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A01_PEDI2959_06_SE_FM.QXD 5/16/08 12:59 AM Page vii

CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION 1
INSECT ABUNDANCE 1
INSECT DIVERSITY 1
WHAT AN INSECT IS 2
OTHER ARTHROPODS 3
Class Crustacea 3
Class Diplopoda 6
Class Chilopoda 6
Class Arachnida 7
WHAT ENTOMOLOGY IS 9
Entomologists 10
Producers of entomological information and services 11
Users of entomological information and services 12
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN INSECTS AND PEOPLE 13
Brief History of Relationships 13
Insects in antiquity 13
Success of insects 13
Prehistoric times 16
The rise of agriculture and civilization 17
Modern times 18
The Ledger 18
Black ink: The benefits 18
Red ink: The losses 23
The balance sheet 27
INSECT PEST MANAGEMENT 29
The Concept of Pest 30
The Concept of Pest Status 33

2 INSECT STRUCTURES AND LIFE PROCESSES 35

THE INSECT BODY 35
General Organization 35
Tagmosis and the body wall 35
Detail of the body wall 36
The Head 38
Cranium 38
Mouthparts 39
Antennae 43
Eyes 45
The Thorax 45
Legs 47
Wings 47
The Abdomen 49

vii
A01_PEDI2951_06_SE_FM.QXD 10/31/11 8:54 AM Page viii

viii ■ CONTENTS

MAINTENANCE AND LOCOMOTION 50

Feeding and Digestion 52
Feeding 52
The digestive system 55
Digestion 56
Nutrition 57
Excretion 57
The excretory system 58
Excretion 58
Other excretory modes 58
Circulation of Blood 59
The circulatory system 59
Blood 60
Circulation 60
Respiration 60
The tracheal system 60
Respiratory process 62
Musculature and Locomotion 63
Muscle system 63
Muscle function 65
Locomotion 65
SENSING THE ENVIRONMENT AND INTEGRATING ACTIVITIES 68
Sense Organs 69
Photoreceptors 69
Chemoreceptors 70
Mechanoreceptors 70
Other receptors 72
Nervous System 73
Central nervous system 73
Visceral nervous system 75
Nerve-Impulse Transmission and Integration 75
Nerve-impulse transmission 75
Integration 77
INSECT REPRODUCTION 77
The Female System 78
The Male System 78

3 INSECT CLASSIFICATION 81
OBJECTIVES OF CLASSIFICATION 81
ELEMENTS OF CLASSIFICATION 83
GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS 84
Subclass Apterygota 85
Order Protura—proturans 89
Order Collembola—springtails 89
Order Diplura—diplurans 90
Order Thysanura—bristletails 91
Order Microcoryphia—jumping bristletails 92
Subclass Pterygota 92
Order Ephemeroptera—mayflies 93
Order Odonata—dragonflies and damselflies 94
Order Orthoptera—grasshoppers and crickets 95
Order Phasmatodea—walkingsticks 96
Order Mantodea—mantids 97
Order Blattodea—cockroaches 97
Order Mantophasmatodea—gladiators 98
Order Dermaptera—earwigs 98
A01_PEDI2959_06_SE_FM.QXD 5/16/08 12:59 AM Page ix

CONTENTS ■ ix

Order Isoptera—termites 99
Order Embioptera—webspinners 101
Order Plecoptera—stoneflies 102
Order Zoraptera—zorapterans 102
Order Psocoptera—psocids and booklice 103
Order Phthiraptera—chewing lice and sucking lice 104
Order Thysanoptera—thrips 106
Order Hemiptera—true bugs, aphids, hoppers, and scales 108
Order Neuroptera—nerve-winged insects 115
Order Coleoptera—beetles 115
Order Strepsiptera—twisted-winged parasites 122
Order Mecoptera—scorpionflies 123
Order Trichoptera—caddisflies 123
Order Lepidoptera—butterflies and moths 124
Order Diptera—flies 130
Order Siphonaptera—fleas 134
Order Hymenoptera—ants, bees and wasps 135
MITE AND TICK CLASSIFICATION 141
Order Acari—mites and ticks 141
Suborder Mesostigmata 142
Suborder Ixodida 142
Suborder Prostigmata 143
Suborder Astigmata 143

4 THE INSECT LIFE CYCLE 147

REPRODUCTION AND EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT 147
Types of Reproduction 147
Fertilization 150
Development of the Embryo 150
POSTEMBRYONIC GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT 153
Egg Hatching 153
Growth of lmmatures 154
Metamorphosis 158
Terminology 160
MATURITY 160
Emergence of the Adult 160
Mating Behavior 161
Oviposition 161
GENERAL MODELS OF THE LIFE CYCLE 163
The No-Metamorphosis Model—Ametabolous Development 164
The Gradual-Metamorphosis Model—Paurometabolous Development 164
The Incomplete-Metamorphosis Model—Hemimetabolous Development 165
The Complete-Metamorphosis Model—Holometabolous Development 165
INSECT SEASONAL CYCLES 168
Univoltine Cycles 170
Multivoltine Cycles 170
Delayed Voltine Cycles 172
Seasonal Adaptations 173
Dormancy 173
Diapause 174

5 INSECT ECOLOGY 177

THE ECOLOGICAL ROLE OF INSECT PESTS 178
The Idea of Populations 178
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x ■ CONTENTS

Ecosystems and Agroecosystems 180

The Ecological Role of Insect Outbreaks 183
DYNAMICS OF INSECT LIFE SYSTEMS 185
Determinants of Insect Abundance 185
Population Change 187
Birth Rate 187
Death Rate 188
Movements 195
EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENT ON INSECT DEVELOPMENT 203
Predicting Biological Events: The Degree-Day Method 204
Degree-Day Programs in Insect Pest Management 207
REGULATION OF INSECT POPULATIONS 208

6 SURVEILLANCE AND SAMPLING 213

SAMPLING UNITS AND SAMPLES 216
SAMPLING UNIVERSE 216
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES AND SAMPLING PROGRAMS 217
COMMON SAMPLING TECHNIQUES IN INSECT PEST MANAGEMENT 217
In Situ Counts 217
Knockdown 221
Netting 224
Trapping 226
Extraction from Soil 233
Indirect Techniques 238
Auxiliary Survey Equipment 238
THE SAMPLING PROGRAM 239
Kinds of Estimates 239
Absolute estimates 239
Relative estimates 240
Converting Relative Estimates to Absolute Estimates 240
Descriptive Statistics 241
Criteria of Estimates 244
Program Dimensions 245
Insect stage 245
Number of sampling units 245
Time to sample 246
Pattern of sampling 246
Pest Management Scouts and Scouting Records 246
Alfalfa Weevil Sampling: An Example 248
Sequential Sampling 250

7 ECONOMIC DECISION LEVELS FOR PEST

POPULATIONS 255
CONCEPTS OF ECONOMIC LEVELS 255
Economic Damage and the Damage Boundary 256
Economic-Injury Level 257
Economic Threshold 260
CALCULATION OF ECONOMIC DECISION LEVELS 261
DYNAMICS OF ECONOMIC-INJURY LEVELS 262
Market Value (V) 264
Management Costs (C) 265
A01_PEDI2959_06_SE_FM.QXD 5/16/08 12:59 AM Page xi

CONTENTS ■ xi

Degree of Injury per Insect (I) 266

Stand reducers 266
Leaf-mass consumers 266
Assimilate sappers 267
Turgor reducers 267
Fruit feeders 267
Architecture modifiers 269
Injury measurements in EIL calculations 269
Crop Susceptibility to Injury (D) 270
Time of injury 270
Plant part injured 271
Injury types 271
Intensity of injury 271
Environmental effects 273
Amount of Damage Avoided (K) 274
Experimental Techniques to Determine Plant Damage Response 275
Observation 275
Modification of natural populations 275
Creating artificial populations 275
Injury simulation 277
ENVIRONMENTAL EILS 277
Assigning Realistic Management Costs (C) 278
Reducing Damage per Pest (D) 279
Developing an Environmentally Responsible K Value (K) 279
Manipulating Other EIL Variables 281
USING ECONOMIC LEVELS 281
Implementation Categories 281
No thresholds 281
Nominal thresholds 282
Simple thresholds 283
Comprehensive thresholds 283
Limitations of the EIL Concept 283
CONCLUSIONS 284

8 PEST MANAGEMENT THEORY 287

HISTORICAL HIGHLIGHTS OF PEST TECHNOLOGY 288
Pre-Insecticide Era 288
Insecticide Era 290
Emergence of Pest Management 292
THE CONCEPT OF PEST MANAGEMENT 294
Definition and Characteristics of Pest Management 294
Pest Management Strategies and Tactics 295
Do-Nothing Strategy 295
Reduce-Numbers Strategy 296
Reduce-Crop-Susceptibility Strategy 298
Combined Strategies 299
Kinds of Pests and Likely Strategies 299
Subeconomic pests 299
Occasional pests 300
Perennial and severe pests 302
DEVELOPMENT OF A PEST MANAGEMENT PROGRAM 304
Information and Techniques 304
Tactics 306
Putting It All Together: Systems 306
A01_PEDI2959_06_SE_FM.QXD 5/16/08 12:59 AM Page xii

xii ■ CONTENTS

9 MANAGEMENT WITH NATURAL ENEMIES 311

BRIEF HISTORY OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL 312
The Theory Behind Classical Biological Control 314
AGENTS OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL 315
Parasites and Parasitoids 315
Parasitoids 315
Insect parasitic nematodes 317
Nonbeneficial parasites 317
Predators 319
Pathogenic Microorganisms 322
THE PRACTICE OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL 322
Introduction 323
Augmentation 325
Inundative releases 326
Inoculative releases 327
Environmental manipulations 329
Conservation of Natural Enemies 329
CASE STUDY 331
Prickly Pear Cactus and Cactus Moths in Australia 331
CONCLUSIONS 332

10 ECOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT OF THE CROP

ENVIRONMENT 335
ECOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT 336
REDUCING AVERAGE FAVORABILITY OF THE ECOSYSTEM 338
Sanitation 338
Crop residue destruction and utilization 338
Elimination of animal wastes 342
Efficient storage and processing 342
Destruction or Modification of Alternate Hosts and Habitats 343
Obscuring Host Presence 348
Tillage 348
Irrigation and Water Management 351
DISRUPTING CONTINUITY OF PEST REQUISITES 354
Reduce Continuity in Space 354
Crop spacing 354
Crop location 355
Upset Chronological Continuity 356
Crop rotation 356
Crop fallowing 358
Disrupting crop and insect synchrony 359

DIVERTING PEST POPULATIONS AWAY FROM THE CROP 361

Trap Cropping 361
Strip Harvesting 363
Intercropping 363
Push-Pull Polycropping 364
REDUCING THE IMPACT OF INSECT INJURY 365
Modify Host Tolerance 365
Modify Harvest Schedules 365
CONCLUSIONS 366
A01_PEDI2959_06_SE_FM.QXD 5/16/08 12:59 AM Page xiii

CONTENTS ■ xiii

11 CONVENTIONAL INSECTICIDES
FOR MANAGEMENT 369
INSECTICIDE NAMES AND FORMULAS 370
Insecticide Nomenclature 371
Chemical Formulas 371
SURVEY OF COMMON INSECTICIDES 372
Pyrethroids 374
Third-generation pyrethroids 375
Fourth-generation pyrethroids 375
Carbamates 378
Organophosphates 379
Aliphatic derivatives 380
Phenyl derivatives 382
Heterocyclic derivatives 383
Neonicotinoids 385
Phenylpyrazoles 388
Pyrroles 388
Pyrazoles 389
Pyridazinones 389
Pyridine Azomethines 390
Oxadiazines 390
Insect Growth Regulators 391
Repellents 391
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons 391
DDT and relatives 391
HCH and lindane 394
Cyclodienes 394
Polychloroterpenes 396
Botanicals 396
Pyrethrum 396
Azadiractins 397
Nicotine 397
D-limonene 398
Rotenone 399
Ryania 399
Sabadilla 399
Fumigants 400
p-Dichlorobenzene and naphthalene 400
Inorganic phosphides and phosphine 400
Methyl bromide 401
Chloropicrin 401
Oils 401
Other Insecticides 402
Formamidines 402
Dinitrophenols 403
Organosulfurs and organotins 403
Inorganics 404
Insecticidal soaps 404
Other insecticides 404
CHEMICALS USED WITH INSECTICIDES 404
Synergists 405
Solvents 405
Diluents 405
Surfactants 406
Stickers 406
Deodorants 406
A01_PEDI2959_06_SE_FM.QXD 5/16/08 12:59 AM Page xiv

xiv ■ CONTENTS

INSECTICIDE FORMULATIONS 406

Liquid Formulations 407
Emulsifiable concentrates (EC or E) 407
Solutions (S) 407
Flowables (F or L) 407
Aerosols (A) 407
Liquefied gas (LG or F) 407
Dry Formulations 408
Dusts (D) 408
Granules (G) 408
Wettable powders (WP or W) 408
Soluble powders (SP) 408
Dry flowables (DF) 408
Water-soluble packets (WSP) 409
Poisonous baits (B) 409
Slow-release formulations (SR) 409
INSECTICIDE TOXICITY 409
Insecticide Modes of Action 409
Nerve poisons 410
Metabolic poisons 411
Alkylating poisons 411
Muscle poisons 411
Physical toxicants 412
Toxicity to Humans 412
Acute poisoning 412
Chronic poisoning 412
Estimation of toxicity to humans 413
INSECTICIDE LAWS AND REGULATIONS 416
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act 417
FIFRA Amended 417
Pesticide Label Regulations 418
Applicator Certification 421
Regulating Pesticides 422
Regulation of new pesticides 422
Regulating existing pesticides 423
FOOD QUALITY PROTECTION ACT 424
USING INSECTICIDES FOR PEST MANAGEMENT 425
Effective Use 425
Choosing an insecticide 425
Choosing a dosage 426
Timing of applications 426
Coverage and confinement of applications 427
Using Insecticides Safely 430
CONCLUSIONS 432

12 BIOPESTICIDES FOR MANAGEMENT 435

MICROBIAL PESTICIDES 436
Bacteria 436
Viruses 439
Fungi 440
Protozoa 443
Biotechnology and the Future of Microbial Insecticides 443
BIOCHEMICAL PESTICIDES 444
Insect Growth Regulators 444
Attractants and Repellents 445
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A01_PEDI2959_06_SE_FM.QXD 5/16/08 12:59 AM Page xv

CONTENTS ■ xv

Suffocating Agents 446

Desiccants 446
Coatings 447
Pheromones 447
Systemic Acquired-Response Inducers 447
PLANT-INCORPORATED PROTECTANTS 449
USING BIOCHEMICAL PESTICIDES IN INSECT MANAGEMENT 450

13 MANAGING INSECTS WITH RESISTANT PLANTS 453

BRIEF HISTORY 454
INSECT AND HOST-PLANT RELATIONSHIPS 456
The Insect Aspect 456
Finding the general habitat 456
Finding the host plant 456
Accepting the plant as a proper host 456
Sufficiency of the plant for requisites 457
The Plant Aspect 457
Morphological characteristics 458
Physiological characteristics 458
Host-Plant Selection 458
MECHANISMS OF RESISTANCE 459
Nonpreference 460
Allelochemic nonpreference 460
Morphological nonpreference 460
Use of nonpreference 461
Antibiosis 462
Tolerance 462
Ecological Resistance 463
Host evasion 463
Induced resistance 464
Host escape 464
GENETIC NATURE OF RESISTANCE 465
Epidemiological Types of Resistance 465
The gene-for-gene relationship 465
Vertical and horizontal types of resistance 465
Resistance Classes Based on Mode of Inheritance 468
Oligogenic resistance 468
Polygenic resistance 468
Cytoplasmic resistance 468
FACTORS MEDIATING THE EXPRESSION OF RESISTANCE 468
Physical Factors 468
Temperature 468
Light intensity 469
Soil fertility 469
Biological Factors 470
Biotypes 470
Plant age 471
TRADITIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF INSECT-RESISTANT
VARIETIES 471
BIOTECHNOLOGY AND RESISTANT-VARIETY DEVELOPMENT 472
Basics of Genetic Engineering 472
DNA: The blueprint of life 472
Cutting and splicing chromosomes 474
A01_PEDI2959_06_SE_FM.QXD 5/16/08 12:59 AM Page xvi

xvi ■ CONTENTS

Resistant Plants from Recombinant DNA Technology 474

Deployment of Engineered Resistant Plant Varieties 480
Insect Resistance Management 481
Transgenic Plants as Trap Crops 482
Benefits and Risks of Transgenic Crops 482
SUCCESSFUL USES OF INSECT-RESISTANT CULTIVARS 484
Resistance to Hessian Fly 485
Resistance to European Corn Borer 486
Resistance to Spotted Alfalfa Aphid 487
Resistance to Wheat Stem Sawfly 487
Resistance to the Greenbug 487
USE OF PLANT RESISTANCE IN INSECT PEST
MANAGEMENT 488
Plant Resistance as the Sole or Primary Tactic 488
Plant Resistance Integrated with Other Tactics 488
CONCLUSIONS 489

14 MANAGEMENT BY MODIFYING INSECT DEVELOPMENT

AND BEHAVIOR 493
DISRUPTING NORMAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT 494
The Basis for IGR Development 494
Functions of the principal growth hormones 494
Experimental modification of growth hormones 495
Hormone mimics 495
Synthetic hormones 496
Other potential IGRs 496
Practical IGRs 497
Methoprene 498
Hydroprene 499
Kinoprene 499
Pyriproxyfen 499
Diflubenzuron 500
Lufenuron 500
Buprofezin 502
Hexaflumuron 502
Novaluron 503
Tebufenozide 505
Methoxyfenozide 505
Halofenozide 505
Compatibility of IGRs with Other Tactics 505
MODIFYING BEHAVIOR PATTERNS 506
Tactics Involving Insect Attraction 506
Use of pheromones in attraction 507
Pheromones in sampling and detection 508
Pheromones used in attract-and-kill programs 511
Mating disruption by air permeation 512
Use of traditional baits 517
Insect Repellents 518
Traditional repellents 519
Plant allomones as repellents 520
Epideictic pheromones as repellents 520
Integration of Behavior Modification with Other
Tactics 521
CONCLUSIONS 522
A01_PEDI2959_06_SE_FM.QXD 5/16/08 12:59 AM Page xvii

CONTENTS ■ xvii

15 STERILE-INSECT TECHNIQUE AND OTHER PEST

GENETIC TACTICS 525
THE STERILE-INSECT TECHNIQUE 526
SIT Theoretical Background 526
Circumstances for application 529
Sterilizing Insects in a Natural Population 529
Methods of Sterilization 531
Ionizing radiation 531
Chemosterilization 532
Sterile-Insect Release Programs 533
Screwworm eradication and suppression 533
Tropical fruit fly programs 539
Other insects 540
Requirements and Limitations of Sterile-Insect Programs 541
Other Genetic Tactics 542
Conditional Lethal Mutations 544
Inherited Sterility 544
Hybrid Sterility 545
Cytoplasmic Incompatibility 545
Chromosomal Rearrangements 546
Meiotic Drive Mechanisms 546
Replacement by Innocuous Forms 547
Use of Molecular Genetic Techniques 548
CONCLUSIONS 548
16 THE PRACTICE OF INSECT PEST MANAGEMENT 551
CONCEPTS OF INTEGRATION 551
Basis for Integration 552
Preventive Practice 553
Lowering the pest’s general equilibrium position 553
Raising the level at which economic damage occurs 554
Pesticides not recommended as a preventive tactic 557
Plant and animal quarantine as a preventive tactic 557
Therapeutic Practice 557
Use of therapeutics in insect pest management 558
DEVELOPMENT OF AN INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT PROGRAM 561
Selection of Tactics 561
The Management Plan and Crop Values 561
An Integrated Management Program for the Bean Leaf Beetle 562
AREAWIDE PEST TECHNOLOGY 565
The Boll Weevil Eradication Program 566
Pilot project 568
Current program 568
The Pink Bollworm Eradication Program 569
Other Areawide Programs 570
SITE-SPECIFIC FARMING AND PEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICE 571
CONCLUSIONS 573
17 MANAGING ECOLOGICAL BACKLASH 577
RESISTANCE OF POPULATIONS TO PEST MANAGEMENT TACTICS 577
Principles of Resistance 578
Resistance to Conventional Insecticides 580
Magnitude of the insecticide resistance problem 580
A01_PEDI2959_06_SE_FM.QXD 5/16/08 12:59 AM Page xviii

xviii ■ CONTENTS

Mechanisms of resistance to insecticides 582

Cross-resistance 584
Dangers and costs of the resistance phenomenon 585
Resistance to Other Pest Management Tactics 587
Resistance to insect growth regulators 587
Resistance to microbial insecticides 587
Resistance to parasites 589
Virulence to resistant plants 589
Resistance to crop rotations 589
Resistance to sterile-male releases 590
Resistance to pheromones 591
Management of Resistance 591
Conditions that promote resistance 591
Slowing the development of resistance 592
Management by Moderation 593
Management by Saturation 593
Management by Multiple Attack 593
PEST POPULATION RESURGENCE AND REPLACEMENT 594
Dynamics of Resurgence and Replacement 595
Upsets from Reduction of Natural Enemies 595
Susceptibility of arthropod natural enemies to insecticides 596
Paradigm for resurgence 596
Examples of resurgence from natural-enemy reduction 597
Paradigm for pest replacement 597
Examples of replacement from natural-enemy reduction 597
Favorable Effects of Pesticides on Arthropod Physiology and Behavior 600
Upsets from Removal of Competitors 601
Managing Resurgence and Replacement 601
Avoiding hormoligosis 601
Avoiding natural-enemy destruction 601
Physiological selectivity 602
Ecological selectivity 602
Inoculative Releases of Natural Enemies 603
OTHER FORMS OF ECOLOGICAL BACKLASH 605
Enhanced Microbial Degradation 605
Upsets in Community Balance 606
CONCLUSIONS 606

18 INSECT PEST MANAGEMENT CASE HISTORIES 611

INSECT PEST MANAGEMENT IN A LOW-VALUE PRODUCTION SYSTEM 611
Pest life cycle and biology 611
Injury and interactions with the tree 612
Beetle outbreaks 613
Pest management program for spruce bark beetle 613
INSECT PEST MANAGEMENT IN MODERATE-VALUE PRODUCTION
SYSTEMS 614
Insect Pest Management in Cotton 614
Historical background of cotton-insect control 615
Insect pest management in Texas cotton 617
Insect Pest Management in Corn 619
Life history and injury from key pests 619
Historical aspects of pest control 624
Insect pest management program for corn in the northcentral United
States 625
A01_PEDI2959_06_SE_FM.QXD 5/16/08 12:59 AM Page xix

CONTENTS ■ xix

INSECT PEST MANAGEMENT IN HIGH-VALUE PRODUCTION SYSTEMS 626

Insect Pest Management in Potatoes 626
Pest biology 626
Early control efforts 627
Insect pest management in the northern United States 627
Insect Pest Management in Apples 629
Key pests and injury 629
Secondary pests and injury 629
Insect pest management in commercial apple orchards 630
Insect Pest Management in Almonds 633
Key pests and injury 633
Insect pest management in commercial orchards 634
CONCLUSIONS 635
APPENDIX 1: Key to the Orders of Hexapoda 637
APPENDIX 2: List of Some Insects and Related Species
Alphabetized by Common Name 643
APPENDIX 3: World Wide Web Sites of Entomological
Resources 679
Glossary 745
INDEX 769
A01_PEDI2959_06_SE_FM.QXD 5/16/08 12:59 AM Page xx
A01_PEDI2959_06_SE_FM.QXD 5/16/08 12:59 AM Page xxi

LIST OF DIAGNOSTIC BOXES

COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME BOX PAGE

alfalfa caterpillar Colias euytheme Boisduval 8.2 300
alfalfa weevil Hypera postica (Gyllenhal) 6.5 250
Angoumois grain moth Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier) 10.4 343
Anopheles mosquitoes Anopheles species 15.8 526
armyworm Pseudaletia unipuncta (Haworth) 10.1 337
Asian longhorned beetle Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky) 16.1 559
bean leaf beetle Cerotoma trifurcata (Forster) 10.9 362
black blister beetle Epicauta pennsylvanica (DeGeer) 4.4 170
black cutworm Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) 7.1 267
boll weevil Anthonomus grandis grandis (Boheman) 10.2 339
cabbage looper Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) 15.7 546
cereal leaf beetle Oulema melanopus (Linnaeus) 10.5 352
codling moth Cydia pomonella (Linnaeus) 12.2 448
Colorado potato beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) 5.4 194
corn earworm Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) 18.1 616
corn leaf aphid Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) 8.3 301
corn rootworms Diabrotica species 10.7 357
cottony cushion scale Icerya purchasi Maskell 9.1 313
desert locust Schistocerca gregaria (Forskgål) 5.6 200
diamondback moth Plutella xylostella (L.) 10.6 353
eastern subterranean termite Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) 1.1 31
emerald ash borer Agrilus planipennis (Fairmaire) 3.3 119
European corn borer Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) 18.2 622
face fly Musca autumnalis DeGeer 6.3 220
fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) 5.8 203
fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster (Meigen) 15.3 531
forest tent caterpillar Malacosoma disstria (Hübner) 5.3 192
German cockroach Blattella germanica (Linnaeus) 8.1 288
glassyawinged sharpshooter Homalodisca coagulata (Say) 16.2 560
green cloverworm Hypena scabra (Fabricius) 8.4 302
green lacewing Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) 9.3 327
green stink bug Acrosternum hilare (Say) 4.3 155
gypsy moth Lymantria dispar (Linnaeus) 6.1 214
Hessian fly Mayetiola destructor (Say) 13.2 466
honey bee Apis mellifera Linnaeus 4.1 149
horn fly Haematobia irritans (Linnaeus) 15.5 542
horse flies and deer flies Tabanus and Chrysops species 6.4 229
house fly Musca domestica Linnaeus 15.2 530

xxi
A01_PEDI2959_06_SE_FM.QXD 5/16/08 12:59 AM Page xxii

xxii ■ LIST OF DIAGNOSTIC BOXES

imported fire ants Solenopsis richteri Forel 6.2 215

Solenopsis invicta Buren
Indianmeal moth Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) 17.1 588
Japanese beetle Popillia japonica Newman 12.1 438
lady beetles many coccinellid species 9.2 321
meadow spittlebug Philaenus spumarius (L.) 2.1 43
Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) 15.4 541
Mexican bean beetle Epilachna varivestis Mulsant 9.4 328
monarch butterfly Danaus plexippus (Linnaeus) 5.5 197
multicolored Asian lady Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) 3.4 121
beetle
native elm bark beetle Hylurgopinus opaculus (LeConte) 10.3 341
painted lady butterfly Vanessa cardui (Linnaeus) 5.9 205
pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) 15.6 543
potato leafhopper Empoasca fabae (Harris) 7.2 277
redlegged grasshopper Melanoplus femurrubrum (DeGeer) 5.1 178
Russian wheat aphid Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko) 16.3 571
San Jose scale Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock) 18.3 632
screwworm Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel) 15.1 526
seedcorn maggot Delia platura (Meigen) 4.5 174
silkworm Bombyx mori (Linnaeus) 14.1 507
soybean aphid Aphis glycines Matsumura 3.2 114
soybean looper Pseudoplusia includens (Walker) 12.3 450
spotted alfalfa aphid Therioaphis maculata (Buckton) 13.3 486
spruce budworm Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens) 5.2 189
sweetpotato whitefly Bemisia tabaci Gennadius 3.1 113
tsetse flies Glossina species 4.2 154
twospotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch 17.2 600
velvetbean caterpillar Anticarsia gemmatalis (Hübner) 5.7 202
wireworms numerous species 10.8 358
woolly apple aphid Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann) 13.1 454
A01_PEDI2959_06_SE_FM.QXD 5/16/08 12:59 AM Page xxiii

PREFACE

Writing the original version of Entomology and Pest Management was an en-
joyable but daunting task. Deciding on how to combine basic entomology with
applied aspects of the science was particularly difficult. That difficulty re-
mains, even after six editions.
Based on recommendations gathered from comprehensive reviews, we decided
to continue approximately the same mix of basic and applied topics in this
sixth edition. Yet, we wanted to place increased emphasis on advances in the
technology of management. In an attempt to accomplish this goal, we devel-
oped a new chapter entitled Biopesticides for Management. This chapter
(Chapter 12) embodies new writing plus a reorganization of previously treated
subjects.
Chapter 12, Biopesticides for Management, covers a rapidly growing list of
pesticides registered by the Environmental Protection Agency. These materials
include microbial pesticides, biochemical pesticides, and plant-incorporated
protectants. They have the great benefit of being environmentally friendly and
safe to handle. This chapter will be of particular interest to students and oth-
ers involved in organic-food production and horticultural crops.
However, the addition of the biopesticides chapter does not diminish the im-
portance of conventional insecticides, and this edition has ample information
for students interested in use of these materials. The chapter on traditional in-
secticides (Chapter 11) has been completely updated to reflect newly registered
compounds and provides improved explanations of established ones.
To bring Entomology and Pest Management in line with current thinking in
insect systematics, the sixth edition also addresses a new classification
scheme. This change in Chapter 3 focuses on the orthopteroid and hemipteroid
groups. A new key to the insect orders also reflects this change in classifica-
tion.
Other changes in the sixth edition include a new emphasis on horticultural
crops in the case-histories chapter (Chapter 18), with a detailed discussion of
insect management in California almonds. Moreover, new insect diagnostic
boxes, color photographs, and enhanced black-and-white photographs improve
student comprehension in this and other areas.
Lastly, in addition to updating information in almost every chapter, Favorite
Web Sites at the end of each chapter have been verified and updated, making
the Internet a valuable companion in student learning. Also, the popular sec-
tion World Wide Web Sites of Entomological Resources (Appendix 3) has been
reviewed and completely updated, offering even greater direction in locating
specific entomological Internet sites and the wealth of information they provide
for students.

xxiii
 Visit https://ebookmass.com
now to explore a rich
collection of eBooks and enjoy
exciting offers!
A01_PEDI2959_06_SE_FM.QXD 5/16/08 12:59 AM Page xxiv

xxiv ■ PREFACE

TARGET AUDIENCE
Entomology and Pest Management can be used as an introduction to applied
entomology for undergraduates or beginning graduate students. For under-
graduates with only an elementary biology background, early chapters provide
a basis for understanding the remaining content on insect ecology, surveillance,
and management. Students with at least one course in entomology may wish
to omit early chapters and focus on the strategy and tactics of management
found in later chapters. Omitting Chapters 1 through 4 for graduate courses
will not result in a loss of continuity.

Content and Organization

The book consists of eighteen chapters, three appendices, and a glossary. Con-
cepts and principles are emphasized and supported by factual detail and spe-
cific examples. Beginning chapters (1 through 3) concentrate on general
entomology for the novice. Chapters 4 and 5 synthesize the elements of insect
biology and ecology required for understanding insect pest management. Chap-
ter 6 covers techniques and principles of sampling for problem assessment.
Chapter 7 builds on this knowledge by outlining types of reactions of crops to
insect densities. It also features the concept of adding environmental costs in
the decision-making process for management. The ideas and history of insect
pest technology are reviewed, and the concept and philosophy of modern pest
management is introduced in Chapter 8.
With this basic information presented in the first eight chapters, the student
is introduced, chapter by chapter, to the individual tactics used as elements in
pest management programs. The order of tactics presented is based on their
relative importance in existing pest management programs. Consequently,
natural enemies and ecological management of the environment, primarily
preventive tactics, are mentioned first, followed by conventional insecticides
and biopesticides; the premier elements in curative tactics. The remaining tac-
tics discussed in Chapters 13 through 15 are more specialized but, neverthe-
less, convey some of the newest and most innovative ideas.
Chapter 16 discusses the ways pest management and pest technology are
practiced. This chapter draws the analogy between human medicine and pest
management, and it emphasizes the idea of prevention and therapy in combin-
ing several management tactics. Area-wide pest technology and recent suc-
cesses with the cotton boll weevil in the United States are discussed.
Chapter 17 is unique among entomology texts because it integrates the prob-
lems of resistance, resurgence, replacement, and recent phenomena, such as
enhanced microbial degradation of insecticides, into a single concept—ecological
backlash. The chapter suggests to students that applying the tactics discussed
does not always result in sustainable pest management, and it recommends
ways of reducing or avoiding such problems.
The book ends (Chapter 18) by presenting examples of successful insect pest
management programs in the context of diverse commodities.

Special Features
Basic and applied entomology. The primary purpose of the book is to
promote an understanding of major elements of general entomology and relate
A01_PEDI2959_06_SE_FM.QXD 5/16/08 12:59 AM Page xxv

PREFACE ■ xxv

them to modern principles of insect pest management. Both theory and practice
are emphasized in a conceptual approach to the topics, and numerous examples
are presented to facilitate learning.
Ecological approach. Pest management topics are discussed as aspects of
applied ecology, and solutions to pest problems are presented with regard to
environmental quality, profitability, and durability.
Insect diagnostic boxes. Sixty-eight insect diagnostic boxes are presented
throughout the text. Each box contains detailed information on distribution,
importance, appearance, and life cycle of a species or species group. Insects
chosen are from examples mentioned in the text. Grouping specific data in
boxes provides background information about a species through examples and
case histories without detracting from the main discussion. Students not
familiar with the species can consult the boxes to better understand and
appreciate the examples in the text. Information in the boxes is referenced in
the index. Additional information about major pests are given in Chapter 3 as
insect families of major economic importance are included in presenting
information on insect classification.
Boldface type. This feature allows the student to recognize new terms and
important concepts quickly and serves as a basis for topic review.
Appendices. Three appendices facilitate learning and serve as reference
material. Appendix 1 presents a key to the orders of insects, allowing identification
of both adult and immature insects. Appendix 2 contains a list of insect common
names, scientific names, and classifications. Appendix 3 is a comprehensive list
of World Wide Web sites of entomological resources that can be used for
customized computer searches.
Glossary. An expanded glossary for quick reference appears at the end of the
book.
Favorite Web Sites. The Web Sites accessible through the Internet are
presented as URL addresses along with a short description of the site’s content.
Readers can receive updates on a topic by consulting these sites and navigating
links to other related sites for additional information.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We owe many thanks to several of our colleagues here at Iowa State University
for their valuable input in preparing the sixth edition of Entomology and Pest
Management. Of particular note is the valuable review and advice of Joel Coats
and his graduate student, Gretchen Palauch, in developing the new chapter on
biopesticides and refining the chapter on traditional insecticides. We thank Les
Lewis, Research Leader, USDA/ARS, Corn Insect and Crop Genetics Research
Unit, for his excellent, review and suggestions on the discussion of microbial pes-
ticides. Special thanks also go to Carol Pilcher, Iowa State University Coordina-
tor, Pest Management and the Environment, for her help with the section on
insect pest management in almonds as a model management system. Addition-
ally, we thank John VanDyk, Adjunct Assistant Professor and Systems Analyst,
Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, for preparing and allowing
Random documents with unrelated
content Scribd suggests to you:
The Project Gutenberg eBook of Miss
Devereux, spinster
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States
and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
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you are located before using this eBook.

Title: Miss Devereux, spinster

Author: Agnes Giberne

Release date: February 12, 2024 [eBook #72933]

Language: English

Original publication: London: James Clarke & Co, 1893

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MISS DEVEREUX,

SPINSTER ***
Transcriber's note: Unusual and inconsistent spelling is as
printed.

MISS DEVEREUX,
SPINSTER

BY

AGNES GIBERNE

AUTHOR OF "SUN, MOON AND STARS," "SWEETBRIAR,"

ETC.

"Take thou no thought for aught save right and truth,

Life holds for finer souls no equal prize."
L. MORRIS
 NEW EDITION

LONDON

JAMES CLARKE & CO., 13 & 14 FLEET STREET

[All rights reserved]

CONTENTS

BOOK I.

IN CHILDHOOD'S HOUR.
CHAPTER

I. A MIDDLE-AGED YOUNG LADY

II. TAKING SHAPE

III. "DEAR AUNT"

IV. SEVERELY SMITTEN

V. QUITE TOO UTTERLY

VI. AN APPEAL AND ITS RESULTS

VII. PREPOSTEROUS

BOOK II.

AFTER SEVEN YEARS.

I. MRS. KENNEDY'S NOTIONS

II. MUD AND BRAMBLES

III. HUSBAND AND WIFE

IV. A STRIFE FOR THE MASTERY

V. IN THE GORGE AGAIN

VI. FRICTION

VII. AN UNWILLING WITNESS

VIII. ON THE MARSHES

IX. BROUGHT HOME

X. THE AFTER SMART

XI. NEW GROUND

XII. THE WIGGINSES AND MAIDENHAIR

BOOK III.
 ACTION AND REACTION.

I. A ROUGH DIAMOND

II. OLD FATHER THAMES

III. AMATEUR CRITICISM

IV. THE PROCESS OF FORMATION

V. PROTECTOR AND PROTECTED

VI. "NOT IN MY SET"

VII. THE SOCIAL BOARD

VIII. DARK-EYED EMMIE

IX. COMPLEXITIES OF LIFE

X. CONFIDENTIAL WITH THE DOCTOR

XI. ON THE ROCKS

XII. TAKING COUNSEL

XIII. BOULEVERSEMENT

BOOK IV.

THE UPSHOT OF IT ALL.

I. DUTTON GOSSIP

II. THE "SPANISH GIPSY"

III. IF IT WERE TRUE

IV. ROUGH WINDS

V. SUCCEEDING CALM

MISS DEVEREUX, SPINSTER

BOOK I.

IN CHILDHOOD'S HOUR.

"A silent creature, thoughtful, grave, sincere."

JEAN INGELOW.

CHAPTER I.

A MIDDLE-AGED YOUNG LADY.

 "Sensibility, how charming!"
BURNS.

"IF only I had some one to tell me what to do!" sighed Miss
Devereux, an anxious pucker wrinkling her forehead.

It was the first time in Sybella Devereux' life that she had
ever had to stand alone.

The morning-room which she occupied was better fitted for

summer than winter uses. Indian matting covered the floor;
Indian drapery clothed the walls; light cane chairs of foreign
make were scattered among tables no less fragile. This
being June, a fringe of Gloire de Dijon roses peered in at
the open French window. Had it been December, the
morning-room would have been forsaken.

Sybella Devereux had taken one of the slight chairs, beside

one of the flimsy tables. A writing-case was open, and two
or three letters were outspread.

Few would have guessed her at first sight to be within a few

months of forty. She had lived the sheltered life of many
English daughters in easy circumstances—a life of moderate
occupation, of small trouble or responsibility. Sybella had
taken life as she found it. She was not a woman to carve
out a career for herself in the face of circumstances. She
counted herself delicate, and liked to be comfortable. If any
latent force of character had existed in her originally,
circumstances had tended to smother rather than to draw it
out.
From babyhood she had been thought of, guarded, cared
for, directed, never left to decide for herself. As an arm or
leg will wither if tied up and not used, so the power of
mental decision had withered in her from lack of exercise.

Years had trickled past in monotonous ease, and her

girlhood had lingered long after the lawful stage, "dying
hard." It was ample time for Sybella to be settling down
into old maidhood; at least according to all laws of fiction.
She did not, however, yet count herself to be an old maid.

There were no lines of grey in her hair; and if the cheeks

were rather thin, rumpling into suspicious ridges when she
smiled, that was only because she had always been "so
delicate, you know!" She wore slight mourning for a sister-
in-law, the wife of her only brother, who was expected
home shortly from India; otherwise she would not have
hesitated to sport a white dress with blue ribbons, as suited
to the season.

That which marked Sybella as apart from the young

ladyhood of the day was not so much any definite look of
middle-age; it was rather a certain sentimentality, a self-
conscious bashfulness, belonging entirely to a past
generation. Girls of sixteen and eighteen growing up around
Sybella were twenty times as practical, as independent, as
much at their ease, as was she.

Sybella's father, Sir John Devereux, a kind-hearted and

placid old gentleman, who, like his daughter, took life much
as he found it, had died two years earlier. He left his small
property of Ripley Brow, with the Baronetcy, to his son
Theodore, a successful Indian civilian, stipulating only that
his widowed sister, Mrs. Willoughby, for thirty-five years his
companion and stay, should live there during the rest of her
life. Theodore offered no objections to this proviso. Until the
loss of his own wife broke him down, and destroyed the
charm of India, he much preferred to stay there, leaving
Ripley Brow to the management of his aunt and sister.

Or, rather, of his aunt. Sybella was the managed, not the
manager. The loss of her father made little difference in this
respect. She was still hedged round with care. She could
still go on with her mild circle of occupations—her attentions
to pet plants, her scraps of useless fancy work, her chit-
chat calls upon neighbours, her epistolary gushes to bosom
friends. The circle of occupations included also futile
attempts at painting, fitful readings and copyings of poetry,
dilettante dippings into social questions beyond her depth,
and through all an unswerving devotion to her own health.

The controlling spirit of the household had ever been that of

the stately and fascinating old lady, whose forceful nature
was in marked contrast with the indeterminate outlines of
Sybella's character. Mrs. Willoughby, far from accepting life
as she found it, expected everything to bend to her will.
Circumstances, in the shape of yielding parents, an
indulgent husband, a devoted and easy brother, a
submissive niece, ample means, and hosts of admiring
friends, had fostered to excess a naturally wilful tendency.
At the age of seventy-eight, Mrs. Willoughby could brook no
contradiction. Yet she knew how to make herself ineffably
charming.

Sybella was always "the child" to Mrs. Willoughby. Nothing

had ever been left in her hands. She had never so much as
dreamt of assuming her rightful position in her father's
house. Mrs. Willoughby had managed everything. At thirty-
nine, Sybella knew as much about housekeeping as an
infant. She had never chosen a dress for herself unadvised.
She had never written a cheque. She had never glanced
into household accounts.
Now, without warning, the vigorous old lady, to whom
illness was a thing unknown, had been smitten down by
paralysis. The reins of government slid from her firm grasp
into the helpless hands of Sybella.

She looked most helpless, seated beside the rickety table of

wickerwork. Knowing nothing of real illness, though much
used to cosseting of small ailments in her own person, the
state of Mrs. Willoughby weighed upon her less than the
immediate need for decision upon a hundred minor matters.
In a few weeks, no doubt, her aunt would be up and about
again. Dr. Ingram had not exactly said so, it is true; but
Sybella hardly thought of any other possibility. The pressing
question was—how the world could run its course
meantime, without Mrs. Willoughby to direct it?

"If only I had some one to tell me what to do!" sighed

Sybella. "Just now especially—such an awkward time! A
month later it would not have been so bad. Dear Theodore
will be at home, and men always know about everything.
Till he comes, I really have nobody to turn to. And so many
things ought to be arranged."

She drew another plaintive breath, looked towards the

bookcase, and felt tempted to solace herself with Mrs.
Heman's "Songs of the Affections."

"I suppose I ought not. These letters have to be answered;

and I don't in the least know what to say. If there were
some one whom I could consult. I am so at a loss where to
turn. Mr. Kennedy—I am sure he would do anything in his
power. But then he is not exactly businesslike. Dear aunt
always says that he is not. Only last week she was so vexed
because he forgot to acknowledge that subscription. And
yet he is such a good man; and he does preach such
beautiful comforting sermons! Still I am afraid he might not
know what to advise about the lawyer's letter, and that is
what I need most. Besides, dear aunt never quite likes Mrs.
Kennedy. I am sure she would be vexed if any of our private
affairs came before her. And Mr. Kennedy is so forgetful,
poor dear man! He might repeat things to his wife—men so
often do. That is the worst of being married."

Sybella twiddled her ivory pen-handle in an aimless way, as

she reviewed the situation.

"Then there is Mr. Trevelyan. If only he were a different sort

of man! It would seem so natural to turn to him—living in
his Parish. Quite impossible, of course—dear aunt
disapproving of his views as she does. And if there is one
man I do dislike more than any other, it is Mr. Trevelyan!
That manner is so unbearable. Of course, not going to his
Church, one could not very well ask his help, even if dear
aunt would approve. We have kept well aloof from the
Trevelyans till now—happily. Besides, even if there were no
other objections, he is a widower."

A blush mantled in Miss Devereux' cheeks.

"One has to be careful, especially in a place like Dulveriford.

Everything is so talked about. People might say—but, of
course, Mr. Trevelyan is out of the question . . . Then there
is Dr. Ingram. He will come in presently, and I might get his
advice—perhaps—but I am not sure. He is such a new
acquaintance—and then he is so shy! If only our dear old
Dr. Symonds were here, he would do anything in the world
for me. Dr. Ingram is different. They say he is much
cleverer than Dr. Symonds; but I can't quite make him out.
One does not feel at one's ease with him, somehow. I
should think he could be sarcastic. Besides, he is a widower
too. So, of course, I have to be careful. It is extraordinary,
the number of widowers in this neighbourhood—and rather
tiresome! I do think clergymen and doctors ought not to be
unmarried, for the sake of other people. It makes things so
uncomfortable."

Sybella, leant her cheek pensively on her hand. She was

given to attitudinising in a mild fashion. A tap, twice
repeated, was unheard; and the door opened.

"If you please, Miss—"

"Pearce! Yes; do you want anything?"

"General Villiers desires to see you, Miss."

Sybella started up in a flutter.

"General Villiers! Not from India! My brother's friend!

Impossible! It must be somebody else. General Villiers
would never have left Sir Theodore to come by an earlier
mail; unless, indeed, they have come together. Sir Theodore
there too? No! But you are sure it is General Villiers, of
Dutton Park?"

Pearce signified that there could be no mistake. He was an

old retainer. General Villiers was well known to him, not
only as Sir Theodore's intimate friend, but as the present
owner of Dutton Park, a neighbouring property. The estate
had been left to General Villiers some two years earlier by
an aged relative, and he had not yet been home to inspect
it. He was expected to arrive three weeks later, with Sir
Theodore and little Cyril.

"I don't understand. It is so strange," Sybella went on

excitedly. "If my dear aunt—" and there was an unhappy
recollection that she must act for herself. "Perhaps I had
better see him in here," she said uncertainly.

"Yes, Miss!" and Pearce vanished.

A soldierly man entered, tall, upright as a dart, and slender

still, despite his more than fifty-five summers. He had
bronzed handsome features, and his hair was variegated
with gray. Close behind walked a small boy, white-faced and
pretty.

Miss Devereux had not seen the General for fifteen years.
She came forward in a hesitating manner, to be met by a
courtly bow and warm hand-clasp.

"I am grieved to hear of Mrs. Willoughby's illness. Pardon

my intrusion at such a time. Unhappily there is reason," the
General said in a deep, moved voice.

"Yes; oh, pray take a chair." Miss Devereux glanced round in

search of a support not too ethereal for six feet two of
human length. The General relieved her anxiety by
depositing himself with care upon a fragile construction of
cane. Fortunately he was not stout.

"If my dear aunt were here, she would—" Miss Devereux

began, and paused. "Yes, she is ill. I hope and trust she will
soon be better. Dr. Ingram seems to think—"

Another break. Sybella's lack of decision often showed itself

in unfinished sentences. Her words ran ahead of her ideas,
and had to be pulled up.

"Not Dr. Symonds?"

"No. Dr. Symonds retired lately. He has left Dulveriford.

Everybody was so sorry to lose him. Dr. Ingram is a very
clever man. They say he is too clever for the country, and
he only came on account of his wife's health; and, poor
thing, she died soon after. But we don't know him well yet.
And perhaps—"

Ideas failing anew, her eyes fell upon the boy, standing
shyly close to the General's knee.

"Is that a nephew of yours?"

"I have no nephews. He has been in my charge." The

General spoke solemnly, an underground rumble echoing in
his deep-toned voice. There is always something impressive
in a voice of that description; and it is particularly well
adapted for the carrying of bad news.

"I see. How kind! But you bring me news of my brother?

Dearest Theodore!" she ejaculated, clasping her hands.
Sybella could not help an occasional air of sentimentality. It
was natural to her; or, if acquired, it had become second
nature.

"Yes—"

"He is—I suppose we are to expect him by the date he

named. How unfortunate that you had to come first!"

No reply.

"I am so looking forward to his arrival. More than words can

express! Dear Theodore!" sighed Miss Devereux. "Ten long
years since I saw him last! Will he be much changed?"

The General muttered something incoherent under his

moustache.
Miss Devereux unclasped her hands, and clasped them
anew.

"If only dear Theodore could have resolved to come home a

year or two earlier! I never could think why he would not.
Keeping that poor little Cyril out all this time—it really has
been reckless. Nearly ten years old! Enough to ruin the
child's constitution."

"Particularly healthy station," murmured General Villiers.

"Yes, but the native surroundings—I have always heard that

the evil was so great—"

"It has been guarded against."

The boy pressed closer to the General's knee, his tiny hand
stealing into the veteran's brown fingers.

"They would do all they could, of course. But since poor

Olave's death, how could Theodore have time?—A busy
civilian, you know. I am afraid it has been a mistake. And
dear Evelyn all these years at school, never seeing her
parents or brother! Ten years' separation! It cannot be
right! Yes, she spent her holidays here—at first, always. She
has had a great many invitations of late from schoolfellows,
which she seemed to prefer. My dear aunt has been pained,
but Evelyn asked her father's consent. I have not seen the
dear girl now for eighteen months. Last summer, she went
abroad with friends, and last Christmas she had German
measles, so my dear aunt was afraid of the infection for
me."

This had no ludicrous sound for Sybella's ears. Though close

upon forty, she was so used still to being cared for as if she
were a maiden in her teens, so used to have her health
counted a prime consideration, that the statement came as
a matter of course.

If the General had been less sad, he might have found it

hard to restrain a smile.

"It will be all right now, however—now that our dear

Theodore is coming home, I shall be so glad to have his
advice and help. My dear aunt has always seen to
everything, and I am so inexperienced."

"Could I help you?" asked the General. He had something to

say which he did not know how to say. With the moral
cowardice of many a physically brave man, he was willing to
put off the evil moment.

"Would you not mind?" Sybella hesitated, recollecting that

here was another widower. But he had come to her; she
would not have to go to him; and he was an old family
friend.

"Would you really not mind? There is a letter from my

brother's lawyer which I cannot understand. Something
about investments. He uses such odd phrases. And a
cheque has come, which I sent to the Bank, and they would
not change it. They said it was not endorsed. Pearce says
that means writing one's name at the back. I have had to
do it before, but I never can remember if I ought to write
across or lengthways, and at which end."

General Villiers solved this knotty point, and glanced at the

lawyer's letter.

"Nothing of importance," he said. "I will explain it by-and-

by. I must not delay longer—speaking. I have brought you
sad news."
Sybella looked inquiring. General Villiers drew the child
forward.

"Can you see no likeness?"

The boy turned his face towards her—a fragile colourless

face, with violet eyes so dark as to be almost black, and a
mass of brown hair curling thickly over the little head.

"Sweet child!" murmured Sybella. Then, with a start, "Yes, I

do see! Surely! He is like poor Olave—strangely like. Hers
was such uncommon beauty. Dear little boy. He must be a
nephew—but Olave had no brothers or sisters. You don't
mean—it can't be that he—"

"Cyril, kiss your aunt."

Cyril crossed the short space between, and flung his arms
around Miss Devereux with a short sob, as if his heart were
full.

"My dear boy! You sweet child!" exclaimed Sybella,

embracing him with effusion. "Then this is our precious
Cyril, and Theodore has come home. Why has he stayed
behind? Is he not well? Tired with travelling? Cyril, my pet,
don't cry. Oh, pray don't. Is he hungry? What can I get for
him? Some seed-cake? Dear little boy! Why, Cyril, who
would ever guess you to be more than seven years old?
Such a tiny mite!"

The child pressed his face into her shoulder, and General
Villiers spoke slowly—

"Your brother was breaking down fast. The doctors said our
only hope was to get him away at once. It made no
difference to me, for I was waiting to come with him. He
would not let me telegraph word of our changed plans, for
his wish was to surprise you."

"And—" Sybella said.

"For a day or two on board, he seemed to rally, but it did

not last."

"And—" repeated Sybella.

The General bent his head.

"This is now Sir Cyril Devereux!" he said.

CHAPTER II.

TAKING SHAPE.

"Follow light and do the right—for man can half control

his doom—
Till you find the deathless angel, seated in the vacant
tomb."
T
ENNYSON.
JEAN TREVELYAN stood at the gate of the Rectory kitchen-
garden, gazing down the lane.

She was an only child, about nine years old, of tall and slim
make, with a straight back and a well-balanced head. The
face was oval, but too thin for prettiness; indeed, nobody
called Jean pretty. She had a pale complexion, light hair cut
short like a boy's, and odd greenish-brown eyes, in
sunshine yellowish like a topaz, and capable of expression
to any degree. Jean wore a loose brown holland frock, and
held in one hand a brown hat, round the crown of which a
brown ribbon was tied. Simplicity could not further go.

"Oswald!" she cried.

No answer came.

Jean waited patiently for some seconds, a hungry look in

her eyes. Then she called again:

"Oswald! Os-wald! I'm here!"

A figure emerged from the gooseberry bushes, where it had

been stooping out of sight.

"What are you making that noise for, Jean?"

"I want Oswald, aunt Marie."

"Well, you must have patience. He will come in good time."

The tone was not unkind; it was only indifferent. Mrs. or

Madame Collier was not a person to enter into a child's
desires.

Jean had no mother. She could barely remember her

mother. Mrs. Collier, the widowed sister of Mr. Trevelyan,
had lived there almost as far back as Jean's memory could
reach, keeping house for her brother, precisely as old Mrs.
Willoughby had lived with old Sir John Devereux, keeping
house for him since Sybella's infancy. Sybella's complaints
of many widowers in the neighbourhood was not without
foundation.

Mrs. Collier's real name was Maria. Having married a

Frenchman—in virtue of which she was still known as
Madame Collier—and having spent her married life abroad,
she preferred to be called 'Marie.' She was perhaps some
five years older than Sybella, with the air of twenty years'
seniority. She was angular in make, with high cheek-bones,
marked feature, iron-grey hair, and permanent sunburn.
Moreover, she wore caps indoors and old fashioned bonnets
out of doors. She could occasionally appear en grande
tenue; yet her usual attire was a very embodiment of
plainness. At this moment, she had on a rusty black alpaca,
frayed at the edges; a big crochet shawl, secured in front by
a skewer-like pin; and an enormous garden hat of
untrimmed straw, reminiscence of foreign life.

Marie Collier had been tossed early upon her own feet, and
forced to stand alone, if she would stand at all. This was
bracing, to begin with! Probably she could never, under any
conditions, have been turned into a helpless young (?) lady
of thirty-nine, unable to endorse a cheque, but no doubt a
somewhat different creature might under differing
influences have emerged from the chrysalis stage of
existence.

The Trevelyan nature was one which needed softening,

since it stiffened easily; and softening influences had not in
her case been abundant. Both her early life and her married
life had been to a great extent hardening.
In some measure the same conditions surrounded the little
Jean. There were barriers of repression, of non-
comprehension, of outward coldness, fencing her in. But
Jean was an Ingram as well as a Trevelyan. She had
inherited from the two families a jumble of opposite
characteristics. There was all the Trevelyan pride, with any
amount of Ingram tenderness. There was the Trevelyan
reserve, with the Ingram craving for sympathy. There was
the Trevelyan hauteur, with the Ingram shyness. There was
the Trevelyan disdain, with the Ingram susceptibility. There
was all the force of the Trevelyan will, and with that there
were odd touches of the Ingram readiness to yield.

Here was the rough ore of the nature, out of which the
future character had to be formed. The main question was—
which of the opposing elements would be fostered, which
would be crushed or starved out of existence? A child of
nine has begun to take shape, but the materials are soft,
and malleable by a touch.

Jean did not call again, after her aunt's rebuke. She stood
and watched with craving eyes, into which a look of
loneliness had crept. Jean was always lonely when not with
her brother Oswald. She loved Oswald with an absorbing
devotion.

He had rushed away, "promising faithfully" to return in five

minutes for a game of bowls. The five minutes were long
past, and he had not come. Lesson-time was drawing near.
In forty minutes Madame Collier, with inexorable
punctuality, would summon Jean to the dingy schoolroom,
where she daily spent five hours of misery. These were the
first days of Oswald's midsummer holidays—old style,
meaning real midsummer;—but Jean, learning at home,
was not supposed to need holidays.
"Marie!" another voice called: a man's voice now.

"Yes," Madame Collier answered. She straightened herself a

second time, and looked towards the house, flushed with
stooping.

A gentleman came down the path with vigorous strides. He

was of medium height and muscular in build, having
strongly marked features. Permanent indentations stamped
the brow, and the wide mouth closed habitually into a
straight line; while the manner was prompt and resolute.
His dress was severely clerical; the coat long.

"Marie, I want a word with you." He did not observe the

motionless figure of his little daughter, and Jean was
wrapped up in her patient watch. "Bad news from The
Brow."

Dulveriford commonly spoke of Sybella's home as "The

Brow" rather than by its full name of "Ripley Brow." The
curtailment saved trouble.

Madame Collier forgot Jean, or she would have sent the

child out of hearing. It was a principle with that excellent
lady that children should never hear aught beyond what
directly concerns themselves.

"Bad news!" she repeated, grasping with both hands her

basket of gooseberries. "Mrs. Willoughby worse?"

"Not materially. I suppose it to be merely a question of

weeks with her; but I do not know that she is worse to-day
than yesterday. The news is from abroad. Sir Theodore is
dead!"

"You don't say so! Dear me!" Madame Collier adjusted the
big white skewer in her shawl, thereby showing that her
feelings were not deeply stirred. "Dear, how unfortunate!
But I never liked the accounts of his state."

"General Villiers arrived yesterday, bringing the boy."

"Well—!" in a tone of consent to what could not be helped.

"I suppose the General will be the children's guardian."

"No. That is the strange part of the matter—General Villiers

is one of the trustees. Miss Devereux is sole guardian—"

Madame Collier's eyes grew round. She set her gooseberry

basket down and held up two hands, as if speech failed her.

"Sole guardian to both children. I believe her brother

expressed a wish, when dying, that she would appeal to
General Villiers for advice."

"She will need advice from somebody! Of all incompetent

women—! Well—! I should as soon have expected—!"

"Sir Theodore has always been fond of his sister. He used to

say there was plenty of natural capacity, if only it had
opportunity to develop."

"Too late now! When a woman is going on for fifty, she can't
be remade."

"Miss Devereux is a good way off from fifty."

"O, I know!" with a shrug of her angular shoulders.

"Juvenile bonnets and ribbons can't throw dust in my eyes!
You men are so easily taken in."

Madame Collier's glance fell on Jean, with a twinge of

vexation at having said so much, and of consequent
displeasure at Jean's presence.
"What are you doing there, Jean? Wasting your time!"

"I'm waiting for Oswald."

"Where is Oswald?" demanded Mr. Trevelyan.

"I don't know, father."

"Then why wait?" Mr. Trevelyan's manner was not stern; it

was only repressed and repressing. His eyes surveyed her
gravely. He might be a most affectionate father—anybody
may be anything below the surface!—but the affection was
not allowed to appear.

"He said he would come for a game of bowls—presently."

Jean carefully abstained from saying "in five minutes," for
that would have meant blame to Oswald.

"Go and find him. Don't dawdle about doing nothing."

Jean made an effort at resistance. "I don't know where he

is."

"Go and see."

Jean obeyed with a heavy heart. Whichever way she went,

Oswald was as likely as not to have taken the opposite
road; and while she was absent, he would return to the
gate. The one chance of seeing him was to wait there, and
that chance was denied her. It was a small disappointment,
yet a very real trouble to Jean.

Mr. Trevelyan's word was law, however. Nobody ever

thought of evading it; and Jean dared not explain her
trouble, for fear of an inquiry into the strict terms of their
arrangement.
"I do wonder where Oswald can be," she said sorrowfully.

Jean was too honest, as well as too obedient, to linger

about within view of the gate while out of her father's sight.
After walking down the lane, however, she climbed a grass
bank, whence she could obtain a glimpse of the spot where
her hopes were centred. No signs of Oswald!

The most likely place would be down by the river. Devotion

to water, indigenous in the English boy, was a marked
characteristic of Oswald.

Jean made her way thither by the shortest route, which

meant at the last a steep descent. Somewhat higher up, the
stream flowed between rocky and overhanging strata, but
here the banks were wide apart, leaving space for the water
to spread itself out, rippling in a shallow flow over a floor of
golden sand.

Evenly placed lay the stepping-stones, square and large,

reaching to the other side. Except in occasional flood-times,
an easy mode of crossing was provided thereby. Jean
thought so little of running over, that she would have done
it in the dark, if required, without a moment's hesitation.

A glimpse of the narrowing banks above could be obtained

from the stepping-stone level. This Ripley Gorge, locally
known as "The V-Gorge," was counted worth seeing by
many who were conversant with Swiss scenery. One arm of
the V began not far from the stepping-stones; and near the
point of the V was the heaved-up rock promontory—like a
coast-headland, only no sea washed its base—popularly
called "The Brow."

The small Devereux property, bounded on one side by this

precipice, had from it and The Gorge combined the title of
"Ripley Brow;" and village colloquialism had rendered "Up at
the Brow" no less descriptive of the house than of the actual
promontory.

Jean raced down the slippery grass at a reckless pace,

which yet was not reckless, since she was sure-footed as a
goat. To follow the zigzag would have been in her eyes a
dire waste of time.

Nearing the bottom, she found to her supreme delight an

open penknife lying on the ground—Oswald's! Then he had
come this way, and she would find him. Jean's heart leaped
as she secured the knife. In that moment she heard a
plaintive utterance—

"Oh! O please! Please!—O please! O come!"

Not Oswald's voice! Jean dashed downward faster still. Child

as she was, she already had the instinct of helping others,
more or less the gift of all purer natures.

"O please! O come!" wailed the frightened tones.

Jean reached the level belt beside the river, where a ghost
of a path might be found amid coarse grass and weeds. A
rough but easy descent led thence to the stepping-stones.
On one of the stones, near the middle of the stream, sat a
small boy, lifting up a thin and high-pitched voice of dire
tribulation.

"Why, what's the matter?" cried Jean.

The sobbing lessened, but the boy did not move. Jean
cleared the lower bank at a run, and tripped over the stones
till she reached him.

"What's the matter?" she repeated.

"I can't get on. I'm afraid," moaned the depressed little
mortal.

"There's nothing to hurt. If you fell in, you couldn't hurt.

Afraid! You—a boy!" said Jean, with infinite disdain.

She had been trained to look with contempt upon

cowardice, especially a boy's cowardice. Oswald never
showed fear; and Oswald was her hero.

But the tender and pitying side of her nature asserted itself,
when she looked at the little fellow's white cheeks; not pale
only, but dead-white, as with abject terror; and at the small
shaking hands.

"Come!" she said gently. "I'll take care of you. I won't let
you slip. Stand up, and hold me tight. I'll take you across."

She put a protecting arm round him, and guided his steps
with a mother-like care, droll yet pretty in one so young.
Jean had all the instincts of womanhood, though her
recollections of a mother's love were dim.

"There!" she said, as they reached the bank on the Rectory

side.

His face having been turned that way, Jean had taken it for
granted that he wished to cross.

"Now you are all right. You see how easy the stones are, so
you won't be frightened again. Boys never ought to be
afraid. Oswald isn't!" proudly, with a gleam in her greenish-
brown eyes. "But you are such a mite! Where do you want
to go?"

"I want to go home," came plaintively in answer.