ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express my gratitude and gratefulness to our physics teacher

Mr. Vastav Khanikar sir for giving us the opportunity to carry
out the project on Working model of Water Level Indicator
assigned in our esteemed in the physics department.
I express my sincere gratefulness to those people who help me
in the completion of this project. My classmates, for giving
their precious time, their able supervision and valuable
guidance throughout my project part to complete my project
in this limited period of time.
I am also grateful to our administrative department and also to
the central board of Senior Secondary Education, for giving
the opportunity to the entire student’s work and at same time,
gain more knowledge on various topics

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 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Sudarshan Sarkar of class XII (science)

has completed his project under my supervision. He has taken
proper care and shown utmost sincerity in completion of this
project.

I certify this project is up to my expectation and as per

guidelines issued by the CBSE in partial fulfillment of physics
project work.

Teacher’s Signature……………………………..

Internal Examiner’s Signature…………………..

External Examiner’s Signature…………………...

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 INDEX

CONTENT PAGE NO.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 1
CERTIFICATE 2
TOPIC 4
AIM 5
INTRODUCTION 6
MATERIAL REQUIRED 8
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 16
WORKING 17
APPLICATIONS 19
MERITS AND DEMERITS 22
BIBLIOGRAPHY 26

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 TOPIC

Investigatory project on working model of water

level indicator

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 AIM OF THE PROJECT

The aim of this project is to create a water level

indicator system using LEDs, transistors, a buzzer,
and resistors to provide a visual and audible alert
based on the water level in a tank or reservoir. The
project aims to demonstrate the application of
basic electronic components in designing a low-
cost, efficient, and reliable water level monitoring
system. By integrating these components, the
project seeks to offer a practical solution for
monitoring water levels, ensuring timely
intervention and promoting efficient use of water
resources in various domestic and industrial
applications.

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 INTRODUCTION

The facility requirements in many industries,

farms, hostels, hotels, offices include an overhead
tank for water, which is usually fed through an
electric pump that is switched off when the tank is
filled up and switched on when it is empty. So, the
most common way of knowing when the tank is
filled is by observing when it overflows the brim.
Depending on the type of liquid being handled,
overfilling of such a tank could lead to a great
liquid material losses ranging in the order of
thousands of naira per week depending on the
extent of such application. These losses can be
prevented if the tank is monitored automatically by
incorporating a feedback.

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Water level indicator using transistor & buzzer is
an amazing and very useful project. The objective
of this project is to notify the user the amount of
water that is present in the overhead water tank.
This project can be further enhanced to control the
water level in the tank by turning it on, when the
water level is low, and turning it off when the
water level is high.

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 MATERIALS REQUIRED

1.Transitor-BC547 (4 pieces)
2.Resistors 1k Ohm (4 pieces)
3.LED- Red, Yellow, Green
4.Buzzer
5.Wires
6.Switch
7.9V non rechargeable battery
8.Connector

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TRANSISTOR-BC547

The BC547 is a general-purpose NPN bipolar

junction transistor (BJT) commonly used in
electronics due to its versatility and wide
availability. It belongs to the BC-series of

transistors and is characterized by its low noise

and high gain, making it suitable for a wide range
of applications.

While the BC547 is a versatile transistor, it is

important to ensure that its operating conditions,
such as maximum voltages and currents, are not
exceeded to prevent damage or unreliable
operation

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RESISTORS

A 1000-ohm resistor, often represented as a 1k-

ohm resistor (kilo-ohm), is a standard fixed
resistor commonly used in electronic circuits for
various purposes. It belongs to the family of
resistors known as carbon film resistors, which are
widely available and cost-effective.

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LEDs

Light Emitting Diodes, commonly known as

LEDs, are semiconductor devices that emit light
when an electric current passes through them.
They are widely used in various applications due
to their efficiency, durability, and compact size.

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BUZZER

A buzzer is an electronic sound-producing device

that generates a buzzing or beeping sound when an
electric current passes through it. It is commonly
used as an alerting or signaling device in various
applications.

WIRES

Wires are conductive strands or cables made from

materials such as copper, aluminum, or other
metals. They are fundamental components used to
carry electrical current between devices,
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components, and circuits in electrical and
electronic systems.

SWITCH

A switch is an electrical component that interrupts

or diverts the flow of electrical current in a circuit.
It allows users to control the operation of devices
by making or breaking connections within the
circuit.

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9V NON-RECHARGEABLE
BATTERY

A 9V non-rechargeable battery, also known as a

disposable battery, is a single-use power source
that provides 9 volts of electrical potential. Unlike
rechargeable batteries, these batteries are designed
for one-time use and are discarded once their
energy is depleted.

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CONNECTOR

A connector is a device used to join two or more

electrical conductors, cables, or components
together to establish electrical continuity and
facilitate the transfer of signals or power between
them. Connectors come in various types, sizes, and
configurations to suit different applications and
requirements

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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 WORKING
The circuit includes transistors, resistors,
switches, and a buzzer connected in a specific
configuration. The exact setup can vary based on
the design and sensitivity required for detecting
water levels.

These switches are strategically placed at different

levels inside the container or tank where water
levels need to be monitored. Each switch changes
its resistance when it is submerged in water
compared to when it is exposed to air.
Transistors are sensitive to changes in electrical
current and voltage. They can be configured in
such a way that the varying resistance from the
switches affects the biasing of the transistors.
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Water is a conductor of electricity. When the
resistance switches are submerged in water, they
provide a path for current flow, altering the overall
resistance in the circuit.
As the water level changes and reaches the
different levels where the resistance switches are
positioned, the overall resistance in the circuit
changes accordingly. This change in resistance
affects the operation of the transistors.
The circuit is designed such that when a certain
water level is reached (determined by the position
of the resistance switches), the change in
resistance causes the transistors to trigger the
buzzer. The buzzer then produces an audible signal
to indicate the water level has reached a critical
point.

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 APPLICATIONS
Water level indicators find practical applications in
various fields where monitoring and controlling
water levels are crucial. Some of the common
applications include:
1.Water Tanks and Reservoirs:
 Domestic Water Tanks: In households, water
level indicators ensure that water tanks do not
overflow or run dry, thus preventing water
wastage and ensuring a continuous water
supply.
 Industrial Water Storage: In industries and
manufacturing plants, accurate monitoring of
water levels in storage tanks is essential for
operational efficiency and water management.
2.Agriculture and Irrigation Systems:
 Farm Irrigation: Water level indicators help
farmers manage irrigation systems by ensuring
that water levels in reservoirs or irrigation

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 channels are maintained at optimal levels for
crop growth.
 Pond and Aquaculture Management: In
aquaculture operations, maintaining precise
water levels in ponds and tanks is critical for
the health and growth of aquatic organisms.
3. Pumps and Sewage Systems:
 Sewage Treatment Plants: Water level
indicators ensure proper management of
sewage levels in treatment plants, preventing
overflows and maintaining operational
efficiency.
 Pumping Stations: In wastewater
management, water level indicators control the
operation of pumps to manage water levels
effectively and prevent system failures.
4. Pool and Spa Management:
 Swimming Pools and Spas: Water level
indicators help maintain proper water levels in
pools and spas, ensuring safety, hygiene, and
optimal filtration and circulation of water.

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5. Boilers and Steam Systems:
 Industrial Boilers: Water level indicators are
critical for maintaining safe water levels in
boilers to prevent overheating and ensure
efficient steam generation.
 Steam Engines: In locomotives and steam
engines, water level indicators (such as sight
glasses) visually indicate the water level in the
boiler for safe operation.

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 MERITS & DEMERITS

MERITS:

1. Prevention of Overflows and Underflows:

Water level indicators help prevent overflows
in tanks, reservoirs, and water bodies by
signaling when water levels reach critical
points. This prevents wastage and potential
damage to infrastructure.
2. Water Conservation:
By providing real-time monitoring of water
levels, these indicators contribute to efficient
water management practices. Users can
optimize water usage, preventing unnecessary
depletion and promoting conservation.

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3. Operational Efficiency:
In industrial and agricultural settings, water
level indicators ensure that processes
dependent on water supply operate smoothly
and efficiently. This includes irrigation
systems, manufacturing processes, and cooling
systems.
4. Cost Savings:
Efficient water management facilitated by
water level indicators can lead to significant
cost savings. These savings come from
reduced water consumption, lower energy
costs associated with pumping, and decreased
maintenance expenses due to improved system
reliability.
5. Safety and Risk Mitigation:
Water level indicators enhance safety by
preventing potential hazards such as flooding
or equipment damage caused by inadequate
water levels. In environments where water-
related risks are present, these indicators
provide early warnings to mitigate risks.
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DEMERITS:

1. Maintenance Requirements:
Regular maintenance is necessary to ensure
accurate readings and reliable operation of
water level indicators. This includes sensor
calibration, checking for obstructions or sensor
damage, and periodic replacement of
components.
2. Sensor Accuracy and Reliability:
The accuracy of water level indicators heavily
relies on the quality and calibration of the
sensors used. Environmental factors such as
temperature changes, humidity, and water
quality can affect sensor performance and
reliability.
3. Power Dependency:
Many water level indicators require a
continuous power supply to operate, which can
be a limitation in remote or off-grid locations

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 where power availability may be inconsistent
or costly to maintain.
4. Vulnerability to Environmental Factors:
Harsh environmental conditions such as
extreme temperatures, corrosive environments,
or exposure to chemicals can impact the
durability and longevity of water level
indicators, leading to premature failure or
reduced performance.
5. False Alarms and Malfunctions:
Incorrect readings or false alarms can occur
due to sensor malfunctions, electrical
interference, or sensor fouling (e.g., buildup of
debris or sediment on sensor probes), leading
to unreliable operation and potential
disruptions.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

 YouTube.com
 Google Search Engine
 Wikipedia.com
 NCERT Physics Book Class XII

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