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9th CBSE Science

Work Energy & Power

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Work Energy & Power

Syllabus

Sr. No. Topic Page No. Remark

2 Introduction: Concept of work

2–4 100% Exam
3 Types of work done

5 Concept of energy and its forms Basic Foundation

4–8
6 Kinetic energy Exam.com

Relation between momentum

7 8–9 100% Exam
and kinetic energy

8 Work energy theorem 9 Exam.com

10 Potential energy 10 Exam.com

12 Law of conservation of Energy 100% Exam

11 – 14
13 Motion of pendulum Exam.com

14 Power 14 – 15 Exam.com

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INTRODUCTION
Work:- Work is said to be done if force applied on an object results in displacement in the object.
Mathematically, it is defined as product of force and displacement produced in the direction of applied
force.

W = F.S
→ Work has only magnitude and no directions.
Unit of work: SI unit = Joule (J)
1 J = 1 Nm
work is said to be 1J , when a body moves a displace of 1 m along the direction of applied force of 1
Newton
C.G.S unit :- 1 erg = 1 dyne cm
Relation between Joule and erg
1 Joule = (1 Newton)  (1 metre)
1 erg = (1dyne)  (1cm)
we know , 1 newton = 105 dyne
1 metre = 100 cm
 1 Joule = (105 dyne)  (100 cm) = 107 dyne cm
or 1 Joule = 107 erg
Gravitational Unit: The gravitational unit of force is kilogram force (kg-f) of kilogram weight (kg-wt)
and that of displacement is metre ; so gravitational unit of work is kilogram force  metre (kg-fm)
1 kg-fm = g Joule = 9.8 Joule.
Note: 1. Work is a scalar quantity,
2. Condition for any force to do work in that it should produce displacement. e.g the work done in
pushing a wall is zero as the wall does not move.
Wok done when displacement is not in the direction of force.
It is not necessary that the displacement of the body may take place along the direction of force. For
example, when a child pulls a toy car moves string attached to it, the car moves horizontally on the
ground, but the force applied by the child is along the string held in his hand making some angle with
the ground. This is shown in fig., in which they toy car moves along the horizontal ground surface OX
but the force is being applied along the string OA, the direction of force making an angle θ with
direction of motion.

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Here work, done by a force is

W = force  component of displacement along the direction of force.
Derivation
Suppose force on body acts along AC and the body is displaced along AB through a displacement s. To
find the displacement along the direction of force, we drop perpendicular from final position B on AC.
Angle between force F and displacement s is θ .
 Component of displacement AB along the direction of force = AN

AN
From triangle ABN, cos θ =
AB
 AN = AB cos θ = s cos θ (since AB = s)

 Component of displacement along the direction of force = s cos θ

 Work done by force,
W = Force  displacement of body along the direction of force
 W = F s Cos θ
Maximum work is done when θ =00
W max = F s
minimum work when θ =900 or s = 0
W=0

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CONDITIONS FOR WORK DONE

(1) Positive work done: positive work is said to be done when displacement occurs in the direction of
applied force .
Positive work done by a force increases the speed of a body
Example: 1. When body falls freely under the action of gravity.
2. When we kick a football lying on the ground.
(2)Negative work done: negative work is said to be done when a force acts opposite to the direction of
motion of the body
Negative work done by a force decreases the speed of a body.
Example: 1. When a man comes down using rope, the force of tension in string is in upward direction
and displacement is in downward direction .
2. Football moving on a ground slows down because force of friction acts on the football in the
direction opposite to the direction of motion.
(3)Zero Work done : no work is said to be done when
(i)When force applied F or the displacement S or both F and S zero.

(ii) When angle ‘θ’ between force ( F ) and displacement ( S ) is 900

W = F.S = FS cos θ = FS cos 900 (cos 900=0) = 0
Example: (1) Man pushing a wall
(2) A labourer carrying a heavy load on a frictionless horizontal plane does no work.
(3) Work done by centripetal force on a body moving along a circular path is always zero.
Note: 1. When θ is acute (θ<90º), cos θ is + ve. Hence work done is + ve
2. When θ is obtuse (θ<90º): cos θ is –ve, Hence work done is –ve
3. When θ = 90º: cos 90º, Hence Work Done is 0.
ENERGY
Energy of a body is defined as its ability of doing work. The amount of work done by a body is the
measure of its energy.
Units of Energy:
Energy is the ability of doing work. Therefore, its unit is same as that of work.
In S.I. system the unit of energy is joule.
1 joule
As 1 watt =
1 second
1 joule = 1 watt × 1 second

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Thus,1 joule is the energy supplied by a source of power 1 watt for 1second. The bigger units of energy
are kilo joule and mega joule.
1 kilo joule = 103 joule or 1 kJ = 103 J
1 mega joule - 106 joule or 1 MJ = 106 J
OTHER UNITS OF ENERGY:
In S.I. system the unit of energy is joule (J). In physics some other units e.g., erg, calorie, kilowatt hour
(kwh) and electron-volt (eV) are commonly used.
(i) Erg: In C.G.S. system the unit of energy is erg. Its relation with joule is 1 joule = 107 erg
(ii) Calorie or Kilocalorie: Heat energy is usually expressed in calorie. One calorie is the energy
required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water through 1°C {specifically from 14∙5°C to 15∙5°C).
Its relation with joule is
1 joule =0∙24 calorie or calorie =4∙18 joule
The bigger unit kilocalorie is also used. 1 kilocalorie is the heat required to raise the temperature of 1
kg of water through 1°C
1 kilocalorie = 4180 joule
(iii) Electron volt (eV) : The smaller unit of energy used in atomic physics is electron volt abbreviated
as eV.
1eV = 1∙ 6 × 10ˉ19 joule
(iv) Kilowatt Hour (kWh): In S.I. system the unit of energy is joule
For commercial purposes joule is very small unit and hence inconvenient. So for commercial (or trade)
purposes a bigger unit of energy called the kilowatt-hour is used. It is abbreviated as kWh and defined
as 1 kilowatt hour is the energy supplied by a source of 1 kilowatt for 1 hour. As
1 kilowatt = 1000 watt.
Hence, 1 kilowatt hour energy may be defined as the energy supplied by a source of 1000 watt for 1
hour.
Relation of 1 kWh with joule
1 kilowatt hour = (1000 watt) × (1 hour)
As 1 hour = 60 minute = 60 × 60 second = 3600 second
1 kilowatt hour = 1000 × 3600 watt × second
But watt × second = joule
∴ 1 kilowatt hour = 1000 × 3600 joule = 3∙6 × 106 joule
i.e., 1kWh = 3.6 × 106 J∙
Note: kilowatt is the unit of power; while kilowatt hour (kWh) is the unit of energy.

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DIFFERENT FORMS OF ENERGY

Energy exists in many forms. Some important forms of energy are:
1. Mechanical Energy : This includes kinetic energy and potential energy.
2. Heat Energy 3. Chemical Energy
4. Light Energy 5. Sound Energy
6. Electrical Energy 7. Nuclear Energy
8. Solar Energy 9. Magnetic Energy
1. Mechanical Energy: The energy possessed by a body by virtue of its state of rest or motion is called
the mechanical energy. The mechanical energy is formed of two parts (i) kinetic energy and (ii)
potential energy. The energy possessed by a body by virtue of its motion is called the kinetic energy; ,
while the energy possessed by a body by virtue of its position (or configuration) is called the potential
energy.
The potential energy includes gravitational potential energy and elastic potential energy.
The mechanical energy of a body is the sum of its kinetic energy and potential energy.
For example a car in motion, blowing wind, flowing river has kinetic energy ; an arrow on a stretched
bow, water in dam, a rock on a high hill all possess mechanical energy.
2. Heat Energy: The energy possessed by a hot body due to which we feel hotness is called the heat
energy. The steam possesses heat energy. In steam engine heat energy of steam is used to do work.
3. Chemical Energy: The energy possessed by fuels such as coal, diesel, petrol and domestic gas is
called chemical energy. The food that we eat possesses chemical energy. The chemical energy of petrol
and diesel is capable of running vehicles.
4. Light Energy: The energy by virtue of which we feel sensation of seeing the objects is called the light
energy. The natural source of light energy is sun.
5. Sound Energy: The energy by virtue of which we feel the sensation of hearing is called the sound
energy. A vibrating body possesses sound energy.
6. Electrical Energy: The energy carried by electric current is called the electrical energy.
7. Nuclear Energy: The energy possessed by nucleus and released in a nuclear reaction is called the
nuclear energy. It is used in nuclear reactors to produce electrical energy.
8. Solar Energy: The energy radiated by sun is called the solar energy.
9. Magnetic Energy: A magnet produces a magnetic field around it. The energy stored by the magnetic
field is called the magnetic energy.

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KINETIC ENERGY:
It is defined as the energy possessed by an object by virtue of its motion. Mathematically its written as

1
K E = mv 2
2
For example, 1. A runner has kinetic energy a running car (or bus) has kinetic energy;
2. A falling stone has kinetic energy;
3. An arrow fling through the air has also kinetic energy.
Formula for kinetic energy:
The kinetic energy of a moving body is measured by the amount of work it can do before coming to rest.
Suppose a body, such as a ball, of mass m and moving with a velocity v is at position A (see Figure). Let it
enter into a medium M, such as air, which opposes the motion of the body with a constant force F. As a
result of the opposing force, the body will be constantly retarded, that is, its velocity decreases gradually
and it will come to rest (or stop) at position B after travelling a distance s. So, the final velocity V of the
body becomes zero.
(i) In going through the distance s against the opposing force F, the body has done some work, This
work is given by :
Work =,Force × Distance or W=F × s

At position B the body is at rest, that is, it has no motion and hence no kinetic energy. This means that all
the kinetic energy of the body has been used up in doing the work W. So, the kinetic energy must be
equal to this work W. Thus,
Kinetic energy = W
or Kinetic energy = F × s ... (1)
(ii) If a body has an initial velocity ‘v’, final velocity 'V’, acceleration ‘a’ and travels a distance ‘s’, then
according to the third equation of motion : V2 = v2 + 2as
( note that we have used V2 = v2 + 2 as instead of the usual v2 = u2 + 2as.
it does not make any difference !! )
In the above example, we have:

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Initial velocity of the body = v (Supposed)

Final velocity of the body, V =0 (The body stops)
Acceleration = – a (Retardation)
and Distance travelled = s
Now, putting these values in the above equation, we get: (0)2 = v2 – 2as
or v2 = 2as ...(2)
From Newton's second law of motion, we have :
F=m×a
F
or a=
m
2 F  s
Putting this value of acceleration 'a' in equation (2), we get: v 2 =
m
1
F  s = mv 2 ... (3)
2
But from equation (1), F × s = Kinetic energy. So, comparing equations (1) and (3), we get:

1
Kinetic energy = mv 2
2
where m = mass of the body
and v = velocity of the body (or speed of the body) Thus, a body of mass m and moving with a velocity
1
v has the capacity of doing work equal to mv2 before it stops.
2
RELATION BETWEEN MOMENTUM (p) AND KINETIC ENERGY (K)
Consider of a body of mass m, moving with velocity v.
1
Kinetic energy of body, K = mv 2 ...(1)
2
Momentum of body p = mv
v = p/m ...(2)
2
1 p p2
Substituting value of v from (2) in (1), we get K = m   =
2  m  2m

p2
 Kinetic energy K= …... (3)
2m

therefore, momentum p = 2mk ….(4)

p2
Thus relation between momentum (p) and kinetic energy K is K = or p = 2mk
2m

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Accordingly if for a given body if momentum is doubled, the kinetic energy becomes 4-times. On the
other hand, if kinetic energy is doubled, the momentum becomes 2 times.
Note: (1) If the mass of a body is doubled, its kinetic energy also gets doubled and if the mass of a body
is halved, its kinetic energy also gets halved (provided its velocity remains the same)
(2) If the velocity of a body is doubled, its kinetic energy becomes four times, and if the velocity of a
body is halved, then its kinetic energy becomes one-fourth.
(3) Since the kinetic energy of a body depends on its mass and velocity, therefore, heavy bodies moving
with high velocities have more kinetic energy (they can do more work), than slow moving bodies of
small mass
Work energy theorem
When a force is applied along the direction of motion of a body; the kinetic energy of the body increases.
The work done by the force is equal to increase in kinetic energy of the body. This known as work-
energy theorem.
Suppose a force F is applied as a moving body of mass m, s is initial velocity of the body and after
application of force F along the direction of motion, the velocity becomes v after traversing a distance, s.
Work done by the force, W = F.s ……..(1)
If a is acceleration produced in the body, then
F = ma …….(2)
Also from relation v2 = u2+ 2as, we have
v 2 − u2
s= …….(3)
2a
 v 2 − u2 
Substituting value of F and s in (1), we get W = ( ma )  
 2a 
1
= m ( v 2 − u2 ) ……..(4)
2
1 1
or W = mv 2 − mu2
2 2
1
But mu2 = initial kinetic energy Kinitial
2
1
and mv 2 = initial kinetic energy, Kfinal
2
Thus, W = Kfinal – Kinitial
Thus, Work done = gain in kinetic energy of the body
This is work energy theorem
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Note: The theorem holds if surface is frictionless and in same horizontal plane.
POTENTIAL ENERGY:
The energy possessed by a body due to its position or deformation is called the potential energy.
It is denoted by U. A compressed spring, a bent bow, a stretched rubber band, water in a dam etc.
possess potential energy.
THE POTENTIAL ENERGY IS Of TWO FORMS:
(i) Gravitational Potential Energy : The energy possessed by a body by virtue of its position above the
ground is called the gravitational potential energy. For calculation of gravitational potential zero, the
ground is chosen as a reference level for zero potential energy. When we take a body from ground to a
certain height, the work done by external force against gravity is stored as the gravitational potential
energy.

The examples of gravitational potential energy are energy possessed by a stone at the roof of a building
and energy possessed by water in a dam.
(ii) Elastic Potential Energy: The energy possessed by a body due to its deformed state is called the
elastic potential energy. The work required to deform a body from its normal position is stored in the
form of elastic potential energy. For example if a spring is stretched or compressed, some work is done
against the restoring force. This work is stored as elastic potential energy. The stretched or compressed
spring, a bent bow, the wound spring of a watch etc. possess elastic potential energy.
Unit of Potential Energy: As potential energy is defined in terms of work, it has same unit as that of
work. Therefore in S.I. system the unit of potential energy is joule.
Formula for Potential Energy: Suppose a body of mass m is raised to a height h above the surface of
the earth (see the fig.) The force acting on the body is the gravitational pull of the earth m × g
which acts in the downward direction. To lift the body above the surface of the earth, we have to do
work against this force of gravity.
Now, Work done = Force × Distance
So, W = m × g × h . This work gets stored up in the body as potential energy. Thus,

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Potential energy = m × g × h where m = mass of the body

g = acceleration due to gravity and
h = height of the body above a reference point, say the surface of earth
Note: Potential energy is the energy due to change in position or shape
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
According to this law Energy can neither be created nor be destroyed but can be transformed from one
form to another i.e.
Potential energy + Kinetic energy = constant
Total energy of universe remains constant.
Examples of Freely Falling Body: The mechanical energy (kinetic energy + potential energy of a freely
falling object remains constant.) It may be shown by calculation as follows:
Suppose a body of mass in falls from point A, which is at height 'H' from the surface of earth. Initially at
point A, kinetic energy is zero and the body has only potential energy.

Total energy of body at point A = kinetic energy + potential energy

= 0+ mgH = mgH ...(1)
Suppose during fall, the body is at position B. The body has fallen a distance x from its initial position. If
velocity of body at B is v, then from formula v2 = u2 + 2as, we have
v2 = 0 + 2gx = 2gx
1
 Kinetic energy of body at point B = mv2
2
1
= . .m 2gx = mgx
2
Potential energy of body at point B = mg (H–x)
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 Total energy of body at point B = Kinetic energy + potential energy

= mgx + mg (H – x) = mg H ...(2)
Now suppose the body is at point C just above the surface of earth (i.e., just to strike the earth); now its
potential energy is zero.
The height fallen by body = H
If v is velocity of body at C, then
from formula v2 = u2 +2as. We have (u = 0,a =g, s = H),
so v2 = 0 + 2gH = 2gH
1
 Kinetic energy of body at position C= mv 2
2
1
= m  2gH = mgH
2
Total energy of body at C = kinetic energy + potential energy
= mg H + 0 = mg H ...(3)
Thus we see that the sum of kinetic energy and potential energy of freely falling body at each point
remains constant.
Thus under force of gravity, the total mechanical energy of body remains constant. The graph of
variation of energy of falling body is shown in fig.

When the body hits the ground and stops, its kinetic energy disappears and the body has no more
potential energy too. when the body hits the ground; the frictional forces come into play and the kinetic
energy of the body is converted into an equal amount of heat energy, sound energy and light energy;
thus in no case the principle of conservation of energy is violated. Thus if we take into account all the
forms of energy, then the total energy of system/universe remains conserved.
Periodic Motion of Pendulum:
A simple pendulum consists of a smart metal ball (called bob) suspended by a long thread from a rigid
support, such that the bob is free to swing back and forth when displaced (see Figure ). Initially, the
simple pendulum is at rest with its bob in the centre position (or mean position) A. When the pendulum
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bob is pulled to one side to position B (to give it potential energy because of higher position of B with
respect to position A), and then released, the bob starts swinging (moving back and forth) between
positions B and C (see Figure).

A swinging (or oscillating) simple pendulum. Its energy is continuously transformed (or converted)
from potential energy to kinetic energy and vice-versa.
(i) When the pendulum bob is at position B (see Figure), it has only potential energy (but no kinetic
energy).
(ii) As the bob starts moving down from position B to position A, its potential energy goes on decreasing
but its kinetic energy goes on increasing.
(iii) When the bob reaches the centre position A, it has only kinetic energy (but no potential energy),
(iv) As the bob goes from position A towards position C, its kinetic energy goes on decreasing but its
potential energy goes on increasing.
(v) On reaching the extreme position C, the bob stops for a very small instant of time. So at position C,
the bob has only potential energy (but no kinetic energy).
From the above discussion we conclude that at the extreme positions B and C all the energy of
pendulum bob is potential, and at the centre position A, all the energy of the pendulum bob is kinetic. At
all other intermediate positions, the energy of pendulum bob is partly potential and partly kinetic. But
the total energy of the swinging pendulum at any instant of time remains the same (or conserved).

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Note: (1) The pendulum bob keeps on oscillating (or swinging) for a considerable time but ultimately
the oscillations die down and the pendulum stops oscillating. It comes to rest. This is because the
friction at the point of support of the pendulum and friction of air acting on the swinging bob converts
the mechanical energy of the oscillating pendulum into heat energy gradually. This heat energy goes
into the environment.
(2) The body which does work loses energy and the body on which work is done, gains energy.
Example. A ball of mass 0.2kg is thrown vertically upwards with an initial velocity of 20 m/s.
Calculate the maximum potential energy it gains as it goes up.
Power:
The rate of doing work.
work W
Power = or P =
time t
where P = Power
W = Work done
and t = Time taken
In other words, power is the work done per unit time or power is the work done per second.
We know that when work is done, an equal amount of energy is consumed. So, we can also define power
by using the term 'energy' in place of 'work'. Thus, power is also defined as the rate at which energy is
consumed (or utilised). We can also obtain power by dividing 'Energy consumed' by Time taken1 for
consuming the energy. That is.
Energy consumed E
Power = or P =
Time taken t
P=Work/time
Work=force ⨯ displacement
W=F s
P=Fs/t we know that s/t=v
 Power P=F  s/t=F v
Power = Force  velocity
Units of power: Power is said to be 1 watt if work done of 1 J is per second
The power of an electrical appliance tells us the rate at which electrical energy is consumed by it.
Watt is a small unit of power. Sometimes bigger units of power called kilowatt (kW) and megawatt
(MW) are also used.
1 kilowatt = 1000 watts or1kW = 1000W

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And 1 megawatt = 1000,000 watts

or 1 MW = 1000,000 W
or 1 MW = 106 W
A yet another unit of power is called ‘horse power' (H. P.) which is equal to 746 watts.
Thus, 1 horse power = 746 watts or 1 H. P. = 746 W
This means that 1 horse power is equal to about 0.75 kilowatt (0.75 kW).
Note: 1. Work done is independent of time whereas power is Work Done. Per unit time .if work is
performed in lesser time, the power of agency will be more.
2. Power is a scalar quantity.
IMPORTANT FORMULAE TO BE REMEMBERED
1. F = ma Or F = mg
2. W = F.s Or W = F. s cos θ
1
3. K.E. = mv 2
2
4. P.E = mgh
W
5. P= = F.v
t

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