Optik - International Journal for Light and Electron Optics 192 (2019) 162950

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Optik
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijleo

Original research article

A voltage-mode universal filter using five single-ended OTAs with

T
two grounded capacitors and a quadrature oscillator using the
voltage-mode universal filter
⁎
San-Fu Wanga, Hua-Pin Chenb, , Yitsen Kuc, Cheng-Mao Yangb
a
Department of Electronic Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taiping, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
b
Department of Electronic Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, Taishan, New Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC
c
Department of Electrical Engineering, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA, USA

A R T IC LE I N F O ABS TRA CT

Keywords: A new voltage-mode universal filter using five single-ended operational transconductance am-
Voltage-mode plifiers (OTAs) with two grounded capacitors and a quadrature oscillator using the proposed
Filter voltage-mode universal filter is presented in this paper. The proposed circuit can provide non-
Oscillator inverting lowpass, bandpass, highpass, bandreject and allpass filters, and inverting bandpass and
OTA
highpass filters by appropriately applying different five input voltage signals. The circuit only
Circuit theory
employs five single-ended OTAs with two grounded capacitors to maintain the following ad-
vantages: (i) orthogonal electronic tunable resonance angular frequency and quality factor
without control factor matching conditions, (ii) no resistors required, (iii) high-input impedance,
(iv) no extra inverting or non-inverting amplifiers for special input signals, and (v) low active and
passive sensitivities. Besides, the proposed filter can be used to implement a quadrature sinu-
soidal oscillator with independently controlled oscillation condition and the oscillation fre-
quency. OrCAD PSpice simulation and experimental results of commercially available OTAs,
LT1228, are used to confirm the characteristics of the proposed voltage-mode universal filter and
quadrature sinusoidal oscillator.

1. Introduction

The active building blocks play a significant function, and electronic controllability has always been a common choice for syn-
thetic electronic circuits since these circuits provide electronic tunability for circuit parameters and help compensate for process
tolerances [1–5]. Active filters with high-input impedance are very interesting because they can be easily cascaded to synthesize high
order filters [6]. Universal active filters play an important role in the engineering fields. For example, video frequency continuous
time filters in CMOS technology is suitable for disk drivers, video signal processing, and touch-tone telephone tone decoders [7,8].
OTA-based filters are a concern of many researches [9–22]. Especially, the circuit containing OTAs and capacitors (OTA-C) is one of
the most important biquadratic filters [9–20]. The designs of these OTA-C filter circuits does not require resistors, so they are suitable
for monolithic integration, but other active components are not. The OTA-C filter circuit provides electronic tunability of its
transconductance gain and also beneficial compensation of process tolerances. In 2018, a circuit topology operating in a voltage-
mode biquad filter was a combination of six single-ended OTAs with two grounded capacitors and two MOS resistors [21]. Another

⁎
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: [email protected] (H.-P. Chen).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2019.162950
Received 28 March 2019; Accepted 13 June 2019
0030-4026/ © 2019 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.
S.-F. Wang, et al. Optik - International Journal for Light and Electron Optics 192 (2019) 162950

Table 1
Comparison of proposed filter with recently reported voltage-mode OTA-based circuits [20,21].
Factor [20] [21] Proposed

Number of single-ended OTAs 6 6 5

Passive elements (R/C) 0/2 2/2 0/2
Resistorless structure yes no yes
Marching condition (R = 1/gm) no yes no
All grounded passive components yes yes yes
Unnecessary inverting input conditions yes yes yes
High input impedances yes yes yes
Orthogonal control of ωo and Q yes yes yes
Offer five standard filters yes yes yes
Offer inverting and non-inverting BP and HP filter no no yes
Easily transformed into a quadrature oscillator no no yes

research, composed of six single-ended OTAs and two grounded capacitors, revealed an improved topology, which reduced the
number of two MOS resistors [20]. Both circuits in [20,21] can realize all five standard filter responses, and enjoy orthogonal
controllability of the parameters resonance angular frequency (ωo) and quality factor (Q). The input has high impedance and is only
used grounded capacitors without employing inverting-type input voltage signals. This paper presents a new electronically tunable
resistorless voltage-mode universal filter with five inputs and single output. The proposed circuit enjoys the following advantages: (i)
employing only five single-ended OTAs, (ii) employing two grounded capacitors, (iii) realizing non-inverting lowpass (LP), non-
inverting bandpass (BP), inverting bandpass (IBP), non-inverting highpass (HP), inverting highpass (HP), non-inverting bandreject
(BR), and non-inverting allpass (AP) filtering functions with five inputs and single output by appropriately applying the input signals,
(iv) having high-input impedance terminals, (v) unnecessary inverting input voltage signals, (vi) orthogonal electronic adjusting the
ωo and Q, and (vii) transformed into a quadrature oscillator easily. Table 1 compares the proposed circuit with very recently reported
voltage-mode OTA-based circuits [20,21]. As can be seen, the proposed OTA-C circuit satisfies all of the above important properties
simultaneously. Unlike the voltage-mode OTA-based filters in [20,21], the attractive feature of the proposed filter only employs five
single-ended OTAs and two grounded capacitors to realize a voltage-mode biquadratic filter. Moreover, the filter can be easily
converted into a quadrature oscillator, and the oscillation condition and the oscillation frequency can be controlled independently
and electronically.

2. Circuit descriptions

Fig. 1 represents the functional block diagram of the five inputs and single output voltage-mode filter with two lossless in-
tegrations (1/sτ1 and 1/sτ2) and two scaling factors (k1 and k2). The implementation of the voltage-mode OTA-C universal filter with
five inputs and single output is shown in Fig. 2, which is constructed by five single-ended OTAs and two grounded capacitors. It is
worth noting that this circuit has the advantage of high-input impedance and all input signals are connected to the high-input
impedance nodes of the OTAs. The OTA is a differential voltage-controlled current source with transconductance gain gm and its ideal
characteristic can be characterized by IO = gm(V+–V-) [20,21]. Derived from the equation of each node of the circuit presented in
Fig. 2, the input-output relationship matrix can be expressed as

⎡ sC1 −gm2 gm5 ⎤ ⎡ V1 ⎤ ⎡−gm2 Vi3 + gm5 Vi 4 ⎤

⎢ 0 sC2 gm1 ⎥ ⎢V2 ⎥ = ⎢ gm1 Vi5 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢V ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ − gm 3 0 gm 4 ⎦ ⎣ o⎦
⎣ gm 4 Vi 1 − gm 3 Vi 2 ⎦ (1)

To derive (1), the input-output relationship is given by (2).

gm3 2 g g g g gm1 gm2 gm3
s 2Vi1 − gm4
s Vi2 − s Cm2g m3 Vi3 + s Cm3g m5 Vi 4 + C1 C2 gm4
Vi5
1 m4 1 m4
Vo = gm3 gm5 gm1 gm2 gm3
s2 + s C + (2)
1 gm 4 C1 C2 gm4

The parameters of ωo, and Q given in (2) are calculated as

Fig. 1. Functional block diagram of the proposed voltage-mode universal filter.

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S.-F. Wang, et al. Optik - International Journal for Light and Electron Optics 192 (2019) 162950

Fig. 2. The proposed voltage-mode universal filter.

Fig. 3. Proposed quadrature oscillator based on modified circuit in Fig. 2.

Fig. 4. OTA with its parasitic components.

Fig. 5. Non-ideal model of proposed voltage-mode filter.

Fig. 6. Experimental and simulated LP responses.

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Fig. 7. Experimental and simulated BP responses.

Fig. 8. Experimental and simulated IBP responses.

Fig. 9. Experimental and simulated HP responses.

gm1 gm2 gm3 1 C1 gm1 gm2 gm4

ωo = , Q=
C1 C2 gm4 gm5 C2 gm3 (3)

Based on (3), the parameter Q can be tuned arbitrarily without disturbing ωo by tuning the transconductance gain gm5, but not
vice versa. Thus, the parameters ωo and Q are orthogonally controllable. This is an ideal property in biquadratic filters due to the
design and tuning flexibility.
g
According to (2), the five-input single-output can realize many filtering functions. Assuming that k1 gm1 = gm2 = gm5 and k2 = gm3 ,
m4
where k1 and k2 are two scaling factors. The input-output relationship in (2) can be expressed as

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S.-F. Wang, et al. Optik - International Journal for Light and Electron Optics 192 (2019) 162950

Fig. 10. Experimental and simulated IHP responses.

Fig. 11. Experimental and simulated BR responses.

Fig. 12. Experimental and simulated AP responses.

k1 k2 k2
s 2Vi1 − k2 s 2Vi2 − s τ1
(Vi3 − Vi 4 ) + V
τ 1 τ 2 i5
Vo = k k k
s2 + s 1τ 2 + τ 2τ (4)
1 1 2

C C
where two scaling factors are k1 and k2, and the realized time-constants are τ1 = g 1 and τ2 = g 2 .
m1 m2
Based on (4), the following filter functions can be obtained.
(i) if Vi1 = Vi2 = Vi3 = Vi4 = 0 (grounded), and Vi5 = Vin is given by the input voltage signal, a LP filtering response can be

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S.-F. Wang, et al. Optik - International Journal for Light and Electron Optics 192 (2019) 162950

Fig. 13. Measured LP (black), BP (red), HP (blue), and BR (pink) responses. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the
reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

Fig. 14. Measured of electronic tuning the Q values.

Fig. 15. Measured of electronic tuning the angular frequency values.

Fig. 16. Time-domain results of the IBP response input (blue) and output (red) waveforms. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this
figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

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Fig. 17. THD analysis results of IBP response.

Fig. 18. Dependence of the third-order IMD of the IBP response on input voltage amplitudes.

Fig. 19. The IBP filter output spectrum for a two-tone intermodulation distortion test.

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Fig. 20. Histogram of Monte-Carlo analysis for IBP filter.

Fig. 21. The experimental of the quadrature outputs time-domain results Vo2 (blue) and Vo3 (cyan). (For interpretation of the references to colour in
this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

Fig. 22. Lissajous pattern of Vo2 and Vo3 outputs in Fig. 21.

obtained.
(ii) if Vi1 = Vi2 = Vi3 = Vi5 = 0 (grounded), and Vi4 = Vin is given by the input voltage signal, a BP filtering response can be
obtained.
(iii) if Vi1 = Vi2 = Vi4 = Vi5 = 0 (grounded), and Vi3 = Vin is given by the input voltage signal, an IBP filtering response can be
obtained.
(iv) if Vi1 = Vi3 = Vi4 = Vi5 = 0 (grounded), and Vi2 = Vin is given by the input voltage signal, an IHP filtering response can be
obtained.
(v) if Vi2 = Vi3 = Vi4 = Vi5 = 0 (grounded), and Vi1 = Vin is given by the input voltage signal, a HP filtering response can be
obtained.
(vi) if Vi2 = Vi3 = Vi4 = 0 (grounded), and Vi1 = Vi5 = Vin is given by the input voltage signal, a BR filtering response can be
obtained.
(vii) if Vi2 = Vi4 = 0 (grounded), and Vi1 = Vi3 = Vi5 = Vin is given by the input voltage signal, a AP filtering response can be

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Fig. 23. The measured phase noise of the proposed oscillator.

obtained.
As can be seen from (4), the gain constants of the LP, BP, IBP, IHP, HP, BR, and AP filtering functions are equal to unity in
magnitude, and an IHP filtering functions is equal to k2. The circuit does not need critical passive component-matching conditions
and inverting voltage input signals to realize the above filtering functions in the design.
By appropriately modifying a connection, the presented voltage-mode universal filter shown in Fig. 2 can be converted to a
voltage-mode quadrature oscillator by making Vi1 = Vi3 = Vi4 = Vi5 = 0 and connecting Vi2 to node V2. As shown in Fig. 3, the
voltage-mode quadrature oscillator can be obtained. In Fig. 3, the characteristic equation is given by
s 2C1 C2 gm4 + s (C2 gm5 − C1 gm1) gm3 + gm1 gm2 gm3 = 0 (5)

Based on (5), the condition of oscillator (CO) and the frequency of oscillator (FO) are given by
gm5 C1
CO: ≤
gm1 C2 (6)

1 gm1 gm2 gm3

FO:fo =
2π C1 C2 gm4 (7)

From (6) and (7), CO can be electronically controlled by gm5 without effecting FO, and FO can be electronically controlled by gm3
and/or gm4 without effecting CO. Hence, both CO and FO can be controlled electronically and independently. From the configuration
of Fig. 3, the relationship between two quadrature voltages Vo2 and Vo3 is related, as shown in (8).
gm1
Vo2 = jkVo3 where k =
ωo C2 (8)

As mentioned above, the proposed circuit in Fig. 2 can be converted into a voltage-mode quadrature oscillator.
Furthermore, the transconductance of a non-ideal OTA model with various parasitic elements can be shown in Fig. 4 [14,22]. In
Fig. 4, Rpj, Rnj, and Roj are the high-value parasitic resistances of the input and output terminals of the jth OTA, respectively. Cpj, Cnj,
and Coj are the low-value parasitic capacitances of the input and output terminals of the jth OTA, respectively. In the presence of these
parasitic elements, the circuit presented in Fig. 2 is modified to the circuit presented in Fig. 5, where C1p = Co2//Cp3//Co5, C2p =
Co1//Cp2, C3p = Cn1//Co3//Co4//Cn4//Cp5, R1p = Ro2//Rp3//Ro5, R2p = Ro1//Rp2, and R3p = Rn1//Ro3//Ro4//Rn4//Rp5. The
parasitic capacitance C1p can be absorbed in the external capacitance C1, but the presence of parasitic resistance at the Vo1 output
terminal will change the type of the impedance, which should be a pure capacitance characteristic. The parasitic capacitance C2p can
be absorbed in the external capacitance C2, but the presence of parasitic resistance at the Vo2 output terminal also changes the type of
1 1
the impedance. To reduces its effect, one possible solution is to make the operating frequency ωo > > max{ (C + C ) R , (C + C ) R } .
1 1p 1p 2 2p 2p
The parasitic impedance at the Vo3 output terminal is connected to the grounded impedance (R3p//C3p). This fact affects the op-
erating frequency of the high frequency region, because C3p = Cn1//Co3//Co4//Cn4//Cp5. In order to alleviate the effects of parasitic
impedance at the Vo3 output terminal, the operating frequency must be less than 1 . In order to minimize the effects of the OTAs’
C3p R3p
non-idealities, the useful oscillation frequency range of the proposed filter is limited by the following conditions:

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1 1 1
max{ , } < < ωo < <
(C1 + C1p) R1p (C2 + C2p) R2p C3p R3p (9)
Besides, the parameters ωo and Q of the filter shown in Fig. 2 have low active and passive sensitivities and do not exceed unity.

3. Simulation and experimental results

The proposed voltage-mode universal filer was simulated using OrCAD PSpice, and measured using keysight E5061B-3L5 network
analyzer and Agilent N9000A CXA signal analyzer. The OTA-C voltage mode universal filter and quadrature oscillator were realized
by the commercially available OTAs in LT1228 [23,24]. The supply voltages are ± 15 V. Figs. 6–12 show the gain and phase re-
sponses of the simulation and experimental results for the LP, BP, IBP, HP, IHP, BR and AP responses, respectively, by appropriately
selecting input terminals. In Figs. 6–12, the proposed filter was designed for angular frequency of 238.73 kHz by choosing C1
=C2 = 2 nF and gm1 = gm2 = gm3 = gm4 = gm5 = 3 mS. The results confirm that the theoretical analyses is correct. The measurement
results of keysight E5061B-3L5 network analyzer for LP, BP, HP, and BR were also shown in Fig. 13. To show the tunability of the
proposed filter, the measurement uses different values of gm5, 1 mS, 1.5 mS, 2 mS, and 3 mS, to obtained different Q values, 1, 1.5, 2,
and 3, respectively. The Q values of the electronically tuned BP responses are measured as Vi4 = Vin, Vi1 = Vi2 = Vi3 = Vi5 = 0, C1 =
C2 = 2 nF, and gm1 = gm2 = gm3 = gm4 = 3 mS, as demonstrated in Fig. 14. When gm3 = gm4 = 3 mS and C1 = C2 = 2 nF, the angular
frequency values of the BP responses with different gm values are 1.5 mS, 2 mS, 3 mS, and 4 mS (i.e. gm = gm1 = gm2 = gm5), as
demonstrated in Fig. 15. The measured values of angular frequencies fo = 124.32 kHz, fo = 166.66 kHz, fo = 248.81 kHz, and
fo = 330.1 kHz, with errors of 4.15%, 4.71%, 4.22%, and 3.7%, respectively.
To test the input dynamic range of the filter, the simulation is repeated for a sinusoidal input signal of fo = 238.73 kHz. Fig. 16
shows the time-domain of the IBP response, where all transconductance values as 3 mS, and C1 = C2 = 2 nF. In Fig. 16, the per-
centage of the total harmonic distortion (THD) is 1.99%, when the sinusoidal input signal of an amplitude 65 mVp. The dependence of
the output harmonic distortion of IBP response on input voltage amplitude is illustrated in Fig. 17. The intermodulation distortion
(IMD) of the IBP response in Fig. 2 was studied. Fig. 18 shows the dependence of the third-order IMD of IBP filter using two closely
spaced tones, f1 = 237 kHz and f2 = 239 kHz with equal input signal amplitude. Fig. 19 shows the spectrum of the IBP filter through
intermodulation characterization by applying two-tone signals. In Fig. 19, two closely spaced tones, f1 = 237 kHz and f2 = 239 kHz,
are used with equal input amplitudes of 40 mVp.
Furthermore, the proposed filter was investigated using Monte-Carlo analysis. The Monte-Carlo analysis results in 100 simula-
tions. For the IBP frequency responses, all transconcuctance values given as 3 mS, and C1 = C2 = 2 nF, where the two capacitances C1
and C2 have a 5% Gaussian deviation. Fig. 20 shows the histogram of the angular frequency obtained from the Monte-Carlo analysis.
To obtain the quadrature sinusoidal output waveforms in Fig. 3, when the oscillation frequency, fo, is equal to 238.73 kHz, the
following component values have been chosen as gm1 = gm2 = gm3 = gm4 = gm5 = 3 mS, and C1 = C2 = 2 nF, where gm5 = 2.95 mS
was designed to be smaller than the gm1 to ensure the oscillations would start. The measured oscillation frequency, 237.7 kHz, is very
closed to theoretical value, as shown in Fig. 21. Fig. 22 shows the Lissajous pattern of Vo2 and Vo3 outputs of the experimental result
in Fig. 21. Fig. 23 shows how to calculate phase noise using the Agilent phase noise measurement solution. The phase noise in the
proposed oscillator is lower than -86.3 dBc/Hz (at 10 kHz offset). Obviously, the experimental results are consistent with the the-
oretical values.

4. Conclusions

In this paper, a new voltage-mode universal filter using five single-ended OTAs and two grounded capacitors was proposed. The
proposed circuit has the following features: (i) using only five single-ended OTAs and two grounded capacitors, (ii) providing LP, BP,
IBP, IHP, HP, BR, and AP filtering responses from the same configuration, (iii) having high-input impedance terminals, (iv) having
orthogonal controllability of the parameters ωo and Q, (v) without employing an inverting-type input voltage signals, and (vi) easily
transformed into a quadrature oscillator. Experimental results are provided to demonstrate the theoretical analysis and OrCAD PSpice
simulations.

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