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Science Project 1

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34 views

Science Project 1

Uploaded by

divya raghav
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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The future of sustainable science

ESTER PRODUCTION:

CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM

PRINCIPLES"

Presented by Shanaya D’cunha


Project

Overview
Esterification mixes acids and alcohols to make esters,
used in things like perfumes and flavors. Making this
process efficient matters a lot for companies. It helps
save money, keeps the quality good, meets what
people want to buy, is better for the environment, and
helps companies stay ahead. By using smart rules in
chemistry, companies can make more esters better
and cheaper, meeting what people want while being
good for the planet

⇌
eg:WaterCarboxylic Acid+Alcohol Ester+water
Definition of chemical

equilibrium

Chemical equilibrium is a state in a chemical


reaction where the forward and reverse
reactions occur at the same rate, leading to a
point where the concentrations of reactants and
products remain constant over time
Esterfication in

equilibrium

In the esterification reaction at equilibrium, when a carboxylic


acid and an alcohol combine to form an ester and water, both
the forward (formation of ester and water) and reverse
(conversion of ester and water back to acid and alcohol)
reactions keep happening simultaneously. At equilibrium, the
rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse
reaction. This results in a stable state where the
concentrations of the reactants (acid and alcohol) and the
products (ester and water) remain constant, even though the
reactions are ongoing.
How changes in temperature, pressure, concentration,

and catalysts affect equilibrium?

1. Temperature: Altering temperature can shift the equilibrium position. For endothermic
reactions (absorb heat), increasing temperature shifts equilibrium toward the products to
absorb excess heat. Conversely, for exothermic reactions (release heat), reducing
temperature favors the forward reaction. In esterification (an exothermic process),
decreasing temperature promotes the formation of more ester.

1. Pressure: For reactions involving gaseous substances, changes in pressure can impact
equilibrium if the number of moles of gas changes. In the esterification reaction, since
there's no change in the total number of gas moles, pressure variations have minimal
effect on equilibrium.
Concentration: Changes in concentration can impact equilibrium. According to Le
Châtelier's Principle, if you increase the concentration of reactants or products, the
system will adjust to minimize the change. In esterification, adding more acid or
alcohol would shift the equilibrium towards the formation of more ester until a new
equilibrium is reached.

Catalysts: Catalysts don't change the position of equilibrium but impact the rate at
which equilibrium is reached by lowering activation energy. In the case of
esterification, sulfuric acid acts as a catalyst, facilitating the reaction without changing
the equilibrium composition.
Application in

industrial settings

1. Yield Optimization: Large-scale production often involves


maximizing yield while controlling costs. Applying Le
Châtelier's Principle allows industries to fine-tune reactions.
For instance, in ester production, adjusting reactant
concentrations or employing efficient temperature control
helps achieve higher yields without compromising quality.
2. Rate Control: Industries aim for efficient reaction rates to
meet demand. By leveraging Le Châtelier's Principle, subtle
adjustments like optimizing catalyst usage or managing
temperature and pressure can significantly impact the
speed at which equilibrium is achieved, influencing
production rates.
Examples:

1. Concentration Management: In a large


esterification setup, increasing the
concentration of the limiting reactant (acid or
alcohol) systematically drives the equilibrium
towards more ester formation, ultimately
boosting production yield.
2. Temperature Regulation: Controlled
temperature adjustments in industrial
reactors can impact both yield and rate.
Lowering the temperature can increase the
yield of esters while slowing down the
reaction rate, allowing better control over the
process
Collision Theory

and Reaction Rate

Collision theory explains how chemical reactions


occur and the factors influencing their rates. It states
that for a reaction to happen, reactant molecules
must collide with sufficient energy and in the correct
orientation. The frequency, energy, and effectiveness
of collisions between molecules determine the rate of
a chemical reaction. Increasing the frequency of
collisions or enhancing the energy of collisions can
accelerate the reaction rate.
Manipulating Collision Theory in

Esterification:

1. Increasing Reactant Concentration: Elevating the concentration of reactants in the esterification process
heightens the chance of effective collisions, increasing the frequency of successful reactions and thus
boosting the reaction rate.
2. Optimizing Temperature: Higher temperatures provide reactant molecules with more kinetic energy,
facilitating more frequent and energetic collisions. However, in the context of esterification, while higher
temperatures can increase the rate, they might also favor the reverse reaction, affecting the equilibrium.
Therefore, an optimal temperature balancing rate and yield is crucial.
3. Utilizing Catalysts: Catalysts lower the activation energy required for a reaction to occur, enabling more
molecules to surpass the energy barrier and participate in successful collisions. In esterification, sulfuric acid
acts as a catalyst, increasing the rate of ester formation without affecting the final equilibrium composition.
4. Reactant Particle Size: Decreasing the size of reactant particles increases their surface area, promoting
more collisions and, subsequently, a higher reaction rate. However, in large-scale industrial applications,
particle size manipulation might not be as feasible as other methods.
Innovative approaches

1. Ultrasound Technology: Exploring the use of ultrasound 50


waves to enhance mixing and promote more efficient
collisions between reactant molecules, potentially
40
accelerating esterification rates without significant
changes in temperature or pressure.
2. Enzyme Catalysis: Investigating the use of enzymes as 30
catalysts in esterification processes. Enzymes offer
specificity and efficiency, potentially reducing side 20
reactions and enabling milder reaction conditions, leading
to higher yields and reduced energy consumption.
10
3. Flow Chemistry Systems: Implementing continuous flow
reactors instead of batch reactors. This technology allows
0
precise control over reaction parameters, optimizing 1 2 3 4 5
conditions and improving yield and purity while minimizing
waste.
Conclusions

01 02
Equilibrium & Le Châtelier's Principle:
1. Collision Theory: Reaction
Chemical equilibrium is the balance
rates depend on molecular
point where the rates of forward and
collisions. Adjusting factors like
reverse reactions are equal. Le
concentration, temperature,
Châtelier's Principle explains how
catalysts, and particle size can
changes in temperature,
influence collision frequency
concentration, pressure, or catalysts
and energy, thereby impacting
affect equilibrium, allowing
reaction rates.
adjustments to maximize desired
products
Credits to:
https://chat.openai.com/c/76f8bd58-344d-42ba-b916-
ecd34e0a0a2c
Thank

you!

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