Faculty of Economics and Business Administration

The Spatial Economy – A Holistic

Perspective

Research Memorandum 2013-37

Peter Nijkamp
Waldemar Ratajczak
 The Spatial Economy – A Holistic Perspective

Peter Nijkamp
Dept. of Spatial Economics
VU University Amsterdam
The Netherlands
A. Mickiewicz University
Poznan, Poland
[email protected]

Waldemar Ratajczak
A. Mickiewicz University
Poznan, Poland
[email protected]

Abstract
This paper offers a concise holistic-historical perspective on regional science. It positions
regional science among various related disciplinary approaches and presents a comprehensive
image of its multi-faceted architecture.

Keywords
Spatial economy; location theory; triple-layer model; New Economic Geography; resilience;
holistic.

Pn618wr_Final
1. Structure and Connectivity in Space

Regional science has a history of more than half a century old. It has found its roots in the
explicit recognition of the importance of space in social science research. Space is not only an
attribute of any phenomenon on earth (in terms of its geographical coordinates), but it also
functions as a facilitator for or barrier to human interactions (Isard 1956, 1960).
Right from the outset there has been a debate on the semantics of ‘regional science’.
Regional science is a scientific endeavour that addresses the indigenous role of space (including
regions, cities, environment, infrastructure, communication) in various social-science oriented
issues, such as socio-economic disparities, regional and urban growth, or transport logistics. In
the literature the question has sometimes been raised whether regional science should not be
replaced by ‘spatial science’, a term that also nowadays is still often used in several countries. As
argued by Barnes (2004), the term ‘spatial science’ (or perhaps ‘spatial analysis’) would have
been a more appropriate description than ‘regional science’, but to avoid confusion with the
rapidly emerging space technology in the 1950s and 1960s – addressing outer space studied by
physical scientists and engineers –, the second best choice was ‘regional science’ (even though
Isard’s seminal work on ‘Location and Space-Economy’ in 1956 still refers to space as the main
scientific orientation). The predominant agenda item of regional science research was to
complement the ‘wonderland of no dimensions’ in conventional economics with a spatial plane.
Admittedly, this goal was already set earlier by German location theorists in the first part of the
twentieth century (for instance, Alfred Weber, August Lösch, Andreas Predöhl) and by
predecessors in the nineteenth century (e.g. Johann-Heinrich von Thünen).
The central feature of regional science however, was to provide a rigorous analytical
framework – often derived from mathematical theorizing – to connect several social science
disciplines with the goal to develop testable theoretical structures and space-relevant concepts
that were lending themselves to general applicability.
An important methodological question is clearly whether ‘space’ adds only an interesting
geographical component to a given phenomenon (in terms of its coordinates, e.g.) or whether
space is an intrinsic object of study. In the first case, cartographic mapping (e.g., geo-science,
spatial information science) may bring along new representational and exploratory scientific
results. In the second case, the notion of region, city, locality, connectivity or interaction is an
essential ingredient of spatial research. Such a spatial unit is the playing field for economic,
social, technological, institutional or regulatory forces. The history of regional science has shown
that both research orientations have been extremely fruitful and have led to path-breaking
1
findings, in which theory development and applied analysis were running in tandem. In this way,
also a bridge could be built between economics, geography, demography, planning, political
science and public administration. In conclusion, a rich variety of real-world social science
phenomena can be projected into geographical space (thus avoiding that such phenomena
collapse in one point), but space is not only a passive attribute. There is an increasing awareness
that geographical space plays also an active role: it determines industrial location, commuting
patterns of residents, connectivity of cities, accessibility of inner cities, transport and migration
flows, and so forth (see also Coffey 2003, Mulligan 2003).
This endeavour has turned out to be very successful (see Isard 2003). Regional science
conferences have become mass meetings of often more than 1000 participants, the number and
volume of regional science publications has shown a rapid rise over the past decades, and
regional science has become a respected scientific approach, not in contrast to – but in tandem
with – related disciplines, such as regional economics, urban economics, geography,
transportation science, demography, planning, political science etc.
In the rich history of regional science various intriguing methodological research questions
have emerged that directly touched on the ‘raison d’etre’ of regional science. Examples are:
What is a relevant spatial scale of analysis in regional science? Should the focus of regional
analysis be on geographic entities (e.g., cities, settlements, industrial complexes, regions,
interregional trade or transport) or on the behaviour of the economic objects in a concrete and
given geographical space? If spatial movements and interactions take time, what is the
relationship between space and time? If all spatial phenomena are linked together – but nearby
things more than distant things (the so-called Law of Tobler 1970), – what are then the essential
spatial connectivity (interaction or communication) principles? If a given geographic space acts
as both a barrier and an opportunity, what does this mean for our explanatory analysis? And how
are modern concepts from networks and complexity related to regional dynamics? Such
questions do not have easily available answers. And therefore, the present paper has a modest
scope: its aim is to seek for an operational framework for understanding the multiple and
mutually interwoven dimensions of the structure and evolution of regional and urban phenomena
as well as their interactions, in particular behavioural spatial patterns and governance modes.
This paper is organized as follows. Section 2 will offer a concise and selective description
of some key issues in regional science. This will be followed by the design of a systemic
conceptual framework for analyzing regional phenomena, based on a so-called Triple-Layer
representation. Then, Section 4 will be devoted to a holistic perspective on the spatial economy,
including space-time complexity issues. The paper will conclude with retrospective and
prospective remarks.
2
2. Positioning Regional Science

Regional science originates from both economics and geography. On the economic side, its
early roots can already be found in labour specialization and spatial labour division, in industrial
organization and spatial industrial concentration, and in international trade and interregional
transport (see for a review, Paelinck and Nijkamp 1980 and Ponsard 1983). Early predecessors
were – next to classical economists – amongst others Johann-Heinrich von Thünen, Alfred
Weber, Tord Palander, August Lösch and Andreas Predöhl.
Regional science finds its origin also in geography, in particular economic geography. The
latter discipline derives its name from Emile Levassseur (1828-1911), a French economist and
geographer (see Boureille 1998; Leroux and Hart 2012). Economic geography studies the spatial
distribution of individual and economic activities – and their interdependencies – at various
geographic scales, and their evolution over time (see Knox and Marston 2001; Clark et al. 2003;
Warf 2006). Seminal contributions from economic geography to the foundations of regional
science were inter alia provided by Walter Christaller, with his path-breaking conceptualization
of the hierarchical distribution of places. Seminal contribution can be found in Isard (1956,
1979).
Regional science offers essentially a multidisciplinary perspective on the interface of both
economics and economic geography. Regional science – sometimes also coined spatial science
or spatial economics – studies the where, what, how and for whom questions in a complex space-
economy. In so doing, it also employs notions from related disciplines, like transportation
science, decision theory, political science, demography, sociology and the like. Regional science
has very often exhibited a strong methodological – often statistical-econometric – orientation.
Examples can be found inter alia in O’Sullivan (1981), McCann (2005), Brakman et al. (2009)
and Capello and Nijkamp (2009).
Location theory has always formed the heart of regional science, first in the sense of
industrial localization, but later on also in terms of residential location and facilities location.
This has spurred an overwhelming volume of advanced studies on the foundations of the space-
economy, including its complex space-time interactions. A concise review of the principles of
location theory can be found in Gorter and Nijkamp (2001). In the course of time, location theory
has been integrated in a much wider context of dynamic evolution of regions and cities. To a
large extent, it has been mainstreamed with analytical spatial economics and economic
geography, on the basis of a strong quantitative orientation (see also Fischer and Nijkamp 2013).

3
 In recent years, we have witnessed an increasing popularity of the so-called New
Economic Geography (NEG). NEG serves to find an interface between analytical economic
geography and mainstream economics from a more conceptual theoretical perspective, with a
clear emphasis on formal modelling exercises which take into account the heterogeneity in
geography causing spatial disparities and imperfect competition. It places, therefore, particular
emphasis on spatial agglomeration forces and regional growth convergence. Its first orientation
was towards centre-periphery models, integrated regional and urban systems, and models of
geographic agglomeration and trade, while later on the attention shifted to monopolistic
competition issues, heterogeneity of production inputs, diversity in geographic space, spatial
spread of industries, and heterogeneous preferences of economic actors.
According to Ascani et al. (2012) there are four characteristic features of NEG that
distinguishes this discipline from regional science and related methodological frameworks:
 Increasing returns to scale in relation to the spatial unevenness of economic activity
(explaining spatial concentration of industrial and human activity).
 Monopolistic competition in relation to the absence of perfectly competitive markets
(inducing large industrial conglomerates).
 Transport costs in relation to locational choices, e.g. the ‘iceberg’ transport costs
phenomenon (stimulating, for instance, multi-plant companies).
 External economies in relation to labour market pooling or technological spillover effects
(inducing a spatial concentration of labour force and industries).

All in all, NEG has built up a solid formal apparatus, although its empirical and evidence-
based underpinning is still feeble compared to modern applied modelling experiments in regional
science. Its orientation is predominantly towards ‘stylized facts’. It leans more on economics
than on analytical economic geography, while it has provided only new insights in a limited
domain of economic geography (in particular, locational analysis).

3. A Triple-Layer Representation of the Spatial Economy

The notion of space is fraught with many conceptual problems, both ontological and
operational (see, for example, Russell 1976; Harvey 1990; Lefebvre 1991; Hillier 2007; Braun
2011). Space can be understood in a variety of contexts:
 Mathematical (abstract or absolute), in the sense of the metric (distance) that defines it;
 Physical, as a characteristic property of matter;
 Geographical, as a result of the evolution of nature (real space) outside a human influence;
4
 Social (relational), defined by relative distances (or inversed proximity) produced by
human communities in the course of history;
 The entire surface of the earth, or parts of it (real space).

Space is the centrepiece of regional science. According to Ponsard (1988): “…its introduction
does not mean corrections in detail; its introduction changes everything. Because space is not
economically neutral”.
There is a growing awareness among regional scientists that geographic space is not only a
passive space (a projection of activities onto a two-dimensional plane), but increasingly also an
active space. Several scholars have even agreed that in the past decades space has been de-
humanized and objectified or that space was often seen as a dead or immobile entity based on
positive measurements rather than on actions (see Graham 1997; Soja 1989). A more
pronounced role of space – in terms of dynamic space or space-time evolution – has therefore
been advocated in more recent years (see Thrift 1996). The ‘where’ question is more and more
replaced by a ‘how’ and ‘why’ question on the geography of human activity. Furthermore, the
role of point-based physical geography in the location of socio-economic activities has
diminished, in favour of an increasingly important role of spatial interactions and
communication. Consequently, even though the ‘death of distance’ hypothesis has largely been
proven to overstate the importance of the emerging ‘virtual reality’, connectivity and
accessibility – both physical and virtual – have become key concepts in modern regional
science, next to traditional concepts like agglomeration and urbanization.
The currently popular NEG (see Fujita et al. 1999) reiterates these considerations by
drawing attention to the close interwovenness between agglomeration and trade. The authors
offer an attempt to re-track traditional economic geography (and regional science), while they
also aim to build a new economics of space, based on a few rigorous economic principles. The
authors start by observing a regrettable division line between mainstream economics and the
economics of location and aim to build a bridge on the basis of a few simple (certainly not
universally valid) concepts, in particular the imperfect competition model marked by increasing
returns to scale (originating from Dixit and Stiglitz 1977). In an open (multi-region or multi-
country) system various types of spatial agglomeration patterns may emerge, depending inter
alia on transport costs, forward and backward linkages, and immobility of resources. The authors
illustrate their arguments by referring to core-periphery phenomena, agriculture, urban systems,
city size, transportation, international trade, and industrial clustering. Their study forms a good
manifestation of the rigour of solid economic analysis for the explanation of the spatial patterns
and evolution of economic activity. The shadow side of this study is that the authors have missed
5
out significant parts of the rich history of regional economics. Some examples may clarify this
weakness in their study. First, any exposition on agglomeration advantages ought to start off
from the basic economic principles laid down in growth pole, growth centre, or attraction pole
theories developed by scholars such as Boudeville, Perroux, Richardson, or Klaassen. Now the
book begins with an anecdotal story on the geographical concentration of secondhand bookshops
in St. Martins’s Court in London, but wasn’t it Chamberlin who already before World War II
pointed out similar phenomena in Harvard Square in Cambridge, Massachusetts? Furthermore,
are there in our modern times no agglomeration disadvantages? The history of regional science
offers many insightful and solid cornerstones for location principles.
A second example: the two pillars of regional economics are certainly formed by
agglomeration economies and generalized transportation costs. Much emphasis is laid by the
authors on the economic analysis of urbanization and scale advantages, but less on transportation
costs. In our era of ICT development where many economists advocate the ‘death of distance’, it
would have been necessary to pay more attention to both psychological and virtual distance
costs, and their implications for the spatial organization of our world. The reference to
Samuelson’s iceberg metaphor may be insufficient to explain the emergence of global urban
networks as a new geographical phenomenon.
And thirdly, there is no doubt a need for unifying principles, but the above study misses
out some relevant cornerstones of (applied) spatial price and equilibrium theory, so convincingly
and rigorously developed by regional economists such as Takayama, Labys, Berliant, Nagurney,
Hewings, or Oosterhaven. In addition, there are also important contributions from spatial
endogenous growth theory, recently developed in the spirit of Romer and Lucas by spatial
economists such as Bröcker, Button, Poot, Stough, and many others. Similarly, recent
fundamental contributions to spatial dynamics and complexity theory by Puu, Sonis, Reggiani,
Camagni, and many others would certainly have deserved more attention.
Finally, to call central place theory in the Christaller-Lösch tradition at best a classification
scheme is a misconception of Lösch’ equilibrium theory and of the wealth of literature which has
been published ever since (Lösch 1940). A reference to the fundamental regional and trade
models of Tinbergen (1962) on the relevance of hierarchical economic principles for spatial
economic equilibrium would have been appropriate in this context. Nevertheless, this study is an
important milestone in the history of regional science, as it aims to build a bridge to mainstream
economics. Indeed, regional science has over the past decades developed into a full-fledged and
rigorous scientific approach to the spatial economy. It has immensely enriched our understanding
of spatial complexities.

6
 It should be added that the interplay of space and time is critical for a proper understanding
of regional and urban dynamics. This interplay may exhibit both slow and fast dynamics, a
space-time evolution based on interactive forces among all agents in space. This calls for the
design and application of both conceptual and operational space-time models. Furthermore,
several new contributions can be found in the interpretation of both space and time as continuous
dimensions, rather than as discrete entities. As a result of advances in mathematical analysis of
and statistical data bases on regional systems, we witness also a further generalization in spatial
analysis by the inclusion of continuous space next to discrete space (see also Oud et al. 2012).
The level of sophistication of spatial analysis has no doubt drastically increased over the past
decades (see e.g. the Handbook of Regional Science by Fischer and Nijkamp 2013).
The playing ground of actors in regional science is occupied by economic agents and
institutions. Thus, the real-world spatial (regional or urban) action platform in regional science
exhibits patterns of location, allocation, accessibility and connectivity. This leads altogether to a
Multi-level Activity Space that can be mapped out in three layers (see Figure 1).

Figure 1. A triple-layer activity space of the spatial economy

7
 The central middle layer in Figure 1 represents the spatial action platform where all forces
(horizontal and vertical) come together. This is a complex force field influenced by individual
agents (space users) and collective governance bodies. The role of the latter bodies may be
partial and sectoral (’management in space’) or comprehensive and integrated ( ‘management of
space’). Clearly, in a dynamically evolving system also space-time elements may have to be
added. Agents and institutions altogether then create a dynamic interactive spatial-economic
force field.

4. A Holistic Map of Regional Science

In the course of history, many regional science scholars have corroborated the role of space
in explaining economic processes (Garrison 1959; Barnes and Gregory 1997). This merger of
space and economics has resulted into a new branch of economics, complementary to economic
geography and often coined spatial economics. It focuses the attention in particular on spatial
analysis, based on a modern toolbox of quantitative research. This holds for many domains (such
as urban economics or transportation economics) and issues (such as location theory, growth
theory, theories on spatial behaviour, spatial competition, development theory).

Figure 2. Spatial economics and its architecture

8
 Clearly, spatial economics is partly overlapping with regional science and partly with
socio-economic geography. From this perspective, NEG has a rather narrow scope, as it only
addresses the economic aspects of geography (see Dymski 1996; Martin 1999; Thomas 2002;
Bosker et al. 2007). It should be noted that, whether the term spatial economics is used or the
term socio-economic geography – or in a broader sense, regional science – , all these scientific
orientations are concerned with the spatial pattern and interaction of systems of production,
distribution or consumption (or more generally, human activities) in a spatial context, including
the management, planning and forecasting of spatial development. The methodological
architecture of spatial economics is depicted in Figure 2.
The focus on human activity in space does not mean an exclusive orientation towards the
economic geography of our planet. Human activities takes place in a broad force field and has to
positioned in a broader context, in which many other disciplines and scientific domains play a
role. This viewpoint calls essentially for a comprehensive holistic approach in which regional
science, geography and other spatial disciplines are embedded (see also Goodchild et al. 2000;
Goodchild and Janelle 2004).

9
 Figure 3. The spatial economy and its relations with complementary sciences
Legend: NEG – New Economic Geography, SIS – Spatial Information
Systems, GIS – Geographic Information systems

This complex interdependent force field is mapped out in Figure 3. Clearly, such a
conceptual framework is rich in scope and depicts the interfaces between real-world spatial
phenomena and a variety of scientific orientations.
Finally, a focus on the real-world economic geography of our world, i.e. the spatial
economy, prompts a variety of issues on management and governance of land use and scarce
10
space (O'Loughlin 2000; Soja 1997). Against this background, also political science, planning,
public administration and land use management have to be mentioned as important constituents
of a comprehensive view on the development of the spatial economy.

5. Retrospect and Prospect

It seems plausible that the future of regional science will be marked by many uncertainties
on the dynamics of the spatial economy. Prominent sources of such uncertainties are: global
population dynamics and its spatial distribution (including the urban-rural divide), the future of
urbanization in an era where the megatrend is towards urbanized settlement patterns, the
complementary (sometimes mutually supportive) interface between physical-material and
virtual-digital spatial interaction, and the complexity of governance systems in an age of
unprecedented spatial transformation in our world. All such phenomena call for advanced
research tools in regional science, for instance, on individual-collective spatial behaviour, design
of early warning systems, for critical transitions (‘tipping points’) in space, self-organizing or
resilient systems models on adaptability and vulnerability in space, or data mining in case of
large-scale or massive databases.
After the above exposition, it goes without saying that regional science is an
‘Unvollendete’: there will always be more secrets behind the horizon which prompt our curiosity.
Issues like the analysis of continuous space, the nature of spatial complexity, the future of data-
driven models, the spatial importance of the digital society, or dynamic space-time interactions
will be a source of scholarly concern and scientific inspiration. It is predictable that regional
science in the future will not be a boring or dismal science!

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Peter Nijkamp

2009-21 Eric de Noronha Vaz Historico-cultural sustainability and urban dynamics – a geo-information
Peter Nijkamp science approach to the Algarve area, 25 p.

2009-22 Roberta Capello Regional growth and development theories revisited, 19 p.

Peter Nijkamp

2009-23 M. Francesca Cracolici Tourism sustainability and economic efficiency – a statistical analysis of Italian
Miranda Cuffaro provinces, 14 p.
Peter Nijkamp

2009-24 Caroline A. Rodenburg Valuation of multifunctional land use by commercial investors: A case study on
Peter Nijkamp the Amsterdam Zuidas mega-project, 21 p.
Henri L.F. de Groot
Erik T. Verhoef

2009-25 Katrin Oltmer Sustainability and agri-environmental policy in the European Union: A meta-
Peter Nijkamp analytic investigation, 26 p.
Raymond Florax
Floor Brouwer

2009-26 Francesca Torrieri Scenario analysis in spatial impact assessment: A methodological approach, 20
Peter Nijkamp p.

2009-27 Aliye Ahu Gülümser Beauty is in the eyes of the beholder: A logistic regression analysis of
Tüzin Baycan-Levent sustainability and locality as competitive vehicles for human settlements, 14 p.
Peter Nijkamp
2009-28 Marco Percoco Individual time preferences and social discounting in environmental projects, 24
Peter Nijkamp p.

2009-29 Peter Nijkamp Regional development theory, 12 p.

Maria Abreu

2009-30 Tüzin Baycan-Levent 7 FAQs in urban planning, 22 p.

Peter Nijkamp

2009-31 Aliye Ahu Gülümser Turkey’s rurality: A comparative analysis at the EU level, 22 p.
Tüzin Baycan-Levent
Peter Nijkamp

2009-32 Frank Bruinsma An agent-based decision support model for the development of e-services in the
Karima Kourtit tourist sector, 21 p.
Peter Nijkamp

2009-33 Mediha Sahin Cultural diversity and urban innovativeness: Personal and business
Peter Nijkamp characteristics of urban migrant entrepreneurs, 27 p.
Marius Rietdijk

2009-34 Peter Nijkamp Performance indicators of urban migrant entrepreneurship in the Netherlands, 28
Mediha Sahin p.

2009-35 Manfred M. Fischer Entrepreneurship and regional development, 23 p.

Peter Nijkamp

2009-36 Faroek Lazrak Cultural heritage and creative cities: An economic evaluation perspective, 20 p.
Peter Nijkamp
Piet Rietveld
Jan Rouwendal

2009-37 Enno Masurel Bridging the gap between institutions of higher education and small and
Peter Nijkamp medium-size enterprises, 32 p.

2009-38 Francesca Medda Dynamic effects of external and private transport costs on urban shape: A
Peter Nijkamp morphogenetic perspective, 17 p.
Piet Rietveld

2009-39 Roberta Capello Urban economics at a cross-yard: Recent theoretical and methodological
Peter Nijkamp directions and future challenges, 16 p.

2009-40 Enno Masurel The low participation of urban migrant entrepreneurs: Reasons and perceptions
Peter Nijkamp of weak institutional embeddedness, 23 p.

2009-41 Patricia van Hemert Knowledge investments, business R&D and innovativeness of countries. A
Peter Nijkamp qualitative meta-analytic comparison, 25 p.

2009-42 Teresa de Noronha Knowledge and innovation: The strings between global and local dimensions of
Vaz sustainable growth, 16 p.
Peter Nijkamp

2009-43 Chiara M. Travisi Managing environmental risk in agriculture: A systematic perspective on the
Peter Nijkamp potential of quantitative policy-oriented risk valuation, 19 p.

2009-44 Sander de Leeuw Logistics aspects of emergency preparedness in flood disaster prevention, 24 p.
 Iris F.A. Vis
Sebastiaan B. Jonkman

2009-45 Eveline S. van Social accounting matrices. The development and application of SAMs at the
Leeuwen local level, 26 p.
Peter Nijkamp

2009-46 Tibert Verhagen The influence of online store characteristics on consumer impulsive decision-
Willemijn van Dolen making: A model and empirical application, 33 p.

2009-47 Eveline van Leeuwen A micro-simulation model for e-services in cultural heritage tourism, 23 p.
Peter Nijkamp

2009-48 Andrea Caragliu Smart cities in Europe, 15 p.

Chiara Del Bo
Peter Nijkamp

2009-49 Faroek Lazrak Cultural heritage: Hedonic prices for non-market values, 11 p.
Peter Nijkamp
Piet Rietveld
Jan Rouwendal

2009-50 Eric de Noronha Vaz Past landscapes for the reconstruction of Roman land use: Eco-history tourism
João Pedro Bernardes in the Algarve, 23 p.
Peter Nijkamp

2009-51 Eveline van Leeuwen The Multi-functional use of urban green space, 12 p.
Peter Nijkamp
Teresa de Noronha
Vaz

2009-52 Peter Bakker Appraisal of integrated transport policies, 20 p.

Carl Koopmans
Peter Nijkamp

2009-53 Luca De Angelis The dynamics analysis and prediction of stock markets through the latent
Leonard J. Paas Markov model, 29 p.

2009-54 Jan Anne Annema Een lastige praktijk: Ervaringen met waarderen van omgevingskwaliteit in de
Carl Koopmans kosten-batenanalyse, 17 p.

2009-55 Bas Straathof Europe’s internal market at fifty: Over the hill? 39 p.
Gert-Jan Linders

2009-56 Joaquim A.S. Exponentially better than brute force: solving the job-shop scheduling problem
Gromicho optimally by dynamic programming, 14 p.
Jelke J. van Hoorn
Francisco Saldanha-
da-Gama
Gerrit T. Timmer

2009-57 Carmen Lee The effect of anticipated and experienced regret and pride on investors’ future
Roman Kraeussl selling decisions, 31 p.
Leo Paas

2009-58 René Sitters Efficient algorithms for average completion time scheduling, 17 p.
2009-59 Masood Gheasi Migration and tourist flows, 20 p.
Peter Nijkamp
Piet Rietveld
2010-1 Roberto Patuelli Persistent disparities in regional unemployment: Application of a spatial
Norbert Schanne filtering approach to local labour markets in Germany, 28 p.
Daniel A. Griffith
Peter Nijkamp

2010-2 Thomas de Graaff Schaalsprong Almere. Het effect van bereikbaarheidsverbeteringen op de

Ghebre Debrezion huizenprijzen in Almere, 22 p.
Piet Rietveld

2010-3 John Steenbruggen Real-time data from mobile phone networks for urban incidence and traffic
Maria Teresa management – a review of application and opportunities, 23 p.
Borzacchiello
Peter Nijkamp
Henk Scholten

2010-4 Marc D. Bahlmann Does distance matter? An ego-network approach towards the knowledge-based
Tom Elfring theory of clusters, 31 p.
Peter Groenewegen
Marleen H. Huysman

2010-5 Jelke J. van Hoorn A note on the worst case complexity for the capacitated vehicle routing problem,
3 p.

2010-6 Mark G. Lijesen Empirical applications of spatial competition; an interpretative literature review,
16 p.

2010-7 Carmen Lee Personality and investment: Personality differences affect investors’ adaptation
Roman Kraeussl to losses, 28 p.
Leo Paas

2010-8 Nahom Ghebrihiwet Leniency programs in the presence of judicial errors, 21 p.

Evgenia Motchenkova

2010-9 Meindert J. Flikkema New trademark registration as an indicator of innovation: results of an

Ard-Pieter de Man explorative study of Benelux trademark data, 53 p.
Matthijs Wolters

2010-10 Jani Merikivi Having belief(s) in social virtual worlds: A decomposed approach, 37 p.
Tibert Verhagen
Frans Feldberg

2010-11 Umut Kilinç Price-cost markups and productivity dynamics of entrant plants, 34 p.

2010-12 Umut Kilinç Measuring competition in a frictional economy, 39 p.

2011-1 Yoshifumi Takahashi Multifunctional agricultural land use in sustainable world, 25 p.
Peter Nijkamp

2011-2 Paulo A.L.D. Nunes Biodiversity: Economic perspectives, 37 p.

Peter Nijkamp

2011-3 Eric de Noronha Vaz A complex spatial systems analysis of tourism and urban sprawl in the Algarve,
Doan Nainggolan 23 p.
Peter Nijkamp
Marco Painho

2011-4 Karima Kourtit Strangers on the move. Ethnic entrepreneurs as urban change actors, 34 p.
Peter Nijkamp

2011-5 Manie Geyer Recent business transformation in intermediate-sized cities in South Africa, 30
Helen C. Coetzee p.
Danie Du Plessis
Ronnie Donaldson
Peter Nijkamp

2011-6 Aki Kangasharju Regional growth and unemployment. The validity of Okun’s law for the Finnish
Christophe Tavéra regions, 17 p.
Peter Nijkamp

2011-7 Amitrajeet A. Batabyal A Schumpeterian model of entrepreneurship, innovation, and regional economic
Peter Nijkamp growth, 30 p.

2011-8 Aliye Ahu Akgün The engine of sustainable rural development: Embeddedness of entrepreneurs in
Tüzin Baycan Levent rural Turkey, 17 p.
Peter Nijkamp

2011-9 Aliye Ahu Akgün A systemic perspective on multi-stakeholder sustainable development strategies,
Eveline van Leeuwen 26 p.
Peter Nijkamp

2011-10 Tibert Verhagen Virtual customer service agents: Using social presence and personalization to
Jaap van Nes shape online service encounters, 48 p.
Frans Feldberg
Willemijn van Dolen

2011-11 Henk J. Scholten De inrichting van crisisbeheersing, de relatie tussen besluitvorming en

Maarten van der Vlist informatievoorziening. Casus: Warroom project Netcentrisch werken bij
Rijkswaterstaat, 23 p.

2011-12 Tüzin Baycan A socio-economic impact analysis of cultural diversity, 22 p.

Peter Nijkamp

2011-13 Aliye Ahu Akgün Repositioning rural areas as promising future hot spots, 22 p.
Tüzin Baycan
Peter Nijkamp

2011-14 Selmar Meents How sellers can stimulate purchasing in electronic marketplaces: Using
Tibert Verhagen information as a risk reduction signal, 29 p.
Paul Vlaar
2011-15 Aliye Ahu Gülümser Measuring regional creative capacity: A literature review for rural-specific
Tüzin Baycan-Levent approaches, 22 p.
Peter Nijkamp

2011-16 Frank Bruinsma Tourism, culture and e-services: Evaluation of e-services packages, 30 p.
Karima Kourtit
Peter Nijkamp

2011-17 Peter Nijkamp Supply of and demand for e-services in the cultural sector: Combining top-down
Frank Bruinsma and bottom-up perspectives, 16 p.
Karima Kourtit
Eveline van Leeuwen

2011-18 Eveline van Leeuwen Climate change: From global concern to regional challenge, 17 p.
Peter Nijkamp
Piet Rietveld

2011-19 Eveline van Leeuwen Operational advances in tourism research, 25 p.

Peter Nijkamp

2011-20 Aliye Ahu Akgün Creative capacity for sustainable development: A comparative analysis of
Tüzin Baycan European and Turkish rural regions, 18 p.
Peter Nijkamp

2011-21 Aliye Ahu Gülümser Business dynamics as the source of counterurbanisation: An empirical analysis
Tüzin Baycan-Levent of Turkey, 18 p.
Peter Nijkamp

2011-22 Jessie Bakens Lessons from migration impact analysis, 19 p.

Peter Nijkamp

2011-23 Peter Nijkamp Opportunities and pitfalls of local e-democracy, 17 p.

Galit Cohen-
blankshtain

2011-24 Maura Soekijad The ‘lean people’ in hospital change: Identity work as social differentiation, 30
Irene Skovgaard Smith p.

2011-25 Evgenia Motchenkova Research joint ventures and price collusion: Joint analysis of the impact of R&D
Olgerd Rus subsidies and antitrust fines, 30 p.

2011-26 Karima Kourtit Strategic choice analysis by expert panels for migration impact assessment, 41
Peter Nijkamp p.

2011-27 Faroek Lazrak The market value of listed heritage: An urban economic application of spatial
Peter Nijkamp hedonic pricing, 24 p.
Piet Rietveld
Jan Rouwendal

2011-28 Peter Nijkamp Socio-economic impacts of heterogeneity among foreign migrants: Research
and policy challenges, 17 p.

2011-29 Masood Gheasi Migration, tourism and international trade: Evidence from the UK, 8 p.
Peter Nijkamp

2011-30 Karima Kourtit Evaluation of cyber-tools in cultural tourism, 24 p.

 Peter Nijkamp
Eveline van Leeuwen
Frank Bruinsma

2011-31 Cathy Macharis Possible bias in multi-actor multi-criteria transportation evaluation: Issues and
Peter Nijkamp solutions, 16 p.

2011-32 John Steenbruggen The use of GSM data for transport safety management: An exploratory review,
Maria Teresa 29 p.
Borzacchiello
Peter Nijkamp
Henk Scholten

2011-33 John Steenbruggen Traffic incident management: A common operational picture to support
Peter Nijkamp situational awareness of sustainable mobility, 36 p.
Jan M. Smits
Michel Grothe

2011-34 Tüzin Baycan Students’ interest in an entrepreneurial career in a multicultural society, 25 p.

Peter Nijkamp

2011-35 Adele Finco Integrated evaluation of biofuel production options in agriculture: An

Deborah Bentivoglio exploration of sustainable policy scenarios, 16 p.
Peter Nijkamp

2011-36 Eric de Noronha Vaz Urban heritage endangerment at the interface of future cities and past heritage:
Pedro Cabral A spatial vulnerability assessment, 25 p.
Mário Caetano
Peter Nijkamp
Marco Paínho

2011-37 Maria Giaoutzi Scenario analysis in foresight: AG2020, 23 p.

Anastasia Stratigea
Eveline van Leeuwen
Peter Nijkamp

2011-38 Peter Nijkamp Knowledge infrastructure and regional growth, 12 p.

Patricia van Hemert

2011-39 Patricia van Hemert The role of knowledge sources of SME’s for innovation perception and regional
Enno Masurel innovation policy, 27 p.
Peter Nijkamp

2011-40 Eric de Noronha Vaz Impacts of environmental law and regulations on agricultural land-use change
Marco Painho and urban pressure: The Algarve case, 18 p.
Peter Nijkamp

2011-41 Karima Kourtit From islands of innovation to creative hotspots, 26 p.

Peter Nijkamp
Steef Lowik
Frans van Vught
Paul Vulto

2011-42 Alina Todiras Innovative marketing strategies for national industrial flagships: Brand
Peter Nijkamp repositioning for accessing upscale markets, 27 p.
Saidas Rafijevas
2011-43 Eric de Noronha Vaz A multi-level spatial urban pressure analysis of the Giza Pyramid Plateau in
Mário Caetano Egypt, 18 p.
Peter Nijkamp

2011-44 Andrea Caragliu A map of human capital in European cities, 36 p.

Chiara Del Bo
Peter Nijkamp

2011-45 Patrizia Lombardi An advanced triple-helix network model for smart cities performance, 22 p.
Silvia Giordano
Andrea Caragliu
Chiara Del Bo
Mark Deakin
Peter Nijkamp
Karima Kourtit

2011-46 Jessie Bakens Migrant heterogeneity and urban development: A conceptual analysis, 17 p.
Peter Nijkamp

2011-47 Irene Casas Short and long term effects of sustainable mobility policy: An exploratory case
Maria Teresa study, 20 p.
Borzacchiello
Biagio Ciuffo
Peter Nijkamp

2011-48 Christian Bogmans Can globalization outweigh free-riding? 27 p.

2011-49 Karim Abbas A Taylor series expansion approach to the functional approximation of finite
Bernd Heidergott queues, 26 p.
Djamil Aïssani

2011-50 Eric Koomen Indicators of rural vitality. A GIS-based analysis of socio-economic

development of the rural Netherlands, 17 p.
2012-1 Aliye Ahu Gülümser The role of local and newcomer entrepreneurs in rural development: A
Tüzin Baycan Levent comparative meta-analytic study, 39 p.
Peter Nijkamp
Jacques Poot

2012-2 Joao Romao Urban tourist complexes as Multi-product companies: Market segmentation and
Bart Neuts product differentiation in Amsterdam, 18 p.
Peter Nijkamp
Eveline van Leeuwen

2012-3 Vincent A.C. van den Step tolling with price sensitive demand: Why more steps in the toll makes the
Berg consumer better off, 20 p.

2012-4 Vasco Diogo Second generation biofuel production in the Netherlands. A spatially-explicit
Eric Koomen exploration of the economic viability of a perennial biofuel crop, 12 p.
Floor van der Hilst

2012-5 Thijs Dekker Changing with the tide: Semi-parametric estimation of preference dynamics, 50
Paul Koster p.
Roy Brouwer

2012-6 Daniel Arribas Benchmarking of world cities through self-organizing maps, 22 p.

Karima Kourtit
Peter Nijkamp

2012-7 Karima Kourtit Supernova stars in knowledge-based regions, 24 p.

Peter Nijkamp
Frans van Vught
Paul Vulto

2012-8 Mediha Sahin The economic importance of migrant entrepreneurship: An application of data
Tüzin Baycan envelopment analysis in the Netherlands, 16 p.
Peter Nijkamp

2012-9 Peter Nijkamp Migration impact assessment: A state of the art, 48 p.

Jacques Poot

2012-10 Tibert Verhagen Negative online word-of-mouth: Behavioral indicator or emotional release? 29
Anniek Nauta p.
Frans Feldberg
2013-1 Tüzin Baycan The migration development nexus: New perspectives and challenges, 22 p.
Peter Nijkamp

2013-2 Haralambie Leahu European Options Sensitivities via Monte Carlo Techniques, 28 p.

2013-3 Tibert Verhagen Making online products more tangible and likeable: The role of local presence
Charlotte Vonkeman as product presentation mechanism, 44 p.
Frans Feldberg
Plon Verhagen

2013-4 Aliye Ahu Akgün A Multi-actor multi-criteria scenario analysis of regional sustainable resource
Eveline van Leeuwen policy, 24 p.
Peter Nijkamp

2013-5 John Steenbruggen Urban traffic incident management in a digital society. An actor-network
Peter Nijkamp approach in information technology use in urban Europe, 25 p.
Maarten van der Vlist

2013-6 Jorge Ridderstaat The force field of tourism, 19 p.

Robertico Croes
Peter Nijkamp

2013-7 Masood Gheasi Unknown diversity: A study on undocumented migrant workers in the Dutch
Peter Nijkamp household sector, 17 p.
Piet Rietveld

2013-8 Mediha Sahin Survival of the fittest among migrant entrepreneurs. A study on differences in
Peter Nijkamp the efficiency performance of migrant entrepreneurs in Amsterdam by means of
Soushi Suzuki data envelopment analysis, 25 p.

2013-9 Kostas Bithas Biological integrity as a prerequisite for sustainable development: A

Peter Nijkamp bioeconomic perspective, 24 p.

2013-10 Madalina-Stefania The dynamics of agglomeration processes and their contribution to regional
Dirzu development across the EU, 19 p.
Peter Nijkamp

2013-11 Eric de Noronha Vaz Regional challenges in tourist wetland systems: An integrated approach to the
Agnieszka Walczynska Ria Formosa area, 17 p.
Peter Nijkamp

2013-12 João Romão Tourist loyalty and urban e-services: A comparison of behavioural impacts in
Eveline van Leeuwen Leipzig and Amsterdam, 19 p.
Bart Neuts
Peter Nijkamp

2013-13 Jorge Ridderstaat Impacts of seasonal patterns of climate on recurrent fluctuations in tourism
Marck Oduber demand. Evidence from Aruba, 34 p.
Robertico Croes
Peter Nijkamp
Pim Martens

2013-14 Emmanouil Tranos Urban and regional analysis and the digital revolution: Challenges and
Peter Nijkamp opportunities, 16 p.

2013-15 Masood Gheasi International financial transfer by foreign labour: An analysis of remittances
 Peter Nijkamp from informal migrants, 11 p.
Piet Rietveld

2013-16 Serenella Sala A meta-framework for sustainability assessment, 24 p.

Biagio Ciuffo
Peter Nijkamp

2013-17 Eveline van Leeuwen Foresights, scenarios and sustainable development – a pluriformity perspective,
Peter Nijkamp 19 p.
Aliye Ahu Akgün
Masood Gheasi

2013-18 Aliye Ahu Akgün Analytical support tools for sustainable futures, 19 p.
Eveline van Leeuwen
Peter Nijkamp

2013-19 Peter Nijkamp Migration impact assessment: A review of evidence-based findings, 29 p.

2013-20 Aliye Ahu Akgün Sustainability science as a basis for policy evaluation, 16 p.
Eveline van Leeuwen
Peter Nijkamp

2013-21 Vicky Katsoni Market segmentation in tourism – An operational assessment framework, 28 p.

Maria Giaoutzi
Peter Nijkamp

2013-22 Jorge Ridderstaat Tourism development, quality of life and exogenous shocks. A systemic
Robertico Croes analysis framework, 26 p.
Peter Nijkamp

2013-23 Feng Xu Dynamic simulation of China’s carbon emission reduction potential by 2020, 12
Nan Xiang p.
Shanshan Wang
Peter Nijkamp
Yoshiro Higano

2013-24 John Steenbruggen Traffic incident and disaster management in the Netherlands: Challenges and
Peter Nijkamp obstacles in information sharing, 30 p.
Jan M. Smits
Ghaitrie Mohabir

2013-25 Patricia van Hemert From innovation to commercialization through networks and agglomerations:
Peter Nijkamp Analysis of sources of innovation, innovation capabilities and performance of
Enno Masurel Dutch SMEs, 24 p.

2013-26 Patricia van Hemert How do SMEs learn in a systems-of-innovation context? The role of sources of
Peter Nijkamp innovation and absorptive capacity on the innovation performance of Dutch
Enno Masurel SMEs, 27 p.

2013-27 Mediha Sahin Colourful entrepreneurship in Dutch cities: A review and analysis of business
Alina Todiras performance, 25 p.
Peter Nijkamp

2013-28 Tüzin Baycan The urban growth potential of second-generation migrant entrepreneurs. A
Mediha Sahin sectoral study on Amsterdam, 31 p.
Peter Nijkamp
2013-29 Eric Vaz The architecture of firms’ innovative behaviors, 23 p.
Teresa de Noronha
Vaz
Peter Nijkamp

2013-30 Eric Vaz Linking agricultural policies with decision making: A spatial approach, 21 p.
Marco Painho
Peter Nijkamp

2013-31 Yueting Guo Space-time changes in interdependent urban-environmental systems: A policy

Hengwei Wang study on the Huai River Basin in China, 20 p.
Peter Nijkamp
Jiangang XU

2013-32 Maurice de Kleijn User-centric SDI framework applied to historical and heritage European
Niels van Manen landscape research, 31 p.
Jan Kolen
Henk Scholten

2013-33 Erik van der Zee Application of geographical concepts and spatial technology to the Internet of
Henk Scholten Things, 35 p.

2013-34 Mehmet Güney Celbiş The lucrative impact of trade-related infrastructure: Meta-Analytic Evidence, 45
Peter Nijkamp p.
Jacques Poot

2013-35 Marco Modica Are Gibrat and Zipf Monozygotic or Heterozygotic Twins? A Comparative
Aura Reggiani Analysis of Means and Variances in Complex Urban Systems, 34 p.
Peter Nijkamp

2013-36 Bernd Heidergott A Smoothed Perturbation Analysis Approach to Parisian Options, 14 p.

Haralambie Leahu
Warren Volk-
Makarewicz

2013-37 Peter Nijkamp The Spatial Economy – A Holistic Perspective, 14 p.

Waldemar Ratajczak

2013-38 Karima Kourtit New Entrepreneurship in Urban Diasporas in our Modern World, 22 p.
Peter Nijkamp
Eveline van Leeuwen