Review of Related Literature

INTERNATIONAL

The Covid-19 pandemic has accelerated digitalisation efforts in many countries as they try to
contain the virus. With the physical handling of cash posing as a potential virus transmission
risk, digital payments have become important in the urgent transition to a cashless society and a
key feature of smart city projects. Critical analyses have typically framed smart cities as
neoliberalist developmental projects that see the partnering of the state with private
corporations. However, it is unclear how the smart city emerges under the technocratic
inclinations of the developmental state. Focusing on the digital payments project under
Singapore’s Smart Nation initiative, this paper unpacks the discursive practices employed in
mobilising citizen support for electronic payments through a critical analysis of publicly available
government materials and recent initiatives. The discourse surrounding digital payments is
bound up in narratives surrounding economic competitiveness, technological progress and
public health and safety, and strongly rooted in a technocratic governance ethos that limits
genuine citizen participation in shaping smart payments technologies. This paper argues that
such discursive framings represent a missed opportunity to build a smart city that is truly
citizen-centric. This reorientation requires more bottom-up and grassroots-based modes of
governance that reformulate smart citizenship into one that pays greater attention to the
affective and social contexts behind digital technologies.

Tan, G., (2022). Citizens go digital: A discursive examination of digital payments in Singapore’s
Smart Nation project
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=cashless+payment+QR+in+smart
+cities&btnG=#d=gs_qabs&t=1730439608077&u=%23p%3DZVKSQymMVZsJ

I. Title: “Public Smart Service Provision in Smart Cities: A Case-Study-Based

Approach”
Abstract:
In view of the multitude of challenges urban public administration is struggling with, more
and more cities are turning towards smart solutions using information and communication
technology. Such Smart City approaches revert to data provided in the urban space by
sensors, by citizens or by the archives of the authorities aiming at providing public services
that increase the quality of life for citizens, optimize mobility within the city or enhance
flexibility and responsiveness of public authorities. This article identifies such SC approaches
as well as their basic technical requirements for the cities of Vienna, Singapore, and San
Francisco and, by compiling the public service portfolios of these cities, creates an
integrative, strategic overview of a SC’s range of services. This approach thus helps to create
a scientific basis for the evaluation of SC services and to provide a strategic modular toolkit
for public managers to plan and design SCs.

Reference:
B.W. Wirtz, W.M. Müller, & F.W. Schmidt (July, 2019) “Public Smart Service Provision in
Smart Cities: A Case-Study-Based Approach”
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334459918_Public_Smart_Service_Pro
vision_in_Smart_Cities_A_Case-Study-Based_Approach

II. Title: “Development of smart city community service integrated management

platform”
Abstract:
With the acceleration of the construction of smart city in China, the construction of a smart
community that acts as the last mile of a smart city is highly valued. Development of smart
community service integrated management platform is to utilize intelligent equipment and
software platform, to build an information platform for information sharing, service
integration, and resource optimization, and to ultimately realize intelligent management and
innovative services within the community. In this article, we propose the overall framework
and application system of the intelligent community integrated service platform, providing a
strong theoretical basis for the construction of smart communities at this stage, and carry out
detailed analysis and design of the underlying infrastructure, supporting platform and basic
database of the platform.

Reference:
Lei Qi, & Jing Guo ( June 21, 2019) “Development of smart city community service
integrated management platform”
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1550147719851975

III. Title: “A global-scale review of smart city practice and research focusing on
residential neighbourhoods”
Abstract:
Smart cities have emerged as a pivotal aspect of urban planning and policy, leveraging
technology and data analytics to enhance sustainability and citizens' quality of life.
Nonetheless, the focus on residential neighbourhoods, integral components of cities, has been
notably lacking in the sphere of smart city planning and policy. This paper endeavours to
assess the evolution of smart cities in relation to neighbourhoods, elucidating dimensions and
sectors while concentrating on comprehending project applications and their outcomes. This
study employs a systematic literature review to ascertain the role of neighbourhoods within
smart cities. Using content analysis, this methodology facilitates the accumulation of insights
into smart city research and practice at the neighbourhood level. The paper empirically
addresses these findings, identifying dimensions and pertinent sectors concerning residential
neighbourhoods.
Furthermore, it delves into projects and applications, elaborating on their implementation
across diverse sectors. The analysis discerns gaps in technology-driven development planning
for varying neighbourhood types within smart cities. Introducing technology-driven
advancements into existing urban settings presents substantial challenges, particularly for
developing nations, primarily due to limitations and constraints imposed by their current built
environments. The study further underscores the perils tied to implementing city-level
policies at the neighbourhood scale, prompting a query about their inclusivity. The findings
imply the imperative of integrating physical planning and technology-driven solutions within
smart city development, with a keen focus on neighbourhoods' social and physical
characteristics. This approach becomes particularly significant when considering the inherent
risks and constraints that accompany technology-based urban enhancements in the context of
neighbourhoods.

Reference:
Nath, N., et.al., (2023). A global-scale review of smart city practice and research focusing on
residential neighbourhoods
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0197397523002230

IV. Title: Evaluating Social Impact of Smart City Technologies and Services:
Methods, Challenges, Future Directions
Abstract:
This study examines motivations, definitions, methods and challenges of evaluating the social
impacts of smart city technologies and services. It outlines concepts of social impact
assessment and discusses how social impact has been included in smart city evaluation
frameworks. Thematic analysis is used to investigate how social impact is addressed in eight
smart city projects that prioritize human-centered design across a variety of contexts and
development phases, from design research and prototyping to completed and speculative
projects. These projects are notable for their emphasis on human, organizational and natural
stakeholders; inclusion, participation and empowerment; new methods of citizen engagement;
and relationships between sustainability and social impact. At the same time, there are gaps in
the evaluation of social impact in both the smart city indexes and the eight projects. Based on
our analysis, we contend that more coherent, consistent and analytical approaches are needed
to build narratives of change and to comprehend impacts before, during and after smart city
projects. We propose criteria for social impact evaluation in smart cities and identify new
directions for research. This is of interest for smart city developers, researchers, funders and
policymakers establishing protocols and frameworks for evaluation, particularly as smart city
concepts and complex technologies evolve in the context of equitable and sustainable
development.

Reference:
Hodson, E., et.al., (2023). Evaluating Social Impact of Smart City Technologies and Services:
Methods, Challenges, Future Directions.
https://www.mdpi.com/2414-4088/7/3/33

V. Title: Framework for Developing an Information Technology Maturity Model for

Smart City Services in Emerging Economies: (FSCE2?)
Abstract:
The goal of this research is to design a framework to develop an information technology (IT)
maturity model to guide the planning, design, and implementation of smart city services. The
objectives of the proposed model are to define qualitatively and measure quantitatively the
maturity levels for the IT dimensions used by smart cities (IT governance, IT services, data
management and infrastructure), and to develop an implementation model that is practical
and contextualized to the needs of any territory that wants to create or improve smart city
services. The proposed framework consists of three components: a conceptual model of smart
city services, IT dimensions and indicators, and IT maturity levels. The framework was
validated by applying it to a case study for the evaluation of the IT maturity levels for the city
of Cereté, Colombia.

Reference:
Nieto Bernal W, García Espitaleta KL. Framework for Developing an Information
Technology Maturity Model for Smart City Services in Emerging Economies: (FSCE2).
Applied Sciences. 2021; 11(22):10712.
https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/22/10712

NATIONAL

The Philippines’ transition to a cash-lite society was accelerated by the pandemic. As

businesses shift to the “new normal,” digital payments, specifically, quick response (QR) code
payments, have become popular. QR codes allow users to perform financial transactions in a
simpler, inexpensive, and more efficient manner. This study sought to understand the extent to
which performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, facilitating conditions, price
value factor, habitual factor, and technology anxiety factor affect the adoption of QR code
payments by micro and small businesses in the City of Manila, as mediated by behavioral
intention and moderated by age and income level. Data were collected from 119 micro and
small enterprises in the City of Manila and was statistically analyzed using Descriptive Analysis
and PLS-SEM through WarpPLS. Results showed that effort expectancy and habitual factor has
a direct effect on the behavioral intention to adopt QR code payments, whereas only
performance expectancy has a direct effect on the adoption of QR code payments. Moreover,
age was not found to moderate any effect between the independent and the mediating
variables. Income level, however, had a moderating effect between performance expectancy
and behavioral intention. Overall, this study provided a comprehensive discussion on the drivers
of adoption of QR code payments, thereby supporting the government’s overall goal of financial
inclusion through digitalization.

Espinosa, J., et.al., (2023). A study on the adoption of quick response (QR) code payments
among micro and small enterprises in the City of Manila as mediated by the behavioral intention
to adopt and moderated by age and income level.
http://aunilo.uum.edu.my/Find/Record/oai:animorepository.dlsu.edu.ph:etdb_acc-1093/Descripti
on
VI. Title: “Readiness of Philippine Cities to Smart City Development”
Abstract:
Smart city development is recognized as a potential solution to urbanization issues, but a
disconnect comes along with the vagueness in smart city elements and pathways. The use of
the term “smart city” by some local government units in the Philippines evokes a utopia – a
local sphere with numerous positive developments that will greatly benefit the constituents. The
lack of studies providing evidence on the readiness of Philippine cities to smart city
development, however, prevents the establishment of the cities’ capacities to address urban
challenges with their initiatives. This study aims to examine whether Philippine cities are
prepared for smart city development by answering three policy questions: (1) “What drives
Philippine LGUs towards the implementation of smart city initiatives?”; (2) “What is the
extent of smart city development among Philippine cities?”; and (3) “How can the Philippine
government facilitate the development of smart cities?”. A desk review of smart city
initiatives in some Philippine and international cities was carried out, and interviews were
conducted with stakeholders from selected cities in Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. Based on
the findings, the Philippines has started to tread the path towards building smart cities, and
some Philippine cities already exhibit preparedness for smart city development. Smart city
enablers are already in place, but the degree to which they are applied is not very extensive.
Both at the national and local levels, there are significant challenges that need to be
addressed. These include issues related to data interoperability, national standards on data
repositories and application programming interfaces, risk mitigation strategies, monitoring
and assessment, accountability, and others. If such issues are unaddressed, there will be a risk
of not fully realizing the potential of smart city initiatives being implemented in the
Philippines.

Reference:
Ramos, T., et.al., (2021). Readiness of Philippine Cities to Smart City Development
https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/256868

VII. Title: E-governance at the Local Government Level in the Philippines: An

Assessment of City Government Websites
Abstract:
The application of information and communication technology for improving governance by
enhancing government's role in service delivery, public administration, and promotion of
participatory democracy has been gaining momentum in many parts of the world. In
Philippine local government, this has been witnessed lately in the significant rise in web
presence of many cities, a development that was facilitated by the passage of the Electronic
Commerce Act in 2000 and the implementation of subsequent programs to support the law's
adoption by government. An assessment of the content of city government websites indicated,
however, the minimal adoption of e-governance as well as the underutilization of websites as
e-governance tools. Results also showed a clear absence of substantial information and
resources that could enhance the quality and speed of service delivery, make government
more transparent, facilitate public participation in decision-making and, ultimately, bring
government, citizens, business, community organizations, and other groups in society
together in the governance process.

Reference:
https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/31581291/E-governance_Philippines-
libre.pdf?1391450788=&response-content-
disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DE_governance_at_the_Local_Government_Lev.pdf&E
xpires=1728201658&Signature=UXb0ZUzyu2SPH~wfddnPyNi0bPXYvmtaQqgHh-
ybCi9mR9ZRfzRfLvaBL~wNPwDwTaKIGjICTaE3prByuplGWjQN26KoBLcI9x7jmGtp7i3
G6Txvk-JshhK6YcVy-hOhDNQVSpXGKKcyQgQb8JX-K5QaPtkIggE3dvk-
j4eZiZ5i7Wg94e0YKqweocxDByioRJDn4aObs8QW4YpaOl4CI2LmeKo7~6VAw9thXl7
XHNY~GveZfjwhzXXZmszhEpfShF6dSYsm1-h3z-
cfypNjkgXwyV3W4jXnbTRtcgK7d8qTneeOu4C4XJaM5QxvqMT9XaIRWfMAttW7y794D
n9Fg__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA

VIII. Title: “E-Government and Philippine Development”

Abstract:
E-government development and the use of information and communications technology
(ICT) in the public sector are measured and benchmarked across the world by various
assessment tools generated by universities, private organizations, and multilateral
development agencies (UN 2017). For instance, the Waseda University-International
Academy of Chief Information Officers (IAC) E-Government Survey, which has been
running for more than a decade, employs a comprehensive set of benchmarking indicators for
tracking progress (Obi and Iwasaki 2015). There are ten indicators identified including
Network Preparedness, Management Optimization, Online Services, National Portal,
Government Chief Information Officer (CIO), E-Government Promotion, E-Participation,
Open Government Data, Cyber Security, and Use of Emerging ICT. In the Philippines, efforts
to integrate E-Government as a key lever in development started two decades ago. Over the
years, innovative E-Government projects and programs were pursued to improve the delivery
of public services. However, the continuity of reforms was hampered by the absence of a top-
level agency that is formally dedicated to govern and oversee ICT policies and programs. In
the past, every transition to a new administration results in a change in the office designated
to steer E-Government implementation. In 2016, a law was passed creating the Department of
Information and Communications Technology (DICT) as the primary policy, planning, and
administrative entity that will promote the national ICT development agenda. It has the
mandate to provide an integrated framework to optimize all government ICT resources and
networks for the prioritization of E-Government systems and applications.
The establishment of the DICT represents a policy milestone in the evolution of E-
Government in the Philippines. It provides an institutional anchor for mainstreaming E-
Government innovations. Given the responsibility to ensure the provision of ICT
infrastructures and systems as instruments of good governance and global competitiveness,
the new agency can benefit from benchmarking with international measures of E-
Government. Using the Waseda-IAC Survey as an assessment lens, this study examines the
gaps and opportunities for enhancing E-Government performance in the country
Reference:
Magno, F., (2018). E-Government and Philippine Development.
https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/wiapstokyu/32/0/32_153/_pdf/-char/ja

IX. Title: "Philippines - Country Commercial Guide | Information and

Communications Technology"
Abstract:
Significant growth in private and public investment, upward consumer spending, and demand
for better service drive the information and communications technology industry in the
Philippines (ICT). The Marcos Administration has announced its intention to continue the
previous Duterte Administration’s digital transformation program. Under the digital
transformation program, the immediate priorities include a cloud data center, software
development for business process improvement, the conversion of local government units
into smart cities, cybersecurity solutions for data privacy protection, and improving the
internet and mobile services landscape through a national broadband plan. The Duterte
Administration believed that improving ICT would also improve the Filipinos’ quality of life
while addressing the many challenges of doing business in the Philippines. On March 21,
2022, former President Duterte signed the amendment to the Public Service Act (11659),
allowing up to 100% foreign ownership of public services in the Philippines, including
Telecommunications. To create a better business environment and support its digital
transformation projects, former President Duterte signed the Ease of Doing Business and
Efficient Government Service Delivery Act (RA 11032) in May 2018. In 2016, the Philippine
Government established its own Department of Information and Communications
Technology (RA 10844) to show its strong support to the ICT industry. The Philippines’
growing middle class and the young population are also important drivers of IT demand.
There is an upward trajectory in their spending levels on technology benefitting premium
brands. Philippine infrastructure investments are another area of opportunity for U.S.
exporters. Road, railway, airport, bridge, and port systems will require design software,
building information modeling (BIM) for better project management and file-sharing
applications. These systems will drive demand for hardware, software, and services.

Reference:
John Giray. (2022). Philippines - Country Commercial Guide | Information and
Communications Technology.
Retrieved from https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/philippines-information-
and-communications-technology

X. Title: "Future of Prospective Smart Cities Outside Metro Manila”

Abstract:
The smart-city concept is a multi-pronged strategy in addressing the challenges of future
urban settlements. This study aimed to identify cities and municipalities beyond Metro
Manila, the Philippines’ main seat of political and economic power, that have potential to
transform into smart cities over the next two decades. It characterizes the urban settlements of
three Luzon regions that serve as spillover for Manila’s economic activities and are home to
about third of the national population. Factors that enable or impede development of smart
cities, as well as national and local development and urban policies, were gathered and
analyzed. Survey and secondary data supported the analysis. In the survey, leadership and
governance, vision and goals, and collaboration between private and public agencies emerged
as the top three sets of factors “extremely likely” to facilitate smart-city development. Guided
by the Philippines’ long-term vision for 2040 and sustainable development pillars,
recommended directions include strengthening leadership capacity and championing leaders
while ensuring a clear role for the people, private and academic sectors, and proper
technology that would enable and sustain smart-city development.
Reference:
Mendoza, C., et.al. (2023). Future of Prospective Smart Cities Outside Metro Manila
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/370822166_Future_of_Prospective_Smart_Cities_
Outside_Metro_Manila

LOCAL
XI. Title: “Worlding infrastructure in the global South: Philippine experiments and
the art of being ‘smart’.
Abstract:
This article explores the material dimensions of 'smart city' initiatives in the context of
postcolonial cities where urban utilities are qualified as deficient. It argues that while such
projects may very well be another manifestation of urban entrepreneurialism, they should not
be dismissed as an already-outdated research object. Rather, they can be analyzed in light of
postcolonial cities' development agenda. Here, I document and analyze the ongoing
construction of New Clark City, a smart city project that is envisioned by the current
Philippine state administration as a solution to the crisis that Metro Manila's urban
infrastructure is going through. In doing so, I seek to integrate Science and Technology
Studies' insights on infrastructure provision with the literature on worlding efforts in cities of
the global South.

Reference:
Morgan, M., (2021). Worlding infrastructure in the global South: Philippine experiments and
the art of being ‘smart’. Urban Studies, 2021, 58 (3), pp.621-638.
10.1177/0042098019891011 . hal-02977298
https://hal.science/hal-02977298/document

XII. Title: “Community in Transition: The New Clark City Project in the Fourth
Industrial Revolution”
Abstract:
The current development of the New Clark City provides a glimpse of the salient features
of the Fourth Industrial Revolution as Klaus Schwab envisioned (2016). There is optimism in
seeing a future as never before, digitally connected with human potential, shaping a
revolution for a better world. From the original 4,400 hectares of Clark Freeport and Special
Economic Zone, its plans encompass 32,000 hectares, covering areas within the Provinces of
Pampanga and Tarlac. The Bases Conversion and Development Authority (BCDA)
spearheads this project, which forms part of the Build Build Build flagship program of the
present administration. BCDA Executive Vice President Aileen Zosa describes the New Clark
City as "a smart, intelligent, green, resilient, future-proof and socially-inclusive metropolis"
(BCDA, 2018).
This study uses the lens of development anthropology to consider issues of transparency,
accountability, stakeholder protection, and community responsiveness. This research involves
key informant interviews with accessed stakeholders and information from project
proponents (such as BCDA and the Provincial Government) and residents from an Aeta
community in Capas, Tarlac. A thematic stakeholder analysis will explore how a community
in transition addresses challenges to sustainability and the seemingly imminent Fourth
Industrial Revolution.

Reference:
Morales, J., et.al., (2019). Community in Transition: The New Clark City Project in the
Fourth Industrial Revolution.
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=smart+city+technologies+in+g
overnment+service+on+pampanga&btnG=&fbclid=IwZXh0bgNhZW0CMTEAAR02bJxT0
GGJTjVIx_xh-dVO6nKdY6lyeGY2sQ4txBMI8106zMaWjfk_l6k_aem_XsXye-
BzMfcxYbjXEgmWuw#d=gs_qabs&t=1728805775310&u=%23p%3DK9RTGMHdanIJ

XIII. Title: “The Pledge of Smart City Development: The E-Governance (Under)
Development in the Philippines.”
Abstract:
This study examines how aspiring smart cities in the Philippines utilize their E-governance
programs to shape the development of public service delivery and democratic participation.
The study employed qualitative analysis and a review of the City’s E-governance services,
mobile application, and web portal as methodological approaches. The research drew upon
the foundational works of Bertot, Jaeger, McClure (2008), and Yildiz (2012) to guide the
analysis of the findings. A qualitative analysis and iterative approach were adopted that
involved gathering data from various sources, such as official documents, reports, and
websites with key stakeholders involved in implementing E-governance initiatives in the
selected smart cities. Additionally, a review was conducted on the City’s E-governance
services, mobile application, and web portal. The findings infer an apparent fragmented,
inconsistent, and inefficient utilization of E- governance initiatives in the Philippine cities.
The lack of standardization and coordination among different cities' E-governance programs
hinders their effectiveness in improving public service delivery and promoting democratic
participation. Consequently, this study emphasizes the need for standard policies and active
collaboration among stakeholders, particularly national government agencies, to address the
challenges. This study contributes to the literature on smart cities and E-governance,
particularly in developing countries like the Philippines. It sheds light on the complexities
and potential solutions in implementing effective E-governance strategies, highlighting the
importance of standard policies and collaboration among stakeholders to unlock the full
potential of E-governance initiatives.
References:
Camorongan, J., (2023). The Pledge of Smart City Development: The E-Governance (Under)
Development in the Philippines.
https://www.ioer-imrj.com/wpcontent/uploads/2023/12/The-Pledge-of-Smart-City-
Development-The-E-Governance-Under-Development-in-the-Philippines-V2.pdf