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Trapezoidal Simpson's 3 8

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23 views6 pages

Trapezoidal Simpson's 3 8

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asdekafg
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There are two ways in finding the area under the curve:

● Analytically using calculus


● Approximation using numerical methods

Note: The higher the degree, the closer is the approximation.

TRAPEZOIDAL RULE

What is the trapezoidal rule?

The Trapezoidal Rule is a method for estimating the area under a curve by breaking
it into smaller trapezoid-shaped sections rather than rectangles. It works by treating the
space under the curve as a series of trapezoids and adding up their areas. Essentially, it
takes the average of the values at the left and right ends of each interval to make the
calculation.

The accuracy of trapezoidal rule over other methods

While the Trapezoidal Rule is a useful tool for approximation, it’s not as accurate as
Simpson’s Rule, especially when dealing with smooth functions. This is because Simpson’s
Rule uses a curved (quadratic) approach to approximate the area, while the Trapezoidal
Rule uses straight lines (linear approximation). Both methods aim to estimate the area, but
Simpson’s Rule tends to be more precise.

Trapezoidal Rule Formula


We need to consider the formula of a trapezoid for this rule. As such, the area of a
trapezoid is given by:

Where h is the new base and h = Δx. P and q become yo and y1.

b−a
Where: Δ x =
n

The total area would then be given as:

Where the formula is just a summation of all the areas of n no. of trapezoids.

We can simplify this to give us the trapezoidal rule, for n trapezoids:

Example 1:
1
Using n= 3, approximate the integral ∫ √ ❑
0
b−a 1−0 1
Δ x= = = =0.3333
n 3 3

y o =f (a)=f (0)=√ ❑

y 1=f (a+ Δ x)=f (0.3333)=√ ❑

y 2=f (a+ 2 Δ x)=f (0.6667)=√❑

y 3=f (a+3 Δ x)=f ( 0.9999)=√ ❑

0.3333
Area= (1+ 2(1.054082013+1.201868915)+ 1.414142853)=1.1542
2

Example 2:
1
Using n= 5, approximate the integral ∫ √ ❑
0

b−a 1−0
Δ x= = =0.2
n 5

y o =f (a)=f (0)=√ ❑

y 1=f (a+ Δ x)=f (0.2)=√❑

y 2=f (a+ 2 Δ x)=f (0.4 )=√❑

y 3=f (a+3 Δ x)=f (0.6)=√❑

y 4 =f (a+ 4 Δ x )=f (0.8)=√ ❑

y 5=f (a+5 Δ x)=f (1)= √❑

0.2
Area= (1+2(1.019803903+ 1.077032961+ 1.166190379+1.280624847)+ 1.414213562)=
2
1.150151774

Based on the 2 examples above, the more subdivisions (n) you have, the smaller the
error, therefore, the approximation is more accurate.

SIMPSON’S RULE

In finding the approximate value of a definite integral where no integration technique


can be applied, or we may not have a defined function to integrate, the Simpson’s rule
provides a way to approximate such functions through observed values from experimental
data.
SIMPSON’S ⅜ RULE

The Simpson's 3/8 rule offers an alternative way to perform numerical integration.
Instead of using quadratic interpolation, it relies entirely on cubic interpolation. And unlike the
Simpson’s ⅓ rule where the integral is divided into 2 subintervals, this rule divides the
integral into 3 subintervals like the figure below.

The accuracy of the Simpson’s ⅜ rule over other methods

As stated earlier, the Simpson’s rule in general, is more accurate than both the
trapezoidal and bisection methods. Additionally, compared to the Simpson’s ⅓ rule, the
Simpson’s ⅜ rule is allowed one more degree of freedom as it is a cubic function while the
Simpson’s ⅓ rule is a quadratic function.

Simpson’s ⅜ Rule Formula

The formula for the Simpson’s ⅜ rule is derived from the Lagrange interpolation.

b−a
Like usual, h= Δ x . Where: Δ x =
n

The formula is given by:

Example:

Evaluate the following using Simpson’s ⅜ rule


To solve, the number of subintervals must be multiples of 3.

a=4, b=5.2, and n=6

b−a 5.2−4
Δ x= = =0.2
n 6

Put the values in the Simpson’s ⅜ rule formula:

REFERENCES:

Admin. (2022, August 26). Trapezoidal Rule for Integration (Definition,

Formula, and Examples). BYJUS. https://byjus.com/maths/trapezoidal-rule/

Bourne, M. (n.d.).Trapezoidal rule. https://www.intmath.com/ integration/5-

trapezoidal -rule.php

Vedantu. (n.d.). Simpson’s Rule. VEDANTU. https:// www.vedantu.com/

maths/ simpsons- rule


Simpson’s Rule (Simpson’s 1/3 Rule) - Formula, derivation, examples. (n.d.).

Cuemath. https://www.cuemath.com/simpsons-rule-formula/

Testbook. (2023, May 4). Simpson’s Rule: Definition & Formula for 1/3 & 1/8

examples. Testbook. https://testbook.com/maths/simpsons-rule

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