HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE

EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION

Dr. K S Anantha Krishna

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 EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION (NILE)

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 Forces shaping settlements and habitats-

• Natural
• Man made

Dr. K S Ananth Krishna

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 NATURAL-

• Geographical

• Geological

• Climatic

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 MAN MADE-

• Religious

• Historical

• Building techniques

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 GEOGRAPHICAL-
• Nile river- Delta region (165 km to 250 Km) in
the North (Lower Egypt)

• Upper Egypt (3Km to 22Km) in the south

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 Desert on both sides-
• ‘Black Land’

• ‘Red Land’

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 Annual inundation of Nile (July to October)

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 Settlements-

• Around the head of Delta

• Along the river banks

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 Deserts-
• Protection from invasions

• No defensive walls for settlements

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 Nile river-
• Internal communication

• Transportation of stone blocks from quarry to

building site.

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 Geological -

• Deserts- Limestone in N Egypt

Sandstone in S Egypt
Red & grey granite near Aswan
Durability of materials

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 Gigantic scale-
• Quarrying

• Transporting

• Raising

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 Quarrying-
• Copper tools
• Timber wedges
• Pounding of trenches with dolerite
• Drilling & sawing

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 Tombs & temples- Stone

Palaces & Houses- Sun dried bricks

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 Timber (scarce) - • Date palm for roofing

• Palm leaves, reeds to reinforce

brick construction.

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 Climatic-
• Two seasons
• Spring & summer
• Equitable & warm
• Rain was scarce except in Delta region.

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 Preservation of buildings-

• Brilliant sunshine
• Flat roofs

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 Preservation of buildings-

• Brilliant sunshine
• Flat roofs

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 Temples-

• Natural light through roof slits and doors

• No real need for windows

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 • Unbroken massive walls

• Protection from sun

• Surface for hieroglyphics

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 • Annual inundation (July to October)

• No agriculture

• Labour for building work

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 Religious-
• Close connection between religion and Architecture.

• Priesthood had unlimited authority.

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 • Rites were mysterious in Tombs & Temples.

• Polytheistic- Cult of many gods

Sun ,Moon, stars, animals
Local gods for cities
Osiris (God of death) & Isis

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 • Elaborate preparations for the care of bodies
after death.

• Kings very powerful ,Kings of people, Priests of

Gods & were themselves Gods.

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 Gods in triads-

• Ammon (Sun God)

• Mut (Mother)
• Khons (Moon god)
Thebean triad

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 • Ptah (creator)
• Sekhmet (Goddess of war)
• Nefertem

Memphis triad

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 Temples-
• Cult

• Mortuary

For use by Kings & Priests

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 Historical-

• Around 3200 BC- centralised monarchy

• Ruled for 3000 years.

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 • Omnipotent Government

• Employed large staff of craftsmen & armies of labourers

(during inundations).

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 High level of craftsmanship-

• Weaving, glass blowing,potters,metal work jewellery &

furniture.

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 • Pharaoh, court & officials, Priesthood

• Peasantry-

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 Ancient kingdom (Dynasties I to X) 3200-2130 BC

• Menes the first dynasty king

• Founded Memphis - capital from 3rd to 6th
dynasty.

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 1st & 2nd Dynasties-

• Art of writing –Hieroglyphics

• Mastaba tombs
3rd Dynasty-Evolution of true Pyramids

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 • 4th Dynasty- Pyramids of Gizeh

• 5th & 6th Dynasty- more pyramids at Abusir & Sakkara

• 7th dynasty onwards-decline of Pyramids

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 • Middle Kingdom (Dynasties XI to XVII) 2130-1580 BC

• 11th dynasty-recovery of political stability.

-Pyramids of crude brick faced with stone.

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 12th Dynasty-

• Temple of Karnak
• Pyramids of inferior construction.
• Open fronted Tombs.

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 18th & 19th Dynasties-

• Addition to the temple of Ammons, Karnark

• Hypostyle hall at Karnak.

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 Building Techniques-

Pre dynastic Egypt (before 3200 BC)

• Fences and walls of reeds set vertically side

by side.

• Lashed to bundles horizontally

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 • Palm leaf ribs
• Horizontal, vertical & diagonal
• Daubed with mud

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 • Sun dried mud brick for walls.

• Cut stone for religious buildings.

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 • Egyptian walls diminished course by course towards the
top on the outside-batter.
• Fibres or reed mats for reinforcement.
• Temple walls of 9m to 24.5m thickness.

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 Royal Pyramids-

• On levelled bed rocks.

• Limestone blocks, lime mortar
• Chambers of granite.

41

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 • Corbelling for interior chambers

• Levers, wooden sledges with rollers, ramps of earth.

42

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P B No. 6404, Govindapura, Gollahalli
Off International Airport Road NH-7, Yelahanka
Bengaluru - 560 064, Karnataka, India.

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 JAPANESE ARCHITECTURE
FORCES SHAPING SETTLEMENTS & HABITATS

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 GEOGRAPHICAL-

• ARCHIPELAGO IN NE Asia (NE to SW arc)

• Four main islands- Hokkaido,Honshu,Shikoku & Kyushu-
separate cultures.

Dr. K S Ananth
Krishna
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 75% Mountainous

• Farming area is less than 20 percent.

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 Population in the coastal plains & flat land -80 percent

• 6th longest coastline (irregular) in the world.

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 • Mountains, streams & farm lands

• Mountains in S –steep gradient (terraces) in N-

gentle gradient.

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 Natural harbours

Reliance on the sea, fishing, transportation.

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 Geological

wood,earth,stones,straw,paper

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 • Earthquakes, volcanoes -limited habitation

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 • Wooden structures (unpainted) elevated off
the ground.

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 • Tiled or thatched roofs sliding doors,flexibility
sat on cushions/floor

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 • No chairs and beds open structure and few
walls, tatami mats

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 • CLIMATIC

● North Japan- Warm summers and cold winters.

● West Japan- Hot and humid summers moderately cold

winters.

Okinawa and Amami Island – Sub tropical

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 • Houses raised above the ground sloping over
hanging roofs

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 • Low wooden panels free flow of space inside

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 • Religious

● Buddhism
● Confucianism
● Shintoism
● Taoism

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 • Shintoism- Oldest
● Worship of spirits in the natural world- in people,
animals, nature- rituals
● Spirits not omnipotent or perfect

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 • Shinto Shrines
• Buddhist pagodas

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 ● Historical
• Political union was most difficult ;(
• Autonomous domains

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 • Trade with neighbouring countries- China and
Korea

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 • Chinese system of writing and architecture

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 • Small aristocratic class large lower class

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 • Building techniques

• Wooden structure
Screens,sliding doors to divide rooms.

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 Foundation of packed earth/ stones
● Hidden roof for buddhist temples

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 • True Roof above- steep slope
• Second roof beneath jutting widely-shallow
slopes

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 • Wood joinery - joining of grooves
• No glue or nails

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 • Traditional Japanese houses, temples,
restaurants, tea house, castles

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 • Mayan Architecture
• Forces shaping settlements and habitats

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 • Geographical

• Territory included present day South East

Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, West Honduras, El
Salvador

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 •
Diverse Geography
● Northern Lowlands
● Central Lowlands
● Southern Highlands
● Hot Coastal plain along pacific ocean

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 • Rainforests , savannahs, semi arid highland
plateaus, semi alpine peaks and swampy low
areas

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 • Volcanoes,Hurricanes,Flooding,Mud Slides,No
major river

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 •
Slash and burn techniques
● Fertile soil, crops , terrace farming settlements -
cities.
● Tikal, Palenque, Copan, Bonapak,Dos Pilas

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 Geological •
● Limestone,Sandstone,Volcanic Tuff used for step
pyramids

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 • Stone tools for cutting trees, mud,grass for
homes

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 • Stone with Wooden Structure on top with
thatched roof for palaces

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 Climatic •
● Tropical rainforest climate
● Hot and humid very wet

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 • No seasons, consistent throughout the year
less sunshine

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 • Canals to control the flow of water

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 • Sloping roof for palaces , houses

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 • Religious:
• Gods for different aspects of daily life -
creator-most important God (Itzamna)

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 • Rain God
• Nature God
• Sun God
• Serpent God
• Death God

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 •Priests-Religious Ceremonies
• Mayan Temples - 9 platforms with shrine on
top - stairway

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 •
Rituals for God - Sacrifices
● Pyramids for burial of kings

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 ● Historical

Mayan writing - 700BC

Independent cities

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 • Ruler- Descendant from gods quasi divine
status

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 • Palaces, pyramids and temples at the heart of
the city
• King administered

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 • Vassal City states- Ruled by lesser nobility
• Affiliated villages - ruled by minor nobility

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 •Cultural Exchanges among city states, Trade
in Gold, Feather, Jade also Subsistence Items
• Warfare (common)

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 • Golden Age- 250-900 AD
• Literate people

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 • Human Sacrifice (enemy warriors) for gods

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 • Building Techniques
Courseways - Stone rollers for compacting

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 •Temples of Stone with platforms on top -
wooden and thatched structures
• Steep stone steps

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 ○ Limestone, flint, obsidian, quartzite tools for
stone cutting

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 ○ Pyramids had a core of rubble with retaining
walls-facing of adobe bricks covered with
limestone.

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 • Corbelling technique
• Stone carvings for façade
• Painted stucco
• Crushed limestone as mortar

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 PERSIAN ARCHITECTURE

First Persian empire founded by Cyrus the great -

550BC

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 • Iranian empire-greatest extent under Xerxes I

• 55 lakh sq kms in extent

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 • Emphasis on truth & not owing a debt

• Language & script

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 • Tomb of Cyrus

Pasargade,Iran

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 • Two parts- base or foundation

• Stone platform-rectangular base-13.35m X 12.30m-6

steps

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 Room with gable roof over platform (11m height)

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 • Tomb is 3.17m X 2.11m X 2.11 m height
• Wall-1.5m thick

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 • Entrance 0.78m X 1.4 m

• Roof-sloping outside & flat inside hollow in

between

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 • Stone coffin inside yellowish white limestone

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 • Inspiration from Mesopotamian Ziggurats and
Urartu tombs (Armenia)

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 ● Palace of Persepolis (c 500 BC)

● Persepolis-capital of Achaemenid empire

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 • 13 hectare palace complex-on a terrace

• Emperors Darius,Xerxes & Artaxerxes-

successive kings

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 • Majestic approaches,throne rooms (stairways)

• Reception rooms,dependencies

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 ● Monumental stairway

● Double flight of access stairs

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 ● Monumental gateway

● Apadana Palace
● Throne hall of 100 pillars

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 INTRODUCTION TO
PRE CLASSICAL CIVILIZATION

1
MYCENAEAN-

1750-1050 BC

• FIRST DISTINCTIVELY GREEK CIVILIZATION IN MAINLAND

GREECE

2
3
4
• MYCENAE- MOST PROMINENT (SOUTH GREECE)

• PALACE CENTERED STATES

5
URBAN ORGANIZATION
ART,
WRITING,
TRADE WITH LEBANON
PALESTINE,
EGYPT,
CYPRUS,
MILETUS,
ASIA MINOR
2

6
• KING-HEAD-RELIGIOUS,MILITARY & JUDICIAL

• WARRIOR ELITE SOCIETY

7
• MILITARY ARISTOCRACY

• CRAFTSMEN,FARMERS,MERCHANTS

• SLAVES

8
• STRONG CENTRAL RULE

• PYLOS,TIRYNS,MIDEA,ATHENS

9
• RELIGION-WORSHIP OF DEITIES

• BURIALS ALONG WITH LUXURIOUS OBJECTS,SHAFT

GRAVES

10
• THOLOS FOR BURIAL OF ELITE

• LARGE CIRCULAR BURIAL CHAMBERS-HIGH

VAULTED ROOF-ENTRY PASSAGE

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• LION’S GATE,MYCENAE 1250 BC
• ENTRANCE TO CITADEL OF MYCENAE
• 10FT WIDE X 10 FT HIGH (NARROW AS IT RISES)

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12
13
• CYCLOPEAN WALL ON EITHER SIDE OF GATE.

• APPROACHED BY A RAMP

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15
• LINTEL- 15FT X7FT X3FT

• ABOVE-CORBELLED ARCH

10

16
• RELIEVING TRIANGLE-LIMESTONE SLABS

• LIONESSES CARVED IN HIGH RELIEF ON EITHER SIDE

OF A CENTRAL PILLAR

17
• LIONS - EMBLEM OF POWER

-GUARDIANS

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BEYOND THE GATE- GRANARY

- GUARD POST

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• TREASURY OF ATREUS
OR TOMB OF AGAMEMMON 1250 BC

• LARGE THOLOS (TOMB) ON A HILL AT MYCENAE

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• HUGE CIRCULAR CHAMBER MADE WITH RECTAGULAR
STONES-SUBTERRANEAN

• 14.5M DIA, INTERIOR HEIGHT 13.5M,CORBELLED ARCH

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• EXACAVATED INTO THE SIDE OF THE HILL

• APPROACH IS ALONG A DROMOS 20FT WIDE

AND 118 FT LONG

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• Side walls cut out of the rock & lined with ashlar
• Passage from Tholos to actual burial chamber-dug out
in cubical shape.

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• Entrance doorway to the Tholos-relieving
triangle.
• Stone lintel above the doorway 8.3mt X 5.2mt
X 1.2 mt (Largest in the world)

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 Palace of Tiryns (Megaron)

• Hill fort of importance during 1400 & 1200 BC(15kms SE

of Mycane)
• Citadel & lower town
• Hill 300m long ,45 to 100 m wide & 18m high

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• 10,000 population in 1300 BC &15,000 in 1150 BC

• Cyclopean walls

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• Megaron of the Palace

• Large reception hall

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s

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• Throne against the wall

• Central hearth-4 wooden columns supporting the roof

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• Fortified place of refuge for the city’s inhabitants in time
of war and or a residence of King

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• Etruscan civilization (8th to 3rd century BC)

• People of Etruria, Italy influenced Roman architecture

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• Monarchy to oligarchy (6th cent BC)
• Government of central authorities

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• Common religion Polytheism-deities for nature

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• Military tradition acquire new territories for
prestige,land,goods,slaves

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• Prisoners sacrificed on Tombs
• Had language-writing trade with Greeks

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• Temples,tombs,houses sculpture (terracotta)

• Wall painting,frescoes,metal working

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• Temple- Juno Sospita,Rome

• Monumental structure for Gods (Greek influence)

• Three enclosed worship halls (cellas)

•
• Deep front porch
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• Podium, absence of peristyle, columns only on the
front

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• Sculptures of deities in bronze

• Wooden unfluted columns large base, Tuscan columns

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P B No. 6404, Govindapura, Gollahalli
Off International Airport Road NH-7, Yelahanka
Bengaluru - 560 064, Karnataka, India.

T : +91 80 2216 7900 / 903 / 904

F : +91 80 2216 7902
M : +91 99722 41144

E : [email protected]
[email protected]
W : www.nittesoa.ac.in 48