CHAPTER 6: WORKSTATION SETUP

SETTING UP A ● Organize Your Desk

BASIC WORKSTATION ● Position Your Monitor
● Keyboard and Mouse Placement
Introduction ● Cable Management
In the busy digital age of today, a ● Lighting
well-organized and thoughtfully designed ● Personalize Your Workspace:
workstation is the foundation for ● Accessories and Equipment
productivity, creativity, and comfort. Whether ● Internet Connectivity
you're setting up a home office, a study ● Data Backup and Storage
nook, or a professional workspace, the way ● Security Measures
you arrange and equip your workstation can ● Regular Maintenance
significantly impact your work efficiency and ● Workspace Organization
overall well-being. ● Test and Adjust
● Comfort Item
WORKSTATION SETUP
● Select the Location CABLE MANAGEMENT
● Choose the Right Desk and Chair Cable management is the art of organizing
● Ergonomic Setup and tidying the numerous cables and wires
that come with our electronic devices and
Set up your chair and desk workstations. Proper cable management not
ergonomically: only contributes to a cleaner and more
• Adjust your chair's height so your feet organized workspace but also reduces the
rest flat on the floor or on a footrest. risk of accidents, simplifies troubleshooting,
• Sit with your knees at a 90-degree and prolongs the life of your cables.
angle and thighs parallel to the
ground. Use Cable Organizers
• Position your keyboard and mouse so ● Cable Strips
your elbows are close to your body ● Cable Ties
and at a 90-degree angle. ● Cable Wrap
• Place your monitor at eye level and ● Cable Sleeves
directly in front of you. ● Cable Management Box
● Label Cables
● Bundling
● Cable Channels and Raceways
● Cable Sleeves and Management
Boxes
● Under-Desk Cable Trays
● Wireless Technology

CONNECT A WEB OR DIGITAL CAMERA

In today's digital world, the use of web and
digital cameras has become integral for a
variety of purposes, from video
conferencing and content creation to live a video conferencing application
streaming and online communication. (e.g., Zoom, Skype, Microsoft
Whether you're looking to enhance your Teams) or a webcam testing
virtual meetings, create engaging video website. Select your webcam as the
content, or elevate your streaming video source and verify that the
experience, knowing how to connect and camera feed and microphone (if
set up a web or digital camera is essential. applicable) are functioning as
expected.
FOR A WEB CAMERA (WEBCAM)
Mount the Webcam (if necessary)
Check Compatibility ● Most webcams are plug-and-play,
● Make sure your computer and meaning they don't require additional
operating system support the drivers. However, if your webcam
webcam you intend to use. Most comes with driver software, follow
modern computers running the manufacturer's instructions to
Windows, macOS, or Linux should install it.
be compatible with a wide range of
webcams. Position and Frame Yourself
● Adjust the webcam's position and
Connect the Webcam angle to frame yourself or your
● Connect your webcam to an subject appropriately within the
available USB port on your video frame.
computer. Some webcams may also
connect via USB-C or other FOR DIGITAL CAMERA
specialized ports.
Check Camera Compatibility
Install Drivers (if necessary) ● Ensure your digital camera supports
● Most webcams are plug-and-play, the "webcam" or "live view" feature.
meaning they don't require additional Not all cameras have this capability,
drivers. However, if your webcam so consult your camera's manual or
comes with driver software, follow the manufacturer's website.
the manufacturer's instructions to
install it. Charge Your Camera
● Make sure your digital camera is
Adjust Settings (if necessary) fully charged or plugged into a
● Open your computer's camera power source. Webcam use can
settings or use the webcam software drain the camera's battery.
provided by the manufacturer to
configure settings such as video Connect the Camera
resolution, frame rate, and ● Connect your camera to your
microphone settings. computer using a USB cable or
HDMI cable, depending on your
Test the Webcam camera's capabilities and available
● To ensure it's working correctly, open ports.
Configure Camera Settings CONNECT AUDIO DEVICES
● Access your camera's settings menu
and look for the webcam or live view Wired Headphones or Speakers
mode. Enable this mode to use your • Plug the 3.5mm audio jack into the
camera as a webcam. Adjust appropriate audio output port on
settings such as exposure, focus, your computer or audio source. The
and white balance if needed. headphone jack is usually green,
while the microphone jack is pink (if
Install Capture Software (if necessary) applicable).
● Some cameras may require you to • For USB headphones or speakers,
install capture software provided by simply plug the USB connector into
the manufacturer. Follow the an available USB port.
instructions to install and configure
the software. Wireless Headphones or Speakers:
• For Bluetooth audio devices like
Select the Camera as a Video Source wireless headphones or speakers,
● Open your video conferencing or ensure Bluetooth is enabled on your
streaming software (e.g., Zoom, computer or audio source.
OBS Studio) and select your digital • Put your wireless device in pairing
camera as the video source in the mode (usually done by holding down
settings or preferences menu. a specific button or following the
manufacturer's instructions).
Test your Camera • On your computer or audio source,
● Start a video call or recording in your search for available Bluetooth
chosen software to test the camera devices, select your device, and
and make adjustments as needed. click "Pair" or "Connect."
• Once paired, audio should
CONNECT A KEYBOARD & MOUSE automatically route to your wireless
1. Identify the type of mouse you have. device.
There are two types of mouse devices
available: PS/2 and USB. Home Theater or Surround Sound
2. Identify the port that suits the type of Systems:
mouse you have. Some computers • Connect your home theater receiver
have front USB ports; other ports may or audio processor to your computer
be at the back. or audio source using HDMI, optical
3. Insert the connector into the audio, or RCA audio cables,
appropriate port (PS/2 or USB). depending on the available
4. Start the computer, and verify that no connections.
mouse error is displayed during the • Configure your computer's audio
boot process. settings to recognize the home
5. If necessary, install device drivers for theater or surround sound system as
the new input device. the audio output source.
 this, go to "Devices and Printers" in
the Control Panel, right-click the
If necessary, install a sound card newly installed printer, and select
• Shut down the computer, unplug the "Printer properties" or "Printer
power cord, and open the computer preferences." In the printer
case. properties window, you'll find an
• Locate an available expansion card option to print a test page.
slot.
• Remove the slot cover. INSTALL LOCAL PRINTER /SCANNER
• Insert the sound card into the open Connect the Printer
slot. ● Ensure the printer is physically
• Secure the sound card to the system connected to your computer using a
unit with either the screw or the clip. USB cable or connected to the same
• Restart the computer, and install the network as your computer if it's a
device driver if you are prompted to network printer.
do so.
Power on the Printer
CONNECT A PLUG-AND-PLAY ● Turn on the printer and make sure
PRINTER/SCANNER it's in a ready state

1. Connect the Printer: Ensure the Open Control Panel

plug-and-play printer is connected ● Click on the Start menu and open
to your computer through a USB the Control Panel.
cable.
2. Turn on the Printer: Power on the Access Devices and Printer
printer and make sure it's in a ready ● In the Control Panel, select "Devices
state. and Printers" or "View devices and
3. Windows Automatically Detects printers," depending on your
the Printer: In most cases, when Windows version.
you connect the printer, Windows
will automatically detect it and Add a Printer
attempt to install the necessary ● Click the "Add a printer" option to
drivers. start the printer setup wizard.
4. Install Additional Software (if
necessary): In some cases, the Choose the Printer Connection
printer may come with additional ● Windows will ask how you want to
software or utilities for advanced add the printer. Choose one of the
features. If prompted to install such following options:
software, follow the on-screen
instructions. Add a local printer: Select this option if the
5. Test the Printer: After the printer is physically connected to your
installation is complete, you can computer via USB or a parallel port.
print a test page to ensure the Add a network, wireless, or Bluetooth
printer is working correctly. To do printer: Choose this option if the printer is
on your network.

Select the Printer Port (if applicable)

● If you're connecting a local printer
via USB, Windows will automatically
detect and select the appropriate
port. If not, you may need to choose
the correct port or create a new one.

Install Printer Driver

● Windows will attempt to detect and
install the appropriate driver for your
printer. If it doesn't find a driver, you
may need to install it manually.
Follow the on-screen prompts to
install the driver from a CD,
manufacturer's website, or Windows
Update.

Name the Printer

● Give your printer a name or use the
default name provided.

Share the printer (optional)

● You can choose to share the printer
with other users on your network if
you wish.

Print a Test Page (optional)

● It's recommended to print a test
page to ensure that the printer is
working correctly. You can do this
during the installation process or
later from the printer's properties.

Complete the Installation

● Click "Finish" to complete the printer
installation process.
CHAPTER 7: require a minimum graphics card or
REQUIREMENTS integrated graphics support.
OPERATING SYSTEM
● Display Resolution: Minimum
Requirements in Installing OS resolution requirements for the OS
interface (e.g., 1024x768 or higher).
Hardware Requirement
The hardware components of your system Peripherals
must meet or exceed the OS requirements ● Input Devices:
to ensure smooth performance. These Mouse, keyboard, and sometimes a
include: touch screen.

● Display/Monitor:
Processor (CPU)
● Minimum CPU Speed: A monitor or display that supports
Most operating systems have a the OS's minimum resolution
minimum clock speed requirement, requirements.
typically measured in GHz (e.g., 1
GHz or faster).
Software Requirements
● Architecture: Before installing an operating system,
The CPU must be compatible with ensure that all necessary software
the OS (e.g., 32-bit or 64-bit). components and dependencies are
available.
Random Access Memory (RAM)
● Minimum RAM: System Firmware
The amount of memory required for ● BIOS or UEFI:
the OS to run efficiently, typically Modern OS installations may require
specified in gigabytes (GB). UEFI firmware with Secure Boot
support
Storage Space (Hard Drive / SSD)
● Available Disk Space: ● Legacy BIOS:
The required free storage space to Some older systems may require
install the OS, typically measured in BIOS support for OS installation.
GB.
Drivers
● Type of Storage: ● Device Drivers:
Hard Disk Drive (HDD) or Solid Ensure that you have the necessary
State Drive (SSD); SSDs are drivers (or driver support) for
recommended for faster boot times hardware components, such as the
and system performance. network adapter, graphics card, and
sound card.
Graphics Processor (GPU) ● Many OS installations automatically
● Graphics Requirements: detect and install drivers, but
Many modern operating systems sometimes manual driver installation
 is required. b. Network Adapter
● Ensure that your system's network
adapter is compatible and can
Boot Media (Installation Medium)
connect to wired or wireless
You will need appropriate installation media
networks for downloading and
to install the operating system:
updating the OS.

a. Bootable USB Flash Drive or DVD

Security and Authentication
● Bootable USB Drive:
Requirements
Most modern OS installations are
Depending on the operating system, some
done via a bootable USB drive
security and authentication mechanisms are
containing the OS installer.
required:

● Installation DVD:
a. TPM (Trusted Platform Module)
Some systems still support
● TPM 2.0: Some OSs like Windows
installation via an optical drive and
11 require a TPM 2.0 chip for
installation DVD.
security features like encryption and
Secure Boot.
b. OS Image or Installation File
● Not all older systems support TPM,
● ISO File:
so it's important to verify this
This is the image file of the OS that
beforehand.
contains all the installation data.
b. Secure Boot
● Burning Software:
● UEFI Secure Boot: Required for
If using a USB or DVD, you'll need
modern OS installations like
software to create a bootable
Windows 11 to ensure that the OS is
installation disk (e.g., Rufus for USB
authentic and hasn't been tampered
drives).
with.

Network Requirements
Partitioning and File System
If the OS requires an internet connection for
Ensure that your hard drive is partitioned
downloading updates or performing a
correctly and supports the necessary file
network-based installation, you need:
system for the OS.

a. Internet Connection
a. Partitioning
● A stable internet connection to
● You may need to create a new
download the OS or any required
partition or format an existing one
updates during or after installation.
before installing the OS.
● Some cloud-based or minimal OS
● Partition managers can help create
installations (e.g., network-based
or resize partitions (e.g., using
Linux installations) require an
GParted for Linux).
internet connection for the entire
process.
b. File System Format
● NTFS: Required by Windows.
 ● ext4: Commonly used by Linux Example: Windows 11 Installation
distributions. Requirements
● Ensure that the drive is formatted in ● Processor: 1 GHz or faster, 64-bit
the correct file system supported by processor.
the OS. ● RAM: 4 GB or more.
● Storage: 64 GB or more.
Licensing and Product Key ● TPM: Trusted Platform Module
Some operating systems require a valid (TPM) version 2.0.
license or product key for installation and ● Secure Boot: UEFI firmware with
activation: Secure Boot capability.
● Graphics: DirectX 12 compatible
a. Product Key graphics / WDDM 2.x driver.
● For proprietary OSs like Windows or ● Display: >9” HD display with 720p
macOS, you need a product key or resolution.
license code to activate the OS after ● Internet Connection: Required for
installation. updates and setup.
● Open-source OSs (e.g., Linux) do
not require a product key for Example: Ubuntu 22.04 Installation
installation. Requirements
● Processor: 2 GHz dual-core
b. Licensing Agreement processor.
● During installation, you will need to ● RAM: 4 GB (8 GB recommended).
agree to the OS's licensing terms. ● Storage: 25 GB of free disk space.
● Internet Connection: Required for
Backup and Data Preparation updates.
a. Data Backup ● Bootable USB: USB stick with at
● Before installing a new OS or least 4 GB of storage for creating
reinstalling an existing one, back up installation media.
important data as installation might
involve formatting the disk, which COMMON OS CONFIGURATION
could erase existing data. PARAMETERS
User Accounts & Password
b. Multi-Boot Setup ● Usernames and passwords for user
● If you plan to install multiple accounts.
operating systems (e.g., dual boot ● Password policies, such as
with Windows and Linux), make sure complexity requirements and
your disk is partitioned correctly and expiration intervals.
you're aware of the bootloader ● User privileges and permissions,
configurations (e.g., GRUB for including administrative rights.
Linux)..
Network Configuration
Summary of Common Requirements ● IP address, subnet mask, gateway,
and DNS server settings for network
interfaces.
 ● Hostname and domain name. Windows Update).
● Firewall rules and network security Updates and Software Management
settings.
Authentication and Authorization
Time and Date ● Authentication methods (e.g., local
● System time zone and clock accounts, Active Directory, LDAP).
settings. ● Role-based access control (RBAC)
● NTP (Network Time Protocol) server settings.
configuration for time ● Single Sign-On (SSO)
synchronization. configurations.

Display and Graphics System Services and Startup Programs

● Screen resolution and display ● Startup services and daemons.
settings. ● Configuration of auto-start programs.
● Graphics driver configuration. ● Service management and
● Multiple monitor setup and display scheduling
orientation.
.Logging and Monitoring
Power Management ● System log settings and log rotation.
● Power settings, including sleep, ● Monitoring tools and configurations
hibernate, and power-saving modes. (e.g., SNMP, syslog).
● Scheduled tasks, such as system
backups and updates. Backup and Recovery
● Backup schedules and policies.
File System and Disk Management ● Disaster recovery plans and
● Disk partitions and file system types procedures.
(e.g., NTFS, ext4). ● Backup storage locations and
● Disk quotas and storage allocation. methods.
● Mount points for external devices or
network shares. Remote Access & Connectivity
● Remote desktop or SSH access
Security Setting settings.
● User access controls and ● VPN configurations.
permissions. ● Remote assistance and support
● Antivirus and antimalware software settings.
configuration.
● Firewall rules and intrusion Customization & Theming
detection/prevention settings. ● Custom desktop backgrounds,
themes, and icons.
Updates and Software Management ● Customization of the desktop
● Automatic update settings for the OS environment or shell.
and installed software.
● Software repositories and package Hardware and Device Configuration
management (e.g., apt, yum, or ● Device drivers and hardware
 settings. display resolution and refresh rate in the
● Peripheral device configurations display settings to match your monitor's
(e.g., printers, scanners). capabilities.

Environmental and Localization Settings • Color Calibration: Calibrate colors if

● Language and regional settings. needed to ensure accurate color
● Accessibility options for users with representation on the monitor.
disabilities
. • Multiple Monitors: Configure settings for
System Updates and Patch Management multiple displays, such as extending or
● Configuration for applying OS duplicating the desktop.
updates and patches.
● Scheduling update installations and Printer Configuration
reboots. • Driver Installation: Install the printer
drivers provided by the manufacturer or use
PERIPHERAL CONFIGURATION built-in drivers.
Keyboard Configuration
• Language and Layout: Configure the • Connection: Configure the printer's
keyboard language and layout to match connection method, whether it's connected
your preferences. You can do this in the via USB, network, or wireless.
operating system's settings or control panel
. • Paper Size and Type: Specify paper size
• Special Function Keys: Some and type settings in your printer's properties
keyboards have special function keys (e.g., to match the paper you're using.
multimedia keys) that can be customized for
specific actions like volume control or Scanner Configuration
launching applications. • Driver Installation: Install the scanner
drivers and software.
Mouse Configuration
• Pointer Speed: Adjust the mouse pointer • Scan Settings: Configure scan settings
speed to your liking in the operating system like resolution, color mode, and file format.
settings.
• Workflow Profiles: Some scanners allow
• Button Customization: Many mice have you to create custom scan profiles for
programmable buttons that can be specific tasks.
customized for specific tasks.
External Hard Drive Configuration
• Scrolling: Configure scrolling behavior, • Drive Letter Assignment: Assign a drive
such as the number of lines scrolled per letter to the external hard drive in the
notch or the scroll direction (natural or operating system to access it easily.
reverse).
• File System and Formatting: Format the
Monitor Configuration drive with the desired file system (e.g.,
• Resolution and Refresh Rate: Adjust the NTFS, exFAT) if it hasn't been formatted
already.

• Backup and Synchronization: Configure

backup and synchronization software if
needed to automate data backups.

Webcam Configuration
• Driver Installation: Install the webcam
drivers if necessary.

• Application Settings: Adjust settings

within webcam applications for video quality,
resolution, and audio input.

Audio Device Configuration

• Driver Installation: Install audio drivers
for sound cards, headphones, or external
speakers.

• Audio Settings: Configure audio settings,

including input and output devices, volume
levels, and audio enhancements.
CHAPTER 8: Bundled Application
Install & Configure APPLICATION refer to software applications or programs
that are packaged and distributed together
A computer application, also known as a with a larger software package or operating
software application or simply "app," is a system.
program or set of programs that runs on a
computer to perform specific tasks or Some common examples of Bundled
functions. Applications:

Some key points about computer Operating System Bundled Applications

Application: Example: Windows OS
Purpose & Functionality
Computer applications are created to serve Office Suite Bundled Applications
specific purpose or function. Example: Microsoft Office – Word
Processing, Spreadsheet,
User Interface presentation
Most computer applications have graphical
user interfaces (GUIs) that allow users to Web Browsers with Extensions and
interact with the software using visual Add-ons
elements . Example: For example : Google
Chrome as a Web browser
OS Compatibility 1. Google Search
Computer applications are often developed 2. Google Drive
for specific operating systems. 3. Google Docs, Sheets and
Slides
Installation
To use a computer application, it typically Antivirus and Security Suites:
needs to be installed on a computer's Example : Antivirus and Antimalware
storage drive Protection, Firewall, System
Optimization, Password managers.
Updates
Software developers frequently release Graphics and Multimedia Software
updates to improve functionality, security, Bundles:
and compatibility, and users are encouraged Example : image viewer, Video
to keep their applications up to date. Editor and Audio Player

Downloading & Purchasing Development Environments

Applications can be obtained through Integrated development
various means, including downloading from environments (IDEs)
the internet (e.g., app stores), physical Example Visual Studio
media, or by purchasing software licenses.
Software Development Kits (SDKs)
For example : Android SDK (Android
Studio IDE
 choose an installation location, and
Bloatware Application select installation options.
refers to software that comes pre-installed
on a computer or device, often by the Installation Progress
manufacturer or vendor, and is considered ● The installer will display a progress
unnecessary or unwanted by many users. bar or status indicator. Wait for the
installation to complete. This may
Desired Application take a few moments.
refers to a software application that a user
or organization wants, needs, or prefers to Completion and Launch
have installed on a computer or device. This ● Once the installation is complete,
application is intentionally chosen and you will typically see a screen
installed because it serves a specific indicating that the application has
purpose or provides particular functionality been successfully installed.
that aligns with the user's or organization's ● You may have the option to launch
requirements or goals. the application immediately. If not,
you can usually find it in your
Install Application: computer's Start menu
Choose the Application
● Decide which application you want Testing
to install ● Open the application to ensure it
launches and functions correctly.
Download the Installer Test its basic functionality to make
● Visit the official website of the sure it works as expected.
software developer or a trusted
source to download the installer for Security Considerations (if needed)
the application. Look for a Depending on the application and your
"Download". security preferences, you may need to
configure firewall rules or antivirus settings
Download the Installer to allow the application to function properly.
● Locate the downloaded installer file.
It is often located in your computer's Documentation
"Downloads" folder. Keep a record of any configuration settings
● Double-click the installer file to run it. or important information related to the
This will start the installation application for future reference.
process.

Follow the Installation Wizard

● Most applications use an installation
wizard to guide you through the
process.
● Read and follow the on-screen
instructions carefully. You may need
to accept the terms and conditions,
CHAPTER 9 SOHO Networks
NETWORK CONNECTION TYPES A SOHO network is a network that provides
connectivity and resource sharing for a
Computer Network small office or home office.
A computer network is a group of computers
that are connected together to communicate Generally limited to fewer than 20
and share network resources such as files, computers or nodes, a SOHO network often
applications, and devices. No two computer facilitates sharing of files and printers, as
networks are alike in size or in well as services such as email, faxing, and
configuration. Each network, however, so forth.
includes common components that provide
the resources and communications A SOHO network can contain a combination
channels necessary for the network to of wired and wireless computer
operate. connections, and all of the computing
Types: devices in a SOHO network usually share
● LAN the same physical location.
● MAN
● WAN Service Set Identifiers (SSIDS)
A Service Set Identifier (SSID) is a 32-bit
Network Connection alphanumeric string that identifies a WAP
● Wireless and all the devices attached to it.
● Wired
● Cellular A WAP typically broadcasts an SSID in plain
text. It is more appropriate to think of an
Wireless Network Connections SSID as a network name that is applied to
A wireless computer network is a network in the grouping of the WAP and the devices
which computers use wireless connections currently connected to it.
to link with other computers.
Wireless connectivity devices such as a
Wireless connections transmit data by using WAP or other wireless routers come with a
radio frequency waves. default SSID. Instead of accepting the
device’s default SSID, you should manually
Wireless networks can connect a few specify an SSID to more clearly identify the
devices over short distances, such as within device.
a home or an office, or can be set up to
connect computers over large distances Firmware
through the Internet. Firmware is specialized software that is
stored on a hardware device’s read-only
Wireless networks offer affordability, ease of memory (ROM) whether or not the device is
use, and greater mobility for the user. powered. It is most often written on an
electronically reprogrammable chip so that it
can be updated with a special program to fix
any errors that might be discovered after a
computer is purchased, or to support router configuration is completed,
updated hardware components. you can remove the cable and
connect wirelessly.
Router firmware may need an upgrade from 6. Navigate to the router’s
time to time depending on manufacturer administrative utility. You may need
updates. These updates contain security to refer to the router’s user manual,
patches, updates to performance, and but in most cases you can open an
updates to address any known issues. The Internet browser and enter
updates can be installed in a number of http://192.168.1.1.
ways, but most commonly can be 7. Enter the information needed to
downloaded from the manufacturer’s connect the router to the Internet.
website. The exact information will depend on
how you are subscribing to an ISP.
Router Setup Process a. If you are using DSL, then
1. Verify the wired connection, if you may need to enter a
applicable. specific user name and
2. Configure encryption standard password issued to you by
(WEP, WPA, or WPA2). the ISP.
3. Change SSID from default. b. If you have been asked to
4. Apply a new wireless password. use a static IP address, then
5. Change the admin password for the you may need to enter the
router. address issued to you by the
6. Connect to the new network. ISP.
7. Verify the Internet connectivity. 8. Configure the router settings
8. Update firmware, if necessary. according to your needs.
a. For a wired router, change
Install And Configure A Soho Router the default user name and
1. If you are deploying a wireless password.
router, choose the appropriate b. For a wireless router, make
802.11 router for your needs, sure that you update the
whether it be 802.11a, b, g, or n. SSID and change the default
2. Choose a location for the router. user name and password.
3. Connect the router to a power
source and turn it on. 9. If necessary, create an access
4. Connect the router to a cable or DSL control list for the router to control
modem via Ethernet or USB cable. which users or computers can
After plugging in the cables, you access it.
may need to turn the router off and 10. Verify that you can connect to the
on to verify that the router has Internet by opening a browser and
recognized the modem. performing a search.
5. Connect a computing device to the 11. Configure the security settings in the
router. If you are deploying a administrative utility.
wireless router, use a cable for the 12. Connect additional computing
initial router configuration. Once the devices to the router.
CHAPTER 10: VOIP
NETWORK AND ALTERNATIVE Voice over IP (VoIP) is the transmission of
TECHNOLOGIES voice communications over IP networks,
such as the Internet.
Virtualization
Virtualization software allows for one The emergence of virtual meetings, which
physical device, such as a server operating participants can attend remotely, is fueled
system, to host multiple logical operating by VoIP and screen-sharing technologies.
systems.
● Voice data files are larger in size
These logical systems are called virtual when compared to text, so
machines. upgrading to a VoIP service requires
high bandwidth.
Cloud Computing ● QoS Quality of Service is typically
Cloud computing is a computing implemented on the routers or
infrastructure in which resources, such as switches.
storage and applications, are hosted in a ● By configuring QoS, you can
distributed fashion by a third party over the improve the quality of voice data
Internet. over the network.

The “cloud” is a metaphor for the Internet Local Storage

and the complexity of its infrastructure. refers to any storage media that is directly
attached to the computer that uses it.
Cloud computing is an approach that allows
companies to improve their efficiency by This can include direct-attached storage
paying for only the resources used— much such as hard drives over Serial ATA (SATA)
like paying for utilities. connections, as well as external hard drives
that use ports such as USB to plug in to
Streaming computers.
Streaming is an example of a cloud service
in which media files are transmitted by a Local storage often has the advantage of
provider over the Internet and viewed by the speed and accessibility.
end user in real time.
Hosted Storage
Since the media is provisioned as needed, Or networked storage, places data on
the end user transfers most of the specialized devices that serve files to clients
processing responsibility onto the provider, in a network based on each client’s need.
and merely needs to maintain a strong
Internet connection. Networked drives are available to groups of
users who share access.
Web Applications
Web applications are software applications NAS (Network-attached Storage)
that are installed on web servers and NAS Network-attached Storage devices are
delivered to users through the Internet. ideal for small-to-mid-size companies
because they can combine multiple drives a web browser application, to connect and
into one storage pool for easy access over interact with websites.
the network.
It defines how messages are formatted and
NAS devices are relatively inexpensive and transmitted and the actions web servers and
typically allow administrators to easily a client’s browser should take in response
create backups in case of failure. to different commands.

Peer-To-Peer Network An HTTP request includes: the address of

a network in which resource sharing, the requested web page; instructions on
processing, and communications control are how and where the requested data will be
completely decentralized. stored on the client computer; protocols
supported by the browser; the type of
All clients on the network are equal in terms request being made; the version of HTTP
of providing and using resources, while supported by the browser; and so on.
users are authenticated by each individual
workstation. HTTPS
HyperText Transfer Protocol Secure
Direct Link (HTTPS) is a secure version of HTTP that
allows you to physically connect each PC to supports web commerce by providing a
every other PC to form the peer-to-peer secure connection between web browsers
network. and servers.

Local Ad Hoc Networks HTTPS uses Secure Sockets

allow peers to connect to each other and Layer/Transport Layer Security (SSL/TLS)
share files without needing to set up extra to encrypt data. Virtually all web browsers
networking equipment such as routers or and servers today support HTTPS.
access points.
An SSL/TLS-enabled web address begins
Each node (a laptop, for instance) simply with the protocol identifier https://.
transmits wirelessly to other nodes without
an intermediary device. FTP File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
used to transfer files across a TCP/IP
This can be done by using standards such network, such as the Internet.
as Wi-Fi and Bluetooth.
FTP is intended to enable file transfers,
Online Networks independent of the operating system.
allow clients to connect to other peers over
the Internet. FTP is the protocol that web developers use
to upload web pages to a remote server.
HTTP
HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is the
TCP/IP service that enables clients, such as