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12.Functions_of_multivariables

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6 views

12.Functions_of_multivariables

giải tích BK

Uploaded by

nupqq.0711
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Chapter 8: Functions of several variables

Nguyen Thu Huong

Faculty of Mathematics and Informatics


Hanoi University of Science and Technology

December 6, 2024
Functions of several variables

Content

8. Functions of several variables


8.1 Definition
8.2 Limit and continuity
8.3 Partial derivatives
Content

8. Functions of several variables


8.1 Definition
8.2 Limit and continuity
8.3 Partial derivatives
Functions of several variables

The space R2

Recall R2 = (x, y ) x, y ∈ R .


Vector space structure:

(x1 , y1 ) + (x2 , y2 ) = (x1 + x2 , y1 + y2 ),


k(x1 , y1 ) = (kx1 , ky1 ), k ∈ R, (x1 , y1 ) ∈ R2 .

Distance between two points (x1 , y1 ) and (x2 , y2 ):


q
d = (x1 − x2 )2 + (y1 − y2 )2 .

Question: similar notions in R3 ?


Functions of several variables

Example
Closed disk B(x, ε) = {M ∈ Rn d(M, x) ≤ ε}.
Open disk B(y , δ) = {M ∈ Rn d(M, y ) < δ}.
Functions of several variables

Functions of several variables

Definition
A function of two variables f : D ⊂ R2 → R is a rule that assigns
M(x, y ) ∈ D to a unique value z = f (M) = f (x, y ).
D is called the domain of f . The range is the set {f (M) M ∈ D}.
x, y : independent variables; z : dependent variable.

We have various ways of looking at f :


as a function of 2 variables (x, y );
as a function of a single point M(x, y ).
By the same way, we can define a function of three or more
variables.
Functions of several variables

Example
Find the domains of the following functions:
1 z = z(x, y ) = √ x
.
1−x 2 −y 2
p
2 u = f (x, y , z) = arcsin x 2 + y 2.
Functions of several variables

Visualization

The graph of z = f (x, y ) : D ⊂ R2 → R is the set


Γ(f ) = {(x, y , f (x, y )), (x, y ) ∈ D} ⊂ R3 .
The graph of z = f (x, y ) is a surface in R3 .

p
Figure: z = 9 − x2 − y2
Functions of several variables

The level curves of a function f of two variables are the curves with
equations f (x, y ) = C where C is a constant (in the range of f ).
Content

8. Functions of several variables


8.1 Definition
8.2 Limit and continuity
8.3 Partial derivatives
Functions of several variables

Limit of a function

Definition
Let f : D → R, D contains an open disk B(M0 , ε), possibly except
M0 (x0 , y0 ). We say that the limit of f (x, y ) is L when M(x, y )
tends to M0 (x0 , y0 ) iff

lim f (M) = L ⇔ ∀ε > 0, ∃δ(ε) > 0 : 0 < d(M, M0 ) < δ


M→M0
⇒ |f (M) − L| < ε.
Functions of several variables

Limit of a function of several variables has similar properties as


those of limit of a function of a single variable.
Theorem
Assume that lim f (M), lim g (M) are finite.
M→M0 M→M0

lim (f (M) ± g (M)) = lim f (M) ± lim g (M)


M→M0 M→M0 M→M0
lim f (M).g (M) = lim f (M). lim g (M).
M→M0 M→M0 M→M0

Example
x3 − y3
Compute the limit lim .
(x,y )→(2,1) x 2 + y 2
Functions of several variables

Theorem (Squeeze theorem)


If f (M) ≤ g (M) ≤ h(M) when M ∈ B(M0 , ε) \ {M0 } and

lim f (M) = lim h(M) = L,


M→M0 M→M0

then
lim g (M) = L.
M→M0
Functions of several variables

In the line, x → x0 either from the left or the right.

Note: If the limit exists, then f (M) must approach same L no


matter how M approaches M0 .
To show nonexistence of the limit:
f (M) → a1 as M → M0 along the path C1 , f (M) → a2 as
M → M0 along the path C2 ; but a1 6= a2 .
Functions of several variables

Example
Compute the limits
p 1
1 lim x 2 + y 2 cos
(x,y )→(0,0) xy
2x 2 y
2 lim
(x,y )→(0,0) x 2 + y 2

Example
Compute the limits
x 2 − 2y 2
1 lim
(x,y )→(0,0) x 2 + y 2

x 2 + 2xy − 3y 2
2 lim
(x,y )→(0,0) x 2 + 2y 2
xy 2
3 lim
(x,y )→(0,0) x 2 + y 4
Functions of several variables

Continuous functions

Definition
Let f (M) be defined on D, M0 ∈ D, D contains an open disk
centered at M0 .The function f (M) is said to be continuous at M0
iff lim f (M) = f (M0 ).
M→M0
f (M) is said to be continuous on D if it is continuous at any
M0 ∈ D.
Functions of several variables

Example
Investigate the continuity at (x, y ) = (0, 0) of the following
functions
cos 2xy

if (x, y ) 6= (0, 0),
1 f (x, y ) = x2 + y2
0 if (x, y ) = (0, 0).

 3
 x if (x, y ) 6= (0, 0),
2 g (x, y ) = x2 + y2
0 if (x, y ) = (0, 0).

Content

8. Functions of several variables


8.1 Definition
8.2 Limit and continuity
8.3 Partial derivatives
Functions of several variables

Definition
Let f (x, y ) : D ⊂ R2 → R, D contains an open disk centered at
M0 (x0 , y0 ).
The partial derivative with respect to x is
∂f d
fx0 (x0 , y0 ) = (x0 , y0 ) = f (x, y0 ) x=x
∂x dx 0

f (x0 + ∆x, y0 ) − f (x0 , y0 )


= lim
∆x→0 ∆x
The partial derivative with respect to y is
∂f d
fy0 (x0 , y0 ) = (x0 , y0 ) = f (x0 , y ) y =y
∂y dy 0

f (x0 , y0 + ∆y ) − f (x0 , y0 )
= lim
∆y →0 ∆y
Functions of several variables

Rule: when differentiating with respect to x, y is regarded as a


constant; when differentiating with respect to y , x is regarded as a
constant.
Example
Compute the partial derivatives of the following functions
1 f (x, y ) = x y at (2, 1).
p
2 u(x, y , z) = z x 2 + y 2 .
 xy
 if (x, y ) 6= (0, 0),
3 f (x, y ) = x 2 + y 2
0 if (x, y ) = (0, 0).

Homework: Textbook page 115: Ex. 1, 2 (first


order partial derivatives), 3ab.

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