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5 views

AbdelrhmanYASER_SignalL1

Uploaded by

mhmdlylyahmd822
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Signal L1

1. What is a Signal?
A signal is a time-varying physical phenomenon used to convey information. Signals can be either one-dimensional
(e.g., speech signals) or multi-dimensional (e.g., images, which have horizontal and vertical coordinates).

Example Problem:

Classify the following signals:

The position of a car's steering wheel over time.


Weight and height measurements of a child taken monthly.

Solution:

One-dimensional (position changes over time).


Multi-dimensional (both weight and height are recorded).

2. What is a System?
A system is an entity that processes one or more signals to achieve a specific goal. It consists of components that work
together to manipulate signals.

Example Problem:

In a speaker recognition system, classify the input and output signals.

Solution:

Input: Voice signal.


Output: Identity of the speaker.

3. Signal Classification
Signals can be classified based on different features:

3.1 Continuous-time Signal


A signal is continuous if it is defined for every moment in time t.
Example: Sound waves in the air.

3.2 Discrete-time Signal

A discrete-time signal is defined only at certain intervals.


Example: A digital clock’s ticks.

Example Problem:
Given a continuous signal x(t) = sin(πt), sample it at a rate of T = 0.25s. Plot the resulting discrete-time signal for -8 ≤
k ≤ 8.

Solution:

For the discrete-time signal, x[k] = sin(πk×0.25), calculate the values for each k and plot them.
3.3 Even and Odd Signals
Even Signal: A signal is even if x(t) = x(-t). It is symmetric around the time origin.
Odd Signal: A signal is odd if x(t) = -x(-t). It is anti-symmetric around the time origin.

Example Problem:
Classify the following signals as even or odd:

x(t) = cos(ωt)
x(t) = sin(ωt)

Solution:

Even, because cos(-ωt) = cos(ωt).


Odd, because sin(-ωt) = -sin(ωt).

3.4 Periodic and Non-periodic Signals


Periodic Signal: A signal is periodic if it repeats after a certain interval T, i.e., x(t) = x(t+T).
Non-periodic Signal: A signal that does not repeat.

Example Problem:

Is x(t) = sin(4πt) periodic? If yes, find the period.

Solution: Yes, it is periodic. The period T = 1/2.

3.5 Analog and Digital Signals


Analog Signal: A continuous signal in both time and value (e.g., sound waves).
Digital Signal: A discrete signal in both time and value, represented by 0s and 1s (e.g., a computer signal).

3.6 Deterministic and Random Signals


Deterministic Signal: A signal whose value can be exactly predicted (e.g., a sine wave).
Random Signal: A signal whose value cannot be predicted in advance (e.g., noise).

Example Problem:
Classify the following signals as deterministic or random:

x(t) = sin(2πt)
White noise in a communication channel.

Solution:

Deterministic (because it's predictable).


Random (because it’s unpredictable).

3.7 Energy and Power Signals

Energy Signal: A signal with finite energy E = ∫|x(t)|² dt.


Power Signal: A signal with finite average power P = lim(T→∞) (1/2T) ∫|x(t)|² dt.

Example Problem:
Determine if the following signal is an energy or power signal:
x(t) = e-2t.

Solution: This is an energy signal because it has finite energy.

Worksheet Examples:
1. Periodic vs. Non-periodic:
Determine if the following signals are periodic or non-periodic:
x(t) = e-2t
x(t) = sin(4πt)
Solution:
e-2t is non-periodic.
sin(4πt) is periodic with period T = 1/2.
2. Even vs. Odd:
Classify these signals:
x(t) = cos(ωt)
x(t) = sin(ωt)
Solution:
cos(ωt) is even.
sin(ωt) is odd.

This gives you a detailed summary of the rules (laws) and concepts covered in the document, along with illustrative
problems and their solutions.

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