Hydrostatic Law

The variation of pressure in the vertical direction in a fluid is directly

proportional to the specific weight
=

P =ρgh (SI unit is N/m2 )

 When you move vertically down a fluid, the pressure increases as

+ρgh.

When you move vertically up in a fluid, the pressure decreases as -ρgh.

On the same horizontal level there is no change of pressure.

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 What is Viscosity?
“Viscosity” is derived from the latin word “Viscum”, meaning “anything sticky”

It describes the internal friction of a moving fluid

A fluid with large Viscosity resists motion

A fluid with low Viscosity flow

It exists in both liquids and gases and is essentially a friction force between different layers
of fluid as they move past one another.

In liquids the viscosity is due to the cohesive forces between the molecules

In gases the viscosity is due to collisions between the molecules.

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 Viscosity?

 It is represented by the symbol η "eta“

is the ratio of the shearing stress (ƒ/A) to the strain rate (v/d).
 SI unit of viscosity is the Pascal second [Pa s].
 A common unit is the poise (P) where 1 Pa.s = 10 P
Types of viscosity
1. Dynamic or Simple viscosity
2. Kinematic Viscosity
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 Factors that Affect Viscosity
Speed of Particles : As speed increases, viscosity decreases

Attraction: As attraction increase, viscosity increases .

Space Between Particles: As the space increases, viscosity decreases

Amount of Energy (heat): As the temperature increases, viscosity decreases

Example : Volcano
Lava

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 Kinematic Viscosity
 A measure of the resistive flow of a fluid under the influence
of gravity.
 represented by the symbol ν "nu“

 It is ratio of the viscosity of a fluid to its density.

ν = ŋ/ρ

 Can be measured using the Capillary Viscometer.

 SI unit of kinematic viscosity is the [m2/s].
 Common unit used is the stroke (St) = [cm2/s]
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 Dynamic (or absolute ) Viscosity

∆
Viscosity (“µ”) is the ratio of the shearing stress (F/A) to the velocity gradient ( ) in a fluid
∆

Formula for general Viscosity or Dynamic /Absolute Viscosity is same

/
 µ ∆
∆

Measurement of thickness of fluid i.e. tangential force per unit area required to move one
horizontal plane with respect to an other plane at an unit velocity . When maintaining an unit
distance apart in the fluid

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 Dynamic Vs Kinematic Viscosity

If you are particularly interested in the interaction between molecules that can
be interpreted in terms of mechanical stress, the dynamic viscosity is more
appropriate.

 Nevertheless, the kinematic viscosity is νrecommended when you are interested

in a fluid motion and velocity field

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 Newton’s law of Viscosity
Newton’s law of viscosity states that “Shear stress is directly
proportional to the velocity gradient.”

 Mathematically the can be stated as:

V

Where,
Viscosity of fluid (Pa.s)

Vx _ Velocity in x direction, (m/s)

y - Distance,(m)
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 Newton’s law of Viscosity
Newton’s law of viscosity will tell us the definition of viscosity
 The Viscosity of fluid (gases and liquids) varies with temperature and
pressure.
Under laminar flow conditions, macules of a fluid move in layers that
slide passed one another in an orderly fashion.
 Newton's suggest that those fluids which obey Newton's law of
viscosity be called Newtonian fluids, and those fluids which do not
obey this law are called non-Newtonian fluids

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 Newtonian Fluid
Fluids that obey Newton’s law of viscosity are known as Newtonian
fluids

 When shear is applied Viscosity remains constant at constant

temperature

Example
Water
Mineral oil
Gasoline
Alcohol
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 Non-Newtonian Fluid

 Fluids which does not obey Newton’s law of viscosity.

 When shear is applied, the Viscosity of the fluid changes at a constant

temperature

Viscosity
 Dilatant - Viscosity of the fluid increases when shear is applied, Dilatant
Examples corn flour solution, wet beach sand, potassium silicate in water
and starch in water.

 Pseudoplastic - Viscosity of the fluid decreases when shear is applied

Examples : ketchup, polymer solution , biological fluids , detergent, starch
suspension, greases etc Pseudoplastic
Stress

05-10-2023 Presenting By: Dr. Shraddha Shirbhate

 Non-Newtonian Fluid

Viscosity
Rheopectic – Viscosity of the fluid increases when Dilatant
shear is applied
The difference from dilatant is that in Rheoptectic
viscosity increase is time dependant
Examples: Gypsum paste, bentonite clay, clay Pseudoplastic
suspension etc. Stress

Thixotropic- viscosity of the fluid decreases when Rheopectic

Viscosity
shear is applied
This is a time dependent property as well .i.e Glue,
paints, polymer solution etc
Thixotropic
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 What is Reynolds number ?

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 What is Reynolds number

Reynolds number used: Scaling of fluid dynamics problems

Determine dynamic similitude
To identify the different cases of fluid flow

The Reynolds number is the ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces

within a fluid which is subjected to relative internal movement due to
different fluid velocities.
inertial forces
Reynolds number =
viscous forces

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 Reynolds number
The Reynolds number is defined as Velocity of fluid
Density of fluid

= Dimeter of pipe

Reynolds number Dynamics

Viscosity of
fluid

 Where,
Density of fluid (SI units: kg /m3)
V - Velocity of fluid (m/s)
µ - Dynamics Viscosity of fluid (Pa.s or N.s/m2)
D - Dimeter of pipe (m)

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 Reynolds number
Flow in a pipe or liquid
 Density of fluid (SI units: kg /m3)
 V - Velocity of fluid (m/s)
 Q- Volumetric flow rate
Dynamic Pressure
 D - Dimeter of pipe (m)

=
 Dynamic viscosity of fluid
 ν – Kinematic Viscosity of fluid Shearing Stress
 A- cross-sectional area of pipe

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 Reynolds number
The Reynolds number can be used to identify if a flow is laminar or turbulent

 Laminar Flow: Re <2300: Laminar Flow occurs at low Reynolds numbers,

where viscous forces are dominant , and is characterized by smooth ,
constant fluid motion

 Turbulent Flow: Re >4000: Turbulent flow occurs at high Reynolds

numbers and is dominated by inertial forces , which tend to produce chaotic
eddies, and other flow instabilities

 Transient Flow when 2300 < Re <4000

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 Poiseuille’s Equation
In fluid dynamics, Hagen–Poiseuille law - the pressure drop in a fluid flowing
through a long cylindrical pipe.

Defines the relationship between pressure, volume flow, resistance

In a few cases of a laminar flow or a smooth flow, the volume rate of flow
of a substance is denoted by the difference in the pressure divided by the
resistance provided by the viscosity

Mathematically expressed as, Where,

P Q=Volume flow
Q= ΔP = Pressure Difference
R
Helps to measure fluid moves through a Vessel R= Resistance
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 Poiseuille’s equation
 The rate of flow in a fluid in a round tube depends on the viscosity of the
fluid, the pressure difference, and the dimensions of the tube.

 The volume flow rate is proportional to the pressure difference, inversely

proportional to the length of the tube and proportional to the fourth power
of the radius of the tube.
∆P  Q = volume flow
Q= R  P1 – P2 = Pressures at proximal/distal ends
 r = Radius of the tube
 L = Length of the tube
8𝛈L  n = viscosity of the fluid
𝑅=
Π𝑟

(P1 –P2) Π𝑟
𝑄=
8𝛈L
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 Most important regarding Poiseuille’s Equation

Diameter change has most dramatic effect on

resistance
Radius of vessel is DIRECTLY proportional to
volume flow
Small changes in radius may result in large
changes in volume flow.

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Applications of Poiseuille's Law Formula

Poiseuille's law can be used to calculate the blood flow rate in

arteries and veins, which is important for understanding blood
pressure and cardiovascular health.

The assumptions in Poiseuille’s law are wide, such that the

equation of Poiseuille’s law is derived from Navier-Stokes equation
of dimensional analysis.

Poiseuille’s law is also applicable to many general situations in our

day-to-day life, and it is normally with the context of the topic of
hemodynamics.

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1. A living room has floor dimensions of 3.5 m and 4.2 m and a height of 2.4 m.
(a) What does the air in the room weigh when the air pressure is 1.0 atm ( 1.21 kg/m3 )
(b) What is the magnitude of the atmosphere’s downward force on the top of your head, which we take
to have an area of 0.040 m2 ? (1 atm = 1.01 x 105 Pa)

2. If the equation of a velocity profile over a plate is v = 5y 2 + y (where v is the velocity in m/s) determine the
shear stress at y =0 and at y =7.5cm . Given the viscosity of the liquid is 8.35 poise.

3. A river is 40m wide, 2.2m deep and flows at 4.5 m/s. It passes through a 3.7-m wide gorge, where the flow
rate increases to 6.0 m/s. How deep is the gorge?

4. Air at 20°C and atmospheric pressure has a density of 1.23 kg/m . Find its specific gravity. What is the
ratio of the specific gravity of water to the specific gravity of air at 20°C and atmospheric pressure?
What is the significance of the ratio?

5. A cubical block of 20 cm side and of 20 kg weight is allowed to slide down along a plane inclined at 30o to
the horizontal on which there is a film of oil having viscosity 2.16x10-3 N-s/m2 .What will be the terminal
velocity of the block if the film thickness is 0.025m
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