#switchport access vlan 10
Switch(config-if-range)#ex

Which command is used to see all VLANs information?

Switch # show vlan 10

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 Experiment: 3
Configuration of Inter VLAN
Aim:
To construct a Inter - VLAN and make the PC’s communicate among a VLAN
Requirements

• Windows pc – 4 Nos
• CISCO Packet Tracer Software ( Student Version)
• 8 port switch – 1 No
• Cat-5 LAN cable
Procedure

• Open the CISCO Packet tracer software

• Drag and drop 4 pcs using End Device Icons on the left corner
• Select 8 port switch from switch icon list in the left bottom corner
• Make the connections using Straight through Ethernet cables
• Give IP address of the PCs as per table, ping between PCs and observe the transfer of
data packets in real and simulation mode.
Theory
Inter-VLAN routing can be defined as a way to forward traffic between different VLAN
by implementing a router in the network. As we learnt previously, VLANs logically segment
the switch into different subnets, when a router is connected to the switch, an administrator can
configure the router to forward the traffic between the various VLANs configured on the
switch. The user nodes in the VLANs forwards traffic to the router which then forwards the
traffic to the destination network regardless of the VLAN configured on the switch.

The use of VLANs means that users would not be able to communicate across
departments, i.e. a user in FINANCE, would not be able to send a message to a user in SALES
since they are on different broadcast domains.

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Network Topology Diagram for Inter VLAN

Input Details for VLAN 10

PC0 PC1
IP Address : 10.0.0.1 IP Address : 10.0.0.2
Subnet Mask : 255.255.255.0 Subnet Mask : 255.255.255.0
Gate way : 10.0.0.50 Gate way : 10.0.0.50

Input Details for VLAN 20

PC0 PC1
IP Address : 20.0.0.1 IP Address : 20.0.0.2
Subnet Mask : 255.255.255.0 Subnet Mask : 255.255.255.0
Gate way : 20.0.0.50 Gate way : 20.0.0.50

CONFIGURING THE TRUNK PORT IN SWITCH:

Switch#configure ter
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Switch(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/7
Switch(config-if)#switchport mode trunk
Switch(config-if)#switchport trunk allowed vlan 10,20
Switch(config-if)#no shut
Switch(config-if)#no shutdown
Switch(config-if)#exit
Switch(config)#exit

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ROUTER CONFIGURATION:
Router>en
Router#config ter
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/0
Router(config-if)#no shut
Router(config-if)#
%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up
%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up

Router(config-if)#no shutdown
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/0.10
Router(config-subif)#
%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet0/0.10, changed state to up
%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/0.10, changed state to
up

Router(config-subif)#encapsulation dot1Q 10
Router(config-subif)#ip address 10.0.0.50 255.0.0.0
Router(config-subif)#no shut
Router(config-subif)#no shutdown
Router(config-subif)#exit
Router(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/0.20
Router(config-subif)#
%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet0/0.20, changed state to up
%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/0.20, changed state to
up

Router(config-subif)#encapsulation dot1Q 20
Router(config-subif)#ip address 20.0.0.50 255.0.0.0
Router(config-subif)#no shut
Router(config-subif)#no shutdown
Router(config-subif)#exit
Router(config)#exit
Router#
%SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console

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Router#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B – BGP D - EIGRP, EX -
EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF
NSSA external type 2 E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E – EGP i - IS-IS,
L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area * - candidate default, U - per-user
static route, o – ODR P - periodic downloaded static route

Gateway of last resort is not set

C 10.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0.10

C 20.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0.20

OUTPUT:(PINGING PC3 IN VLAN20 FROM PC0 IN VLAN10)

C:\>ping 20.0.0.1
Pinging 20.0.0.1 with 32 bytes of data:
Request timed out.
Reply from 20.0.0.1: bytes=32 time<1ms TTL=127
Reply from 20.0.0.1: bytes=32 time<1ms TTL=127
Reply from 20.0.0.1: bytes=32 time=4ms TTL=127
Ping statistics for 20.0.0.1:
Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 3, Lost = 1 (25% loss),
Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
Minimum = 0ms, Maximum = 4ms, Average = 1ms

Result

Hence, We constructed Inter VLAN and made the communications of PCs between
different VLANs.

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 VIVA QUESTIONS
What is Inter VLAN Routing ? Explained with Examples

Inter-VLAN routing using a router on a stick utilizes an external router to pass traffic
between VLANs.

The figure above show a traditional inter-VLAN routing:

1 Traffic from PC1 on VLAN10 is routed through router R1 to reach PC3 on VLAN 20.

2. PC1 and PC3 are on different VLANs and have IP addresses on different subnets.

3. Router R1 has a separate interface configured for each of the VLANs.

Sample of VLAN

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 Experiment: 4
Configuration of Wireless LAN
Aim:
To construct a Wireless LAN and make the PC’s communicate wirelessly

Requirements

• Windows pc – 2 Nos
• CISCO Packet Tracer Software ( Student Version)
• 8 port switch – 1 No
• Cat-5 LAN cable
Procedure

• Open the CISCO Packet tracer software

• Drag and drop 2 Laptop pcs using End Device Icons on the left corner
• Select Access point and server from wireless devices
• Select laptop-> physical-> OFF laptop-> remove LAN Module & replace WPC 300N
Wireless module -> ON Laptop
• Observe the wireless connections between access point and laptops
• Give IP address of the PCs as per table, ping between PCs and observe the transfer of
data packets in real and simulation mode.

Theory
A Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) implements a flexible data communication
system frequently augmenting rather than replacing a wired LAN within a building or campus.
WLANs use radio frequency to transmit and receive data over the air, minimizing the need for
wired connections.

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Network Topology Diagram for Wireless LAN

WLAN OUTPUT WINDOW:(PINGING FROM laptop 1- laptop 0)

C:\>ping 169.254.129.204

Pinging 169.254.129.204 with 32 bytes of data:

Reply from 169.254.129.204: bytes=32 time=30ms TTL=128

Reply from 169.254.129.204: bytes=32 time=16ms TTL=128
Reply from 169.254.129.204: bytes=32 time=15ms TTL=128
Reply from 169.254.129.204: bytes=32 time=13ms TTL=128

Ping statistics for 169.254.129.204:

Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),
Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
Minimum = 13ms, Maximum = 30ms, Average = 18ms

Result:
Thus, constructed a WLAN and made the Laptops communicate wirelessly

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 VIVA QUESTIONS
What is a Wireless Network?

A wireless local-area network (WLAN) uses radio waves to connect devices, such as laptops, to the
Internet and to your business network and applications.

What is mean by wireless LAN?

A wireless local area network (WLAN) is a wireless distribution method for two or more
devices that use high-frequency radio waves and often include an access point to the Internet. A
WLAN allows users to move around the coverage area, often a home or small office, while
maintaining a network connection.

What is the difference between WiFi and wireless LAN?

While wireless LANs refer to any local area network (LAN) that a mobile user can connect to
through a wireless (radio) connection; Wi-Fi (short for "wireless fidelity") is a term for certain types
of WLANs that use specifications in the 802.11 wireless protocol family.

What are the Benefits of a WLAN?

Small businesses can experience many benefits from a WLAN. A few examples:

• You can access network resources from any location within the wireless network's coverage area.
• Wireless access to the Internet and to company resources help your staff be more productive and
collaborative.
• You don't have to string cables, as you do with wired networks. Installation can be quick and cost-
effective.
• You can easily expand WLANs where and as needed, because no wires are involved.
• By eliminating or reducing wiring expenses, WLANs can cost less to operate than wired networks.

Who Uses WLANs?

WLANs are frequently offered in public places such as cafes, hotels, and airport lounges. In
addition, many businesses have wireless networks throughout their office buildings or campuses for
employee and guest use.

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 Experiment: 5
Configuration of Address Resolution protocol
Aim:
To construct simple LAN and understand the concept and operation of Address
Resolution Protocol (ARP)
Requirements

• Windows pc – 5 Nos
• CISCO Packet Tracer Software ( Student Version)
• 8 port switch – 1 No
• Cat-5 LAN cable

Procedure
• Open the CISCO Packet tracer software
• Drag and drop 5 pcs using End Device Icons on the left corner
• Select 8 port switch from switch icon list in the left bottom corner
• Make the connections using Straight through Ethernet cables
• Give IP address of the PC1, PC2, PC3 and PC4 as per the input table respectively,
observe the source and destination MAC address of all packets.
• Get cache from switch.

Theory
ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) is a network protocol used to find out the hardware
(MAC) address of a device from an IP address. It is used when a device wants to communicate
with some other device on a local network (for example on an Ethernet network that requires
physical addresses to be known before sending packets). The sending device uses ARP to
translate IP addresses to MAC addresses. The device sends an ARP request message containing
the IP address of the receiving device. All devices on a local network segment see the message,
but only the device that has that IP address responds with the ARP reply message containing its
MAC address. The sending device now has enough information to send the packet to the
receiving device.

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 Network Topology Diagram for ARP

Input Details for ARP

PC0 PC1 PC2 PC3 PC4

IP Address : IP Address : IP Address : IP Address : IP Address :
10.0.0.1 10.0.0.2 10.0.0.3 10.0.0.4 10.0.0.5
Subnet Mask : Subnet Mask : Subnet Mask : Subnet Mask: Subnet Mask :
255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0
Gate way : Gate way : Gate way : Gate way : Gate way :
10.0.0.50 10.0.0.50 10.0.0.50 10.0.0.50 10.0.0.50

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OUTPUT:
ARP CATCH TABLE OF PC1 (IP: 10.0.0.2):
C:\>arp -a

Internet Address Physical Address Type

10.0.0.1 0001.42c1.0547 dynamic
10.0.0.3 0001.6402.dab3 dynamic
10.0.0.4 0001.43e2.332b dynamic
10.0.0.5 0001.9665.3174 dynamic
SWITCH MAC ADDRESS TABLE:

Result:
Thus, constructed a simple LAN and understand the concept and operation of ARP and
got the ARP Cache of given layout.

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 VIVA QUESTIONS
What is ARP?

Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is a network protocol, which maps a network layer
protocol address to a data link layer hardware address. For example, ARP is used to resolve IP address
to the corresponding Ethernet address.

What is ARP process?

ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) is a network protocol used to find out the hardware (MAC)
address of a device from an IP address.

What is a Address Resolution Protocol in networking?

Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is a procedure for mapping a dynamic Internet Protocol
address (IP address) to a permanent physical machine address in a local area network (LAN). ARP can
also be used for IP over other LAN technologies, such as token ring, fiber distributed data interface
(FDDI) and IP over ATM.

Where is ARP protocol used?

This is where ARP comes into the picture, its functionality is to translate IP address to physical
address. The acronym ARP stands for Address Resolution Protocol which is one of the most important
protocols of the Network layer in the OSI model.

What is the use of ARP?

A host in an Ethernet network can communicate with another host, only if it knows the Ethernet
address (MAC address) of that host. The higher level protocols like IP use a different kind of addressing
scheme (like IP address) from the lower level hardware addressing scheme like MAC address. ARP is
used to get the Ethernet address of a host from its IP address. ARP is extensively used by all the hosts in
an Ethernet network.

What is an ARP cache?

ARP maintains the mapping between IP address and MAC address in a table in memory called
ARP cache. The entries in this table are dynamically added and removed.

Can ARP be used in a network other than Ethernet?

ARP is a general protocol, which can be used in any type of broadcast network. The fields in the
ARP packet specifies the type of the MAC address and the type of the protocol address. ARP is used with
most IEEE 802.x LAN media. In particular, it is also used with FDDI, Token Ring, and Fast Ethernet, in
precisely the same way as it is with Ethernet.

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 Experiment: 6
Configuration of Routing Information protocol
Aim:
To understand the concept and operation of Routing Information Protocol (RIP)
Requirements
• Windows pc – 2 Nos
• CISCO Packet Tracer Software ( Student Version)
• 8 port switch – 2 No
• Router – 2 Nos
• Cat-5 LAN cable
Procedure
• Open the CISCO Packet tracer software
• Drag and drop 5 pcs using End Device Icons on the left corner
• Select 8 port switch from switch icon list in the left bottom corner
• Select Routers and Give the IP address for serial ports of router and apply clock rate as
per the table.
• Make the connections using Straight through Ethernet cables
• Ping between PCs and observe the transfer of data packets in real and simulation mode.

Theory
RIP (Routing Information Protocol) is one of the oldest distance vector routing
protocols. It is usually used on small networks because it is very simple to configure and
maintain, but lacks some advanced features of routing protocols like OSPF or EIGRP. Two
versions of the protocol exists: version 1 and version 2. Both versions use hop count as a metric
and have the administrative distance of 120. RIP version 2 is capable of advertising subnet
masks and uses multicast to send routing updates, while version 1 doesn’t advertise subnet
masks and uses broadcast for updates. Version 2 is backwards compatible with version 1.

RIPv2 sends the entire routing table every 30 seconds, which can consume a lot of
bandwidth. RIPv2 uses multicast address of 224.0.0.9 to send routing updates, supports
authentication and triggered updates (updates that are sent when a change in the network
occurs).

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Network Topology Diagram for RIP

Input Details for RIP

PC0 PC1 Router 0 Router 1

Fast Ethernet 0/0
Fast Ethernet 0/0
IP Address : IP Address: IP Address:
IP Address :
192.168.1.2 192.168.2.2 192.168.1.1
192.168.2.1
Gate way : Gate way : Serial 2/0 :
Serial 2/0 :
192.168.1.1 192.168.2.1 10.0.0.1 at 6400
10.0.0.2 no clock rate
clock rate

OUTPUT:
RIP (PINGING FROM PC0 TO PC1):
C:\>ping 192.168.2.2
Pinging 192.168.2.2 with 32 bytes of data:
Reply from 192.168.2.2: bytes=32 time=11ms TTL=126
Reply from 192.168.2.2: bytes=32 time=12ms TTL=126
Reply from 192.168.2.2: bytes=32 time=13ms TTL=126
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Reply from 192.168.2.2: bytes=32 time=11ms TTL=126
Ping statistics for 192.168.2.2:
Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),
Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
Minimum = 11ms, Maximum = 13ms, Average = 11ms

Result:
Thus, understand the concept and operation of RIP and pinged from PC in are networks
to PC to another network.

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 VIVA QUESTIONS
What is RIP routing?

RIP stand for Routing information Protocol. It is protocol which communicates to one
router to another router. It update after 30sec send his routing table to another router. It is
distance vector protocol which protocol work on metric hop count after that is transferred the
packet from source to destination. It has to follow shortage distance basis transfer the data.

How do we configure rip? Specify the commands.

#Router rip

#network 10.0.0.0

Which command is used to check RIP routing?

#show ip route

#show ip protocols

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 Experiment: 7
Configuration of Open shortest Path First (OSPF) Algorithm
Aim:
To construct multiple router networks and understand the operation of OSPF Protocol
Requirements
• Windows pc – 3 Nos
• CISCO Packet Tracer Software ( Student Version)
• 8 port switch – 3 No
• Router – 3 Nos
• Cat-5 LAN cable
Procedure
• Open the CISCO Packet tracer software
• Drag and drop 5 pcs using End Device Icons on the left corner
• Select 8 port switch from switch icon list in the left bottom corner
• Select Routers and Give the IP address for serial ports of router and apply clock rate
• Add HWIC -2T Peripheral to all routers, type CLI’s for all routers
• Make the connections using Straight through Ethernet cables
• Ping between PCs and observe the transfer of data packets in real and simulation mode.

Theory
The OSPF routing protocol has largely replaced the older Routing Information Protocol
(RIP) in corporate networks. Using OSPF, a router that learns of a change to a routing table
(when it is reconfigured by network staff, for example) or detects a change in the network
immediately multicasts the information to all other OSPF hosts in the network so they will all
have the same routing table information. Unlike RIP, which requires routers to send the entire
routing table to neighbors every 30 seconds, OSPF sends only the part that has changed and
only when a change has taken place. When routes change -- sometimes due to equipment
failure -- the time it takes OSPF routers to find a new path between endpoints with no loops
(which is called "open") and that minimizes the length of the path is called the convergence
time.

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 Network Topology Diagram for OSPF

Input Details for OSPF

PC0 PC1 PC2

IP Address : 192.168.1.2 IP Address: 192.168.2.2
IP Address: 192.168.3.2
Gate way : 192.168.1.1 Gate way : 192.168.2.1
Gate way : 192.168.3.1

Router 0 Router 1 Router 2

fa 0/0 IP Address:
192.168.1.1 fa 0/0 IP Address : Fa 0/0 IP Address :
Serial 0/0/0 : 10.0.0.1 @ 192.168.2.1 192.168.3.1
2000000 clock rate Serial 0/0/0 : 10.0.0.2 Serial 0/0/0 : 10.0.0.2 @ no
Serial 0/0/1 : - clock rate
Serial 0/0/1 : -
@ 2000000 clock rate Se 0/0/1 : 11.0.0.1

ROUTER0 CLI:
Router#en
Router#config
Configuring from terminal, memory, or network [terminal]?
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#router ospf 1
Router(config-router)#network 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 1
Router(config-router)#network 10.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 1
Router(config-router)#exit
00:19:21: %OSPF-5-ADJCHG: Process 1, Nbr 192.168.2.1 on Serial0/0/0 from LOADING to
FULL, Loading Done
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ROUTER1 CLI:
Router(config)#router ospf 2
Router(config-router)#network 192.168.2.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
Router(config-router)#network 10.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 1
00:19:07: %OSPF-5-ADJCHG: Process 2, Nbr 192.168.1.1 on Serial0/0/0 from LOADING to
FULL, Loading Done
Router(config-router)#network 11.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 2
Router(config-router)#exit
00:25:52: %OSPF-5-ADJCHG: Process 2, Nbr 192.168.3.1 on Serial0/0/1 from LOADING to
FULL, Loading Done
ROUTER2 CLI:
Router>en
Router#config
Configuring from terminal, memory, or network [terminal]?
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#router ospf 1
Router(config-router)#network 192.168.3.0 0.0.0.255 area 2
Router(config-router)#network 11.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 2
00:25:19: %OSPF-5-ADJCHG: Process 1, Nbr 192.168.2.1 on Serial0/0/0 from
LOADING to FULL, Loading Done
Router(config)#exit

OUTPUT:

ROUTER0:
Router>en
Router#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
P - periodic downloaded static route

Gateway of last resort is not set

C 10.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0/0/0

O IA 11.0.0.0/8 [110/128] via 10.0.0.2, 00:04:43, Serial0/0/0
C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
O IA 192.168.2.0/24 [110/65] via 10.0.0.2, 00:07:42, Serial0/0/0
O IA 192.168.3.0/24 [110/129] via 10.0.0.2, 00:00:53, Serial0/0/0

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ROUTER1:
C 10.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0/0/0
C 11.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0/0/1
O 192.168.1.0/24 [110/65] via 10.0.0.1, 00:04:50, Serial0/0/0
C 192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
O 192.168.3.0/24 [110/65] via 11.0.0.2, 00:04:45, Serial0/0/1

ROUTER2:
O IA 10.0.0.0/8 [110/128] via 11.0.0.1, 00:06:55, Serial0/0/0
C 11.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0/0/0
O IA 192.168.1.0/24 [110/129] via 11.0.0.1, 00:06:45, Serial0/0/0
O IA 192.168.2.0/24 [110/65] via 11.0.0.1, 00:06:55, Serial0/0/0
C 192.168.3.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0

Result:
Thus, understand the concept and operation of OSPF and obtained the routing table and
observe transfer data packets in real and simulation time.

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 VIVA QUESTIONS
What is the algorithm used by OSPF?

OSPF uses SPF (Shortest Path First) algorithm for calculating the best path and preparing OSPF database.

What are the characteristics of OSPF ?

1. OSPF supports only IP routing.

2. OSPF routes have an administrative distance i.e. 110.
3. OSPF uses cost as its metric, which is computed based on the bandwidth of the link. OSPF has
no hop-count limit.
What are the different OSPF network types and give an example for each ?

Different OSPF network types with their examples are given below:
1) Broadcast Multi-Access – indicates a topology where broadcast occurs.
Examples include Ethernet, Token Ring, and ATM.
2) Point-to-Point – indicates a topology where two routers are directly connected.
An example would be a point-to-point T1.
3) Point-to-Multipoint – indicates a topology where one interface can connect to multiple destinations.
Each connection between a source and destination is treated as a point-to-point link.
An example would be Point-to-Multipoint Frame Relay.
4) Non-broadcast Multi-access Network (NBMA) – indicates a topology where one interface can connect
to multiple destinations; however, broadcasts cannot be sent across a NBMA network.

Name tables which OSPF maintain?

The OSPF process builds and maintains three separate tables:

1) A neighbor table – contains a list of all neighboring routers.
2) A topology table – contains a list of all possible routes to all known networks within an area.
3) A routing table – contains the best route for each known network.

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 Experiment: 8
Configuration of Enhanced Internal Gateway Routing Protocol
Aim:
To construct multiple router networks and understand the operation of EIGRP Protocol
Requirements
• Windows pc – 4 Nos
• CISCO Packet Tracer Software ( Student Version)
• 8 port switch – 2 No
• Router – 3 Nos
• Cat-5 LAN cable
Procedure
• Open the CISCO Packet tracer software
• Drag and drop 4 pcs using End Device Icons on the left corner
• Select TWO 8 port switch from switch icon list in the left bottom corner
• Select TWO Routers and Give the IP address for serial ports of router and apply clock
rate as per the input table.
• Add WIC -IT Peripheral to all routers, type CLI’s for all routers
• Make the connections using Straight through Ethernet cables
• Ping between PCs and observe the transfer of data packets in real and simulation mode.

Theory

Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP Protocol) is an enhanced distance

vector routing protocol which Uses Diffused Update Algorithm (DUAL) to calculate the
shortest path. It is also considered as a Hybrid Routing Protocol because it has characteristics of
both Distance Vector and Link State Routing Protocols.

EIGRP supports classless routing and VLSM, route summarization, incremental

updates, load balancing and other features.

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Network Topology Diagram for EIGRP

Input Details for EIGRP

PC0 PC1 PC2 PC3

IP Address : IP Address: IP Address: IP Address:
192.168.10.2 192.168.10.3 192.168.30.2 192.168.30.3
Gate way : Gate way : Gate way : Gate way :
192.168.10.1 192.168.10.1 192.168.30.1 192.168.30.1

Router 0 Router 1
fa 0/0 IP Address: 192.168.10.1 fa 0/0 IP Address : 192.168.30.1
Serial 0/0/0 : 192.168.20.1 @ 6400 clock rate Serial 0/0/0 : 192.168.20.2

ROUTER0 CLI:
Router(config)#router eigrp 10
Router(config-router)#network 192.168.10.0 255.255.255.0
Router(config-router)#network 192.168.20.0 255.255.255.0
Router(config-router)#exit

ROUTER1 CLI:
Router(config)#router eigrp 10
Router(config-router)#network 192.168.20.0 255.255.255.0
%DUAL-5-NBRCHANGE: IP-EIGRP 10: Neighbor 192.168.20.1 (Serial0/1/0) is up: new adjacency
Router(config-router)#network 192.168.30.0 255.255.255.0
Router(config-router)#exit

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OUTPUT:
ROUTER0:
Router#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
P - periodic downloaded static route

Gateway of last resort is not set

C 192.168.10.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
C 192.168.20.0/24 is directly connected, Serial0/3/0
D 192.168.30.0/24 [90/20514560] via 192.168.20.2, 00:04:51, Serial0/3/0

ROUTER1:

D 192.168.10.0/24 [90/20514560] via 192.168.20.1, 00:05:35, Serial0/1/0

C 192.168.20.0/24 is directly connected, Serial0/1/0
C 192.168.30.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0

Result:
Thus, understand the concept and operation of EIGRP and obtained the routing table
and observe transfer data packets in real and simulation time.

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 VIVA QUESTIONS
Why EIGRP is called hybrid protocol?

EIGRP is also called hybrid protocol because its metric is not just plain HOP COUNT (max-
255, included in pure distance vector protocol) rather includes the links bandwidth, delay, reliability
and Load parameter into the calculation. Thats why called Advanced or Hybrid protocol.

What are the different packets or message in EIGRP?

There are Six packets in EIGRP, 1-Hello , 2-Update, 3-Query, 4-Reply, 5-Acknoladgment, 6.Request

What are different route types in EIGRP?

There are three different types of routes in EIGRP:

• Internal Route—Routes that are originated within the Autonomous System (AS).

• Summary Route—Routes that are summarized in the router (for example, internal paths that
have been summarized).

• External Route—Routes that are redistributed to EIGRP.

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 Experiment: 9

Configuration Telnet
Aim:
To understand the operation of TELNET by accessing the router in server room from a
PC in IT office.

Requirements

• Windows pc – 2 Nos
• CISCO Packet Tracer Software ( Student Version)
• 8 port switch – 1 No
• Router – 1 Nos
• Cat-5 LAN cable
Procedure
• Open the CISCO Packet tracer software
• Drag and drop 1 pc and 1 laptop using End Device Icons on the left corner.
• Select 8 port switch from switch icon list in the left bottom corner
• Select Routers and Give the IP address for serial ports of router
• Type CLI’s for the router
• Make and verify the connections from any pc to the server by providing correct
password; in command prompt of PC.
• Ping between PCs and observe the transfer of data packets in real and simulation mode.

Theory

Telnet, developed in 1969, is a protocol that provides a command line interface for
communication with a remote device or server, sometimes employed for remote management
but also for initial device setup like network hardware. Telnet stands for Teletype Network, but
it can also be used as a verb; 'to telnet' is to establish a connection using the Telnet protocol.
Telnet is a simple, text-based network protocol that is used for accessing remote computers
over TCP/IP networks like the Internet.

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Network Topology Diagram for TELNET

Input Details for TELNET

Router 0 PC0 PC1

IP Address : 192.168.0.1 IP Address : 192.168.0.2 IP Address : 192.168.0.3
Gate way : - Gate way : 192.168.0.1 Gate way : 192.168.0.2

ROUTER CLI:
Router#config
Configuring from terminal, memory, or network [terminal]?
Router(config)#line vty 0 4
Router(config-line)#password sai123
Router(config-line)#login local
Router(config-line)#exit
Router(config)#username sai privilege 4 password sai123
Router(config)#exit

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OUTPUT:
PINGING FROM PC0 TO SERVER USING TELENET:
C:\>ping 192.168.0.1
Pinging 192.168.0.1 with 32 bytes of data:
Reply from 192.168.0.1: bytes=32 time=1ms TTL=255
Reply from 192.168.0.1: bytes=32 time<1ms TTL=255
Reply from 192.168.0.1: bytes=32 time<1ms TTL=255
Reply from 192.168.0.1: bytes=32 time<1ms TTL=255
Ping statistics for 192.168.0.1:

Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),

Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
Minimum = 0ms, Maximum = 1ms, Average = 0ms

C:\>telnet 192.168.0.1
Trying 192.168.0.1 ...Open
User Access Verification
Username: sai
Password: <type the password---sai123(invisible)>

Router#show ip route(now router can be accessed from pc0)

Codes: L - local, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
192.168.0.0 /24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks
C 192.168.0.0/24 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0
L 192.168.0.1/32 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0
Router#

Result:
Thus, verified the operation of TELNET and accessed the router from Pcs.

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 VIVA QUESTIONS
What are common uses for Telnet?

Telnet can be used to test or troubleshoot remote web or mail servers, as well as for
remote access to MUDs (multi-user dungeon games) and trusted internal networks.

How does Telnet work?

Telnet provides users with a bidirectional interactive text-oriented communication system

utilizing a virtual terminal connection over 8 byte. User data is interspersed in-band with telnet
control information over the transmission control protocol (TCP). Often, Telnet was used on a
terminal to execute functions remotely.

The user connects to the server by using the Telnet protocol, which means entering Telnet
into a command prompt by following this syntax: telnet hostname port. The user then executes
commands on the server by using specific Telnet commands into the Telnet prompt. To end a
session and log off, the user ends a Telnet command with Telnet.

Is Telnet secure?

Because it was developed before the mainstream adaptation of the internet, Telnet on its
own does not employ any form of encryption, making it outdated in terms of modern security. It
has largely been overlapped by Secure Shell (SSH) protocol, at least on the public internet, but for
instances where Telnet is still in use, there are a few methods for securing your communications.

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 Experiment: 10

Configuration of Secured Shell (SSH) cryptographic Protocol

Aim:
To understand the operation of SSH by accessing the routers remotely by PCs

Requirements

• Windows pc – 2 Nos
• CISCO Packet Tracer Software ( Student Version)
• 8 port switch – 1 No
• Router – 1 Nos
• Cat-5 LAN cable
Procedure
• Open the CISCO Packet tracer software
• Drag and drop 1 pc and 1 laptop using End Device Icons on the left corner.
• Select 8 port switch from switch icon list in the left bottom corner
• Select Routers and Give the IP address for serial ports of router
• Type CLI’s for the router
• Make and verify the SSH operation by pinging in the command prompt of PC
• Ping between PCs and observe the transfer of data packets in real and simulation mode.

Theory

SSH stands for Secure Shell is a network protocol, used to access remote machine in
order to execute command-line network services and other commands over a Network. SSH is
Known for its high security, cryptographic behavior and it is most widely used by Network
Admins to control remote web servers primarily.
Both SSH and Telnet are network Protocol. Both the services are used in order to
connect and communicate to another machine over Network. SSH uses Port 22 and Telnet uses
port 23 by default. Telnet send data in plain text and non-encrypted format everyone can
understand whereas SSH sends data in encrypted format. Not to mention SSH is more secure
than Telnet and hence SSH is preferred over Telnet.

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Network Topology Diagram for SSH

Input Details for SSH

Router 0 PC0 PC1

IP Address : 192.168.1.1 IP Address : 192.168.1.2 IP Address : 192.168.1.3
Gate way : - Gate way : 192.168.1.1 Gate way : 192.168.1.1

ROUTER CLI:
Router#config
Configuring from terminal, memory, or network [terminal]?
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#line vty 0 4
Router(config-line)#password sai123
Router(config-line)#login local
Router(config-line)#exit
Router(config)#username saimukhesh privilege 4 password sai123
Router(config)#hostname r1
r1(config)#ip domain-name cisco
r1(config)#line vty 0 4
r1(config-line)#transport input ssh
r1(config-line)#exit
r1(config)#crypto key generate rsa
The name for the keys will be: r1.cisco
Choose the size of the key modulus in the range of 360 to 2048 for your
General Purpose Keys. Choosing a key modulus greater than 512 may take
a few minutes.
How many bits in the modulus [512]: 1024
% Generating 1024 bit RSA keys, keys will be non-exportable...[OK]
0r1(config)#
*Mar 1 0:3:53.842: %SSH-5-ENABLED: SSH 1.99 has been enabled
r1(config)#

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OUTPUT:
PINGING FROM PC1 TO SERVER USING SSH:
Packet Tracer PC Command Line 1.0
C:\>ping 192.168.1.1

Pinging 192.168.1.1 with 32 bytes of data:

Reply from 192.168.1.1: bytes=32 time<1ms TTL=255

Reply from 192.168.1.1: bytes=32 time<1ms TTL=255
Reply from 192.168.1.1: bytes=32 time<1ms TTL=255
Reply from 192.168.1.1: bytes=32 time<1ms TTL=255

Ping statistics for 192.168.1.1:

Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),
Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
Minimum = 0ms, Maximum = 0ms, Average = 0ms

C:\>ssh -l saimukhesh 192.168.1.1

Open
Password: <sai123>

r1#
(now router can be accessed from pc1)

Result:
Thus, verified the operation of SSH and accessed the router from a remote Pcs.

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 VIVA QUESTIONS
What is SSH?
Secure Shell protocol is abbreviated as SSH. It is a secure and most commonly using
protocol to access remote servers. This protocol uses encryption while transferring data between
two hosts.

What is SSH port forwarding ?

SSH Port Forwarding, sometimes called SSH Tunneling, which allows you to establish a
secure SSH session and then tunnel arbitrary TCP connections through it. Tunnels can be created
at any time, with almost no effort and no programming.
Syntax : ssh -L localport:host:hostport user@ssh_server –N
where:
-L – port forwarding parameters
localport – local port (chose a port that is not in use by other service)
host – server that has the port (hostport) that you want to forward
hostport – remote port
-N – do not execute a remote command, (you will not have the shell)
user – user that have ssh access to the ssh server (computer)
ssh_server – the ssh server that will be used for forwarding/tunnelling

How to enable debugging in ssh command ?

To enable debugging in ssh command use ‘-v’ option like ‘ssh [email protected] -v’.
To increase the debugging level just increase the number of v’s.

What is the difference between ssh & Telnet ?

In ssh communication between client & server is encrypted but in telnet communication
between the client & server is in plain text . We can also say SSH uses a public key for
authentication while Telnet does not use any authentication.SSH adds a bit more overhead to the
bandwidth compared to Telnet. Default port of ssh is 22 and for telnet 23.

How to check SSH server’s Version ?

Using the command ‘ ssh -V ‘ we can find the ssh server’s version.

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