1. The Krebs cycle occurs in the: A.

2
B. 4
A. Cytoplasm C. 3
B. Mitochondrial matrix D. 1
C. Golgi apparatus
D. Nucleus 7. Which intermediates are directly
involved in substrate-level
2. The primary purpose of the Krebs phosphorylation?
cycle is to:
A. Succinate
A. Generate ATP directly B. Succinyl-CoA
B. Produce reducing agents like NADH and C. Malate
FADH₂ D. α-Ketoglutarate
C. Generate carbon dioxide as a byproduct
D. Synthesize glucose 8. Which molecule is regenerated at the
end of the Krebs cycle?
3. The Krebs cycle is also known as the:
A. Oxaloacetate
A. Calvin cycle B. Pyruvate
B. Tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle C. Citrate
C. Urea cycle D. Fumarate
D. Citric acid cycle
9. Which enzyme in the Krebs cycle
4. Which enzymes catalyze reduces FAD to FADH₂?
decarboxylation reactions in the Krebs
cycle? A. Succinate dehydrogenase
B. Isocitrate dehydrogenase
A. Isocitrate dehydrogenase C. Malate dehydrogenase
B. Citrate synthase D. α-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
C. α-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
D. Succinate dehydrogenase 10. The byproducts of the Krebs cycle
include:
5. Acetyl-CoA combines with oxaloacetate
to form: A. CO₂
B. NADH
A. Fumarate C. H₂O
B. Malate D. Urea
C. Citrate
D. Succinate 11. How many ATP equivalents are
generated from one turn of the cycle?
6. How many molecules of NADH are
produced per cycle?
A. 12 C. 3
B. 10 D. 4
C. 2
D. 15 17. Which molecules act as allosteric
inhibitors of the Krebs cycle?
12. Citrate is converted into isocitrate by
the enzyme: A. NADH
B. ATP
A. Isocitrate dehydrogenase C. FADH₂
B. Citrate synthase D. Acetyl-CoA
C. Aconitase
D. Fumarase 18. Which steps in the Krebs cycle
produce NADH?
13. The Krebs cycle requires:
A. Isocitrate → α-Ketoglutarate
A. Oxygen indirectly B. Citrate → Isocitrate
B. ATP directly C. Malate → Oxaloacetate
C. NAD⁺ and FAD D. Succinate → Fumarate
D. Pyruvate
19. The Krebs cycle contributes to ATP
14. Which intermediates participate in synthesis by:
transamination reactions?
A. Electron donation to the Electron
A. α-Ketoglutarate Transport Chain (ETC)
B. Succinate B. Oxidative phosphorylation
C. Oxaloacetate C. Direct generation of ATP
D. Malate D. Gluconeogenesis

15. Which are amphibolic functions of the 20. Which intermediates are high-energy
Krebs cycle? compounds?

A. Gluconeogenesis precursor supply A. Acetyl-CoA

B. Urea synthesis B. Succinyl-CoA
C. Fatty acid synthesis C. Oxaloacetate
D. ATP production D. Citrate

16. How many molecules of CO₂ are Electron Transport System (20 Questions)
released per cycle?
21. The Electron Transport System
A. 1 occurs in the:
B. 2
A. Mitochondrial matrix C. A byproduct of ETC
B. Cytoplasm D. The final electron acceptor
C. Inner mitochondrial membrane
D. Outer mitochondrial membrane 27. Proton pumping in the ETC creates:

22. The primary function of the Electron A. An electrochemical gradient

Transport Chain (ETC) is to: B. ATP directly
C. A pH gradient across the membrane
A. Generate heat D. Glucose
B. Produce ATP via oxidative
phosphorylation 28. ATP synthase utilizes:
C. Pump protons to generate a gradient
D. Reduce oxygen A. Proton motive force
B. NADH
23. Complex I in the ETC oxidizes: C. ADP and inorganic phosphate
D. Oxygen
A. NADH
B. FADH₂ 29. Which complexes pump protons
C. Cytochrome c across the membrane?
D. Ubiquinone
A. Complex I
24. Which electron carriers are part of B. Complex II
the ETC? C. Complex III
D. Complex IV
A. Cytochrome c
B. ATP synthase 30. The movement of electrons in the ETC
C. Ubiquinone (Coenzyme Q) is:
D. Citrate
A. From high to low energy states
25. Complex II in the ETC is also known B. From cytochrome c to ubiquinone
as: C. Coupled with proton pumping
D. Random
A. Succinate dehydrogenase
B. Fumarase 31. Which complex reduces oxygen to
C. Cytochrome oxidase water?
D. NADH dehydrogenase
A. Complex III
26. Oxygen acts as: B. Complex IV
C. ATP synthase
A. An electron acceptor D. Complex I
B. An energy donor
32. The ATP yield from one NADH is C. Coenzyme A
approximately: D. Pyruvate

A. 1.5 ATP 38. The ETC is regulated by:

B. 2.5 ATP
C. 3 ATP A. ATP levels
D. 2 ATP B. NAD⁺/NADH ratio
C. Acetyl-CoA levels
33. Which molecules donate electrons to D. Oxygen availability
the ETC?
39. FADH₂ donates electrons to:
A. FADH₂
B. NADPH A. Complex II
C. NADH B. Complex I
D. Coenzyme A C. Ubiquinone
D. ATP synthase
34. The uncoupling of the ETC results in:
40. The maximum theoretical ATP yield
A. Heat generation from glucose oxidation is:
B. Reduced ATP synthesis
C. Increased oxygen consumption A. 32 ATP
D. Higher glucose production B. 38 ATP
C. 30 ATP
35. ATP is synthesized in the ETC by: D. 36 ATP

A. Substrate-level phosphorylation
B. Oxidative phosphorylation
C. Glycolysis 1. Which of the following are primary
D. Proton gradient sources of lipids for metabolism?

36. Which enzyme is inhibited by A. Dietary triglycerides

cyanide? B. Glycogen
C. Adipose tissue stores
A. Complex III D. Amino acids
B. Complex IV
C. ATP synthase 2. The process of breaking down
D. Complex II triglycerides into free fatty acids and
glycerol is called:
37. Which cofactors are part of the ETC?
A. Beta-oxidation
A. Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) B. Lipolysis
B. Heme groups in cytochromes
C. Ketogenesis C. Mitochondria
D. Glycolysis D. Peroxisomes

3. Beta-oxidation of fatty acids occurs in 9. Which cofactors are required for fatty
the: acid synthesis?

A. Mitochondria A. NADPH
B. Nucleus B. FAD
C. Cytoplasm C. ATP
D. Peroxisomes D. NADH

4. Which of the following molecules are 10. The precursor molecule for fatty acid
required for the transport of fatty acids synthesis is:
into the mitochondria?
A. Glycerol
A. Acetyl-CoA B. Malonyl-CoA
B. Carnitine C. Pyruvate
C. Coenzyme Q D. Acetyl-CoA
D. Fatty acyl-CoA
11. Which of the following are key
5. What are the primary products of beta- regulators of lipid metabolism?
oxidation?
A. Insulin
A. NADH B. Glucagon
B. FADH₂ C. Epinephrine
C. Glucose D. Thyroxine
D. Acetyl-CoA
12. Which of the following pathways use
6. During fasting, which lipid-derived acetyl-CoA as a substrate?
molecules provide energy for the brain?
A. Ketogenesis
A. Free fatty acids B. Cholesterol synthesis
B. Ketone bodies C. Beta-oxidation
C. Acetone D. Glycolysis
D. Beta-hydroxybutyrate
13. Ketogenesis occurs in the:
8. Fatty acid synthesis primarily occurs in
the: A. Liver
B. Adipose tissue
A. Cytoplasm C. Skeletal muscles
B. Endoplasmic reticulum D. Kidneys
14. The enzyme that catalyzes the rate- 19. What are the key components of a
limiting step in cholesterol synthesis is: triglyceride molecule?

A. HMG-CoA reductase A. Fatty acids

B. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase B. Phosphate group
C. Lipoprotein lipase C. Glycerol
D. Hormone-sensitive lipase D. Cholesterol

15. Which of the following lipoproteins 20. Excess acetyl-CoA from fatty acid
are involved in reverse cholesterol oxidation is converted into:
transport?
A. Ketone bodies
A. LDL B. Cholesterol
B. HDL C. Glycogen
C. VLDL D. Malonyl-CoA
D. Chylomicrons

16. The degradation of very long-chain

fatty acids occurs in the:

A. Peroxisomes
B. Mitochondria
C. Cytoplasm
D. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

17. Which molecules act as energy

carriers during fatty acid oxidation?

A. FADH₂
B. ATP
C. NADH
D. NADPH

18. Which hormones stimulate lipolysis in

adipose tissue?

A. Insulin
B. Glucagon
C. Epinephrine
D. Cortisol