MTH201: Calculus III

Chapter 0: Review some material from high school

Lecture #3: Techniques of Integration

Lebanese American University

Table of contents

1 Antiderivative

2 Properties of Anti-derivatives

3 Substitution Method

4 Practice More

5 Integration by Parts

6 Tabular Integration or American Way

7 Trigonometric Integrals

8 Exercises

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 Antiderivative

Table of Contents

1 Antiderivative

2 Properties of Anti-derivatives

3 Substitution Method

4 Practice More

5 Integration by Parts

6 Tabular Integration or American Way

7 Trigonometric Integrals

8 Exercises

3 / 113
 Antiderivative

We know that 2x is the derivative of x 2 , so we can say that x 2 is the anti-derivative of 2x,
d
similarly, we have that cos(x) is the anti-derivative of sin(x) since dx (sin(x)) = cos(x).
Hence, we obtain the following definition:

Definition (Antiderivative of a Function)

F is said to be an antiderivative of f on an interval I if

F ′ (x) = f (x) , ∀x ∈ I.

Integrals
If F is an antiderivative of f then we write
Z
f (x) dx = F (x) + C.

• f is called the integrand.

• dx means that we are performing integration with respect to x.

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 Antiderivative

Rule
Let α and β two real numbers.
Z Z Z
(αf (x) ± β g (x)) dx = α f (x) dx ± β g (x) dx.

Remark
Z Z  Z 
f (x) g (x) dx ̸= f (x) dx g (x) dx .

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 Antiderivative

The Definite Integrals

Consider the real-valued function f (x). The definite integral of the function f (x) over the range
x = a to x = b is
Z b
f (x)dx = F (b) − F (a).
a
Where F is an antiderivative of f .
y
f (x)
x =a
x =b

a b

When f (x) ≥ 0, then the definite integral gives the area under the curve between a and b
Z b
Area = f (x)dx = F (b) − F (a) .
a

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 Antiderivative

Proprieties of integrals
Given a, b, and c are real numbers:
Z a
1 f (x) dx = 0.
a
Z b Z a
2 f (x) dx = − f (x) dx.
a b
Z b Z c Z b
3 f (x) dx = f (x) dx + f (x) dx.
a a c

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 Properties of Anti-derivatives

Table of Contents

1 Antiderivative

2 Properties of Anti-derivatives

3 Substitution Method

4 Practice More

5 Integration by Parts

6 Tabular Integration or American Way

7 Trigonometric Integrals

8 Exercises

8 / 113
 Properties of Anti-derivatives

Some common formula for integrals

x n+1
Z
1- x n dx = + C, n ̸= −1.
n+1
dx
Z
2- = ln |x| + C.
x
Z
3- ex dx = ex + C.
Z
4- cos(x)dx = sin(x) + C.
Z
5- sin(x)dx = − cos(x) + C.

ax
Z
6- ax dx = + C, a > 0.
ln(a)
Z
7- sec2 (x)dx = tan(x) + C.
Z
8- csc2 (x)dx = − cot(x) + C.
Z
9- sec(x) tan(x)dx = sec(x) + C.

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 Properties of Anti-derivatives

Z
10- csc(x) cot(x)dx = − csc(x) + C.
dx x 
Z
11- √ = sin−1 + C.
a2 − x 2 a
dx 1 x
Z 
12- √ = sec−1 + C.
2
x x −a 2 a a
dx 1 x 
Z
13- = tan−1 + C.
a2 + x 2 a a
Z
14- cosh(x)dx = sinh(x) + C.
Z
15- sinh(x)dx = cosh(x) + C.
Z
16- sech2 (x)dx = tanh(x) + C.
Z
17- csch2 (x)dx = − coth(x) + C.
Z
18- sech(x)tanh(x)dx = −sech(x) + C.
Z
19- csch(x) coth(x)dx = −csch(x) + C.

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 Properties of Anti-derivatives

dx x 
Z
20- p = sinh−1 + C.
2
a +x 2 a
dx x 
Z
21- √ = cosh−1 + C.
x 2 − a2 a
dx 1 x 
Z
22- √ = − sech−1 + C.
x a2 − x 2 a a
dx 1 x 
Z
23- p = − csch−1 + C.
2
x a +x 2 a a

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 Properties of Anti-derivatives

Example
R√
1) x 2 dx
R
2) x dx
Find the antiderivative of the following functions:
3) 12 dx
R
x

solution:
x 2+1 x3
1) x 2 dx =
R
2+1 +C = 3 + C.

R√ 1
1 +1
x2
3
+ C = 2 x32 + C.
R
2) x dx = x 2 dx = 1 +1
2

R 1 −2+1 −1
dx = x −2 dx = x−2+1 + C = x−1 + C = − x1 .
R
3) x2

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 Substitution Method

Table of Contents

1 Antiderivative

2 Properties of Anti-derivatives

3 Substitution Method

4 Practice More

5 Integration by Parts

6 Tabular Integration or American Way

7 Trigonometric Integrals

8 Exercises

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 Substitution Method

Motivation
By using Chain Rule we have the following derivatives

d  x3  3
e −→ 3x 2 ex
dx

d  
cos(x 2 ) −→ −2x sin(x 2 )
dx

d  √  2 √
( t + 1)4 −→ √ ( t + 1)3
dx t
Then we can deduce the Integrals of the following functions

Z
3 3
3x 2 ex dx = ex + C

Z
−2x sin(x 2 )dx = cos(x 2 ) + C

2 √ √
Z
√ ( t + 1)3 dx = ( t + 1)4 + C
t

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 Substitution Method

Motivation
Z
Question: How to solve e2x dx??

We know that Z
ex dx = ex + C,

also we know that

d u(x) du
(e ) = eu(x)
dx dx
then
Z Z
eu(x) u ′ (x)dx = eu du,

hence
1 1 1 u 1
Z Z Z
e2x dx = e2x · 2dx = eu du = e + C = e2x + C.
2 |{z} |{z} 2 2 2
eu du

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 Substitution Method

Motivation

dt
Z
Integrate: √ √
t( t + 1)2
Solution:
dt 1 1
Z Z
√ √ = √ √ dt
t( t + 1)2 ( t + 1)2 t
1 1
Z
=2 √ √ dt
( t + 1)2 2 t
| {z } | {z }
u(t) u ′ (t)

1 ′
Z
=2 u (t)dt
u 2 | {z }
du
Z
−2
=2 u du

= −2u −1 + C
2
= −√ +C
t +1

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 Substitution Method

Theorem:
Integration by Substitution is a method of integration used in case we are able to write our
integral in this form:
Z Z
f (g(x)) g ′ (x) dx = f (u(x))u ′ (x)dx = F (u(x)) + C

• Step 1. We take u = g (x).

du
• Step 2. u ′ = dx , then du = u ′ dx.

• Step 3. Substitute u and du in I.

• Step 4. Solve I.

• Step 5. Back to x.

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 Substitution Method

Example
Z
Evaluate 2x(x 2 + 1)6 dx
We are going to solve this integral by substitution (change of variable)
Step 1. let u = x 2 + 1
du
Step 2. u ′ = dx = 2x hence du = 2xdx
Z Z
Step 3. Substitute: I = x(x 2 + 1)6 dx = u 6 du

u7
Z
Step 4. Solve: I = u 6 du = + C.
7
u7
Step 5. Back to x: I = 7 + C = 17 (x 2 + 1)7 + C.

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 Substitution Method

Exercise
Determine the following anti-derivatives:
2
xex
Z
1
2
dx.
10 + ex
e3x dx
Z
2 dx.
9 + e6x
Z
3 tan (3x) dx.

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 Substitution Method

Example (solution)
2
xex
Z
1 I= 2
dx
10 + ex
2
Step 1. let u = 10 + ex
du 2 2 2
Step 2.u ′ = dx = 2xex , hence du = 2x ex dx ⇒ x ex dx = 12 du
2
xex 1 du
Z Z
Step 3. Substitute: I = dx =
10 + ex 2 2 u
1 du 1
Z
Step 4. Solve: I = = ln|u| + C.
2 u 2
1 1 2
Step 5. Back to x: I = 2 ln|u| + C = 2 ln(10 + ex ) + C.

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 Substitution Method

Example (solution)
e3x dx
Z
2 I=
9 + e6x

Step 1. let u = e3x

du
Step 2. u ′ = dx = 3e3x , hence du = 3e3x dx ⇒ e3x dx = 13 du

e3x dx 1 du
Z Z
Step 3. Substitute: I = =
9 + e6x 3 9 + u2

1 du 11 u
Z
Step 4. Solve: I = = arctan( ) + C.
3 32 + u 2 33 3
3x
Step 5. Back to x: I = 19 arctan( u3 ) + C = 19 arctan( e 3 ) + C.

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 Substitution Method

Example (solution)
Z
3 I= tan(3x)dx

sin(3x)
Z Z
We have tan(3x)dx = dx
cos(3x)
Step 1. let u = cos(3x)

du −1
Step 2. u ′ = dx = −3 sin(3x), hence du = −3 sin(3x)dx ⇒ sin(3x)dx = 3 du

sin(3x) −1 du
Z Z Z
Step 3. Substitute: I = )dx =
cos(3x) 3 u

−1 du −1
Z
Step 4. Solve: I = = ln|u| + C.
3 u 3
−1 −1
Step 5. Back to x: I = 3 ln|u| + C = 3 ln|cos(3x)| + C.

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 Practice More

Table of Contents

1 Antiderivative

2 Properties of Anti-derivatives

3 Substitution Method

4 Practice More

5 Integration by Parts

6 Tabular Integration or American Way

7 Trigonometric Integrals

8 Exercises

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 Practice More

Find the following anti-derivatives

Z 6 Z
 2
1 I1 = x x 2 + 1 dx. 10 I10 = x5x dx.
Z Z
2 I2 = sin (3x) (4 + 2 cos (3x))7 dx. 11 I11 = cos (3x) 2sin(3x) dx.

3ln(2x)
Z  10 Z
3 I3 = e−2x 6 − e−2x dx. 12 I12 = dx.
x
x −1
Z Z  
4 I4 = dx. 13 I13 = x 2 cos x 3 + 2 dx.
3x 2 − 6x + 100
Z  
sec (8x) tan (8x)
Z
5 I5 = dx. 14 I14 = e3x cos e3x dx.
10 + sec (8x)
cos (ln (x))
Z
e3x I15 = dx.
Z
15
6 I6 = dx. x
100 + e3x Z  
I16 = x n sin x n+1 dx, n > 1.
Z
4 +2 16
7 I7 = x 3 ex dx.
Z  2
2
Z
ln (x) ln2 (x) 17 I17 = xe3x sin e3x dx.
8 I8 = e dx.
x Z
Z
2 cot(2x)
18 I18 = 3x sin (3x ) dx.
9 I9 = csc (2x) e dx.

More practice and answers are provided at the end.

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 Integration by Parts

Table of Contents

1 Antiderivative

2 Properties of Anti-derivatives

3 Substitution Method

4 Practice More

5 Integration by Parts

6 Tabular Integration or American Way

7 Trigonometric Integrals

8 Exercises

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 Integration by Parts

Problem
We consider the following integral
Z
I= f (x)g(x)dx,

where it is difficult to obtain directly this integral, however g is a function whose

anti-derivativewe can be found.

Integration by parts
Z Z Z
f (x) g(x)dx = udv = uv − vdu
|{z} | {z }
u dv

Its proof follows from the derivative rule d(uv ) = vdu + udv

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 Integration by Parts

Remark
The following order provides guidelines to choose u and dv according to LIATE rule:
For u, choose from the beginning of the list, and for dv choose from the end of the list.
1 L - logarithm functions
2 I - Inverse trigonometric functions
3 A - Algebraic functions (simple polynomial terms)
4 T - Trigonometric functions
5 E - Exponential functions

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 Integration by Parts

Example
Z
Evaluate the following integrals: I = ln(x)dx

solution:

1
u = ln(x) → du =
x
dv = 1 → v =x

1
Z Z
So I = uv − vdu = x ln(x) − x dx
x
Z
= x ln(x) − dx + C = x ln(x) − x + C.

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 Integration by Parts

Repeated integration by parts

Example
Z
I= cos(x)ex dx
u = cos(x) → du = −sin(x)
dv = ex → v = ex
Z Z
So I = uv − vdu = cos(x)ex + sin(x)ex dx again integration by parts:

u = sin(x) → du = cos(x)
x
dv = e → v = ex

So
Z Z
I = cos(x)ex + sin(x)ex dx = cos(x)ex + sin(x)ex − cos(x)ex dx

= cos(x)ex + sin(x)ex − I

⇒ 2I = cos(x)ex + sin(x)ex + C
1
cos(x) + sin(x) ex + C


⇒ I=
2

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 Tabular Integration or American Way

Table of Contents

1 Antiderivative

2 Properties of Anti-derivatives

3 Substitution Method

4 Practice More

5 Integration by Parts

6 Tabular Integration or American Way

7 Trigonometric Integrals

8 Exercises

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 Tabular Integration or American Way

Rule
Let P be a polynomial of finite degree, we use the tabular integration to evaluate integrals of
the form:

(a ∈ R).
Z Z Z
P(x)eax dx, P(x) sin(ax)dx, P(x) cos(ax)dx

In fact, tabular integration is a by parts integration done several times successively.

Strategy
1 Do several derivatives on the Polynomial to seek 0.
2 Do several integral to the other functions opposing .
3 The answer of the integral is the summation of the multiplication between each derivative
and anti-derivative with changing the sign.

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 Tabular Integration or American Way

Example
Z
I= x 3 sin(x)dx

x3 sin(x)
+
3x 2 −cos(x)
−
Derive 6x −sin(x) Integrate
+
6 cos(x)
−
0
sin(x)

So
I = −x 3 cosx + 3x 2 sinx + 6xcosx − 6sinx + C.

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 Tabular Integration or American Way

Example
Z
Find I = (x 3 − 2x + 1)e2x dx

x 3 − 2x + 1 e2x
+
1 2x
3x 2 − 2 2e

−
Derive 6x 1 2x Integrate
4e
+
6
1 2x
8e
−
0
1 2x
16 e

So
e2x e2x e2x e2x
I = (x 3 − 2x + 1) − (3x 2 − 2) + 6x −6 + C.
2 4 8 16

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 Tabular Integration or American Way

Example
Evaluate the following integrals:
Z
a- I = x 5 sin(2x)dx.
Z
b- I = (x 2 + 1) cos(2x)dx.
Z
c- I = (x 4 + 2x 3 − 1)e−2x dx.
Z
d- I = (x 3 + 2x + 10) sin(3x)dx.
Z
e- I = (x 2 + 1)2 cos(x)dx.
Z
f- I = (3x − 4)e−3x dx.

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 Trigonometric Integrals

Table of Contents

1 Antiderivative

2 Properties of Anti-derivatives

3 Substitution Method

4 Practice More

5 Integration by Parts

6 Tabular Integration or American Way

7 Trigonometric Integrals

8 Exercises

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 Trigonometric Integrals Type 1: Product of Powers of Sin and Cos

Rule

sinn (x) cosm (x)dx where m, n ∈ N:

Z
To solve integrals of the form
Case 1: If n is odd:
n = 2k + 1,
Use the substitution: u = cos(x), then du = − sin(x)dx
Write sinn (x) = (sin2 (x))k sin(x) = (1 − cos2 (x))k sin(x)
Case 2: If m is odd:
m = 2k + 1,
Use the substitution: u = sin(x), then du = cos(x)dx
Write cosm (x) = (cos2 (x))k cos(x) = (1 − sin2 (x))k cos(x)
Case 3: If m, n are even:

1 + cos(2x) 1 − cos(2x)
Use the rules cos2 (x) = & sin2 (x) =
2 2
Case 4: If m, n are odd: Use case 1 or case 2.

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 Trigonometric Integrals Type 1: Product of Powers of Sin and Cos

Example

Z
I= sin3 (x) cos2 (x)dx Power on sin is odd
Z
= sin2 (x) cos2 (x) sin(x)dx
Z
= (1 − cos2 (x)) cos2 (x) sin(x)dx

Let u = cos(x) ⇒ du = − sin(x)dx

Z
2 2
I = − (1 − u )u du
!
u n+1
Z Z
2 4 n
= − (u − u )du u du = +C
n+1
u3 u5
= − + +C
3 5
(cos(x))3 (cos(x))5
= − + + C.
3 5

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 Trigonometric Integrals Type 1: Product of Powers of Sin and Cos

Example (Case 4)

Z
I= sin3 (x) cos3 (x)dx Both powers are odd
Z
= sin3 (x) cos2 (x) cos(x)dx
Z
= sin3 (x)(1 − sin2 (x)) cos(x)dx

Let u = sin(x) ⇒ du = cos(x)dx

Z
3 2
= u (1 − u )du
Z
= (u 3 − u 5 )du

u4 u6
= − +C
4 6
(sin(x))4 (sin(x))6
= − + C.
4 6

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 Trigonometric Integrals Type 1: Product of Powers of Sin and Cos

Example (Case 3)
Z
sin2 (x) cos4 (x)dx Both powers are even
Z
= sin2 (x)(cos2 )2 (x)dx
1 − cos(2x)  1 + cos(2x) 2
Z
= ( ) dx
2 2

2
1 − cos(2x) 1 + cos(2x)
Z
= ( ) dx
2 4
1
Z  
= (1 − cos(2x)) 1 + 2cos(2x) + cos2 (2x) dx
8
1
Z
= 1 − cos(2x) + 2cos(2x) − 2cos2 (2x) + cos2 (2x) − cos3 (2x)dx
8
1
Z
= 1 + cos(2x) − cos2 (2x) − cos3 (2x)dx
8
" #
1 1 1 + cos(4x)
Z Z
3
= x + sin(2x) − dx − cos (2x)dx
8 2 2

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 Trigonometric Integrals Type 1: Product of Powers of Sin and Cos

Example (Case 3)

" #
1 1 1 + cos(4x)
Z Z
3
= x + sin(2x) − dx − cos (2x)dx
8 2 2
" #
1 1 x sin(4x)
Z
2
= x + sin(2x) − − dx − (1 − sin (2x))cos(2x)dx
8 2 2 8
" #
1 1 x sin(4x) 1
Z
2
= x + sin(2x) − − dx − (1 − u )du
8 2 2 8 2
" #
1 1 u sin(4x) u u3
= x + sin(2x) − − dx − + +C
8 2 2 8 2 6
" #
1 1 sin(2x) sin(4x) sin(2x) sin(2x)3
= x + sin(2x) − − dx − + +C
8 2 2 8 2 6

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 Trigonometric Integrals Type 1: Product of Powers of Sin and Cos

Example
Solve the following anti-derivatives:
Z
1 I= sin3 (x) cos5 (x)dx.
Z
2 I= sin3 (x) cos4 (x)dx.
Z
3 I= sin5 (x) cos4 (x)dx.
Z
4 I= sin4 (x) cos3 (x)dx.
Z
5 I= sin2 (x) cos3 (x)dx.
Z
6 I= sin4 (x) cos5 (x)dx.

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 Trigonometric Integrals Type 1: Product of Powers of Sin and Cos

Example
Z
7 I= sin2 (x) cos2 (x)dx.
Z
8 I= sin(x) cos100 (x)dx.
Z
9 I= sin100 (x) cos(x)dx.

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 Trigonometric Integrals Type 1: Product of Powers of Sin and Cos

Example (solution 1.)

Z
I= sin3 (x) cos5 (x)dx Both powers are odd
Z
= sin3 (x) cos4 (x) cos(x)dx
Z  2
= sin3 (x) 1 − sin2 (x) cos(x)dx

Let u = sin(x) ⇒ du = cos(x)dx

Z  2 Z  
I = u 3 1 − u 2 du = u 3 1 − 2u 2 + u 4 du
Z  
= u 3 − 2u 5 + u 7 du

u 4 2u 6 u 8
= − + +C
4 6 8
(sin(x)) 4 2 sin6 (x) (sin(x))8
= − + + C.
4 6 8

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 Trigonometric Integrals Type 1: Product of Powers of Sin and Cos

Example (solution 3.)

Z
I= sin5 (x) cos4 (x)dx Power on sin is odd
Z
= sin4 (x) cos4 (x) sin(x)dx
Z  2
= 1 − cos2 (x) cos4 (x) sin(x)dx

Let u = cos(x) ⇒ du = − sin(x)dx

Z  
I = − 1 − 2u 2 + u 4 u 4 du
!
u n+1
Z Z
= − (u 4 − 2u 6 + u 8 )du u n du = +C
n+1
u5 u7 u9
= − +2 − +C
5 7 9
(cos(x)) 5 (cos(x))7 (cos(x))9
= − +2 − + C.
5 7 9

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 Trigonometric Integrals Type 1: Product of Powers of Sin and Cos

Example (solution 4. )

Z
I= sin4 (x) cos3 (x)dx cos power is odd
Z
= sin4 (x) cos2 (x) cos(x)dx
Z
= sin4 (x)(1 − sin2 (x)) cos(x)dx

Let u = sin(x) ⇒ du = cos(x)dx

Z
4 2
= u (1 − u )du
Z
= (u 4 − u 6 )du

u5 u7
= − +C
5 7
(sin(x))5 (sin(x))7
= − + C.
5 7

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 Trigonometric Integrals Type 1: Product of Powers of Sin and Cos

Example (solution 6. )

Z
I= sin4 (x) cos5 (x)dx cos power is odd
Z
= sin4 (x) cos4 (x) cos(x)dx
Z  2
= sin4 (x) 1 − sin2 (x) cos(x)dx

Let u = sin(x) ⇒ du = cos(x)dx

Z
4 2 4
= u (1 − 2u + u )du
Z
= (u 4 − 2u 6 + u 8 )du

u5 u7 u9
= −2 + +C
5 7 9
(sin(x))5 (sin(x))7 (sin(x))9
= −2 + + C.
5 7 9

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 Trigonometric Integrals Type 1: Product of Powers of Sin and Cos

Example (solution 7. )
Z
sin2 (x) cos2 (x)dx Both powers are even
Z
= sin2 (x) cos2 (x)dx
Z   
1 − cos(2x) 1 + cos(2x)
= dx
2 2
1
Z
= (1 − cos(2x)) (1 + cos(2x)) dx
4
1
Z
= (1 − cos2 (2x))dx
4
1 1 1 1 1 + cos(4x)
Z Z Z
= 1dx − cos2 (2x)dx = x − dx
4 4 4 4 2
 
1 1 1 1 1 1
= x− x− sin(4x) + C = x − sin(4x) + C
4 8 8 4 8 32

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 Trigonometric Integrals Type 1: Product of Powers of Sin and Cos

Example (solution 8. )

Z
I= sin(x) cos100 (x)dx Power on sin is odd
Z
= (cos(x))100 sin(x)dx

Let u = cos(x) ⇒ du = − sin(x)dx

Z
100
I = − u du
!
u 101 u n+1
Z
n
= − +C u du = +C
101 n+1
(cos(x))101
= − + C.
101

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 Trigonometric Integrals Type 2: Product of Sin(ax) and Cos(bx)

Problem

How to solve integrals of the form

Z
sin(ax) sin(bx)dx
Z
sin(ax) cos(bx)dx
Z
cos(ax) cos(bx)dx

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 Trigonometric Integrals Type 2: Product of Sin(ax) and Cos(bx)

Strategy
1 For Z
sin(ax) sin(bx)dx

use
1 1
sin(ax) sin(bx) = cos((a − b)x) − cos((a + b)x)
2 2
2 For Z
sin(ax) cos(bx)dx

use
1 1
sin(ax) cos(bx) = sin((a − b)x) + sin((a + b)x)
2 2
3 For Z
cos(ax) cos(bx)dx

use
1 1
cos(ax) cos(bx) = cos((a − b)x) + cos((a + b)x)
2 2

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 Trigonometric Integrals Type 2: Product of Sin(ax) and Cos(bx)

Example
Z
1 I= sin(2x) sin(3x)dx.
Z
2 I= sin(7x) sin(10x)dx.
Z
3 I= sin(4x) sin(3x)dx.
Z
4 I= sin(2x) cos(3x)dx.
Z
5 I= sin(8x) cos(9x)dx.
Z
6 I= sin(3x) cos(5x)dx.
Z
7 I= cos(2x) cos(3x)dx.
Z
8 I= cos(10x) cos(13x)dx.
Z
9 I= cos(2x) cos(7x)dx.

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 Trigonometric Integrals Type 2: Product of Sin(ax) and Cos(bx)

Example (solution 1. )
Z
sin(2x) sin(3x)dx
1
Z
= (cos ((2 − 3)x) − cos ((2 + 3)x)) dx
2
1
Z
= (cos (−x) − cos (5x)) dx
2
1 1
Z Z
= cos (x) dx − cos (5x) dx
2 2
1 1 1
= sin (x) − · sin (5x) + C
2 2 5

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 Trigonometric Integrals Type 2: Product of Sin(ax) and Cos(bx)

Example (solution 4.)

Z
sin(2x) cos(3x)dx
1
Z
= (sin ((2 − 3)x) + sin ((2 + 3)x)) dx
2
1
Z
= (sin (−x) + sin (5x)) dx
2
1 1
Z Z
= − sin (x) dx + sin (5x) dx
2 2
1 1 1
= cos (x) − · cos (5x) + C
2 2 5

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 Trigonometric Integrals Type 2: Product of Sin(ax) and Cos(bx)

Example (solution 8. )
Z
cos(10x) cos(13x)dx
1
Z
= (cos ((10 − 13)x) + cos ((10 + 13)x)) dx
2
1
Z
= (cos (−3x) + cos (23x)) dx
2
1 1
Z Z
= cos (−3x) dx + cos (23x) dx
2 2
 
1 −1 1 1
= sin (−3x) + · sin (23x) + C
2 3 2 23
−1 1
= sin (−3x) + sin (23x) + C
6 46

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 Trigonometric Integrals Type 3: Square Root of 1 ± Cos

Problem

How to solve integrals of the form

Z p
1 ± cos(ax)dx.

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 Trigonometric Integrals Type 3: Square Root of 1 ± Cos

Strategy:
a- For Z p  ax 
1 + cos(ax)dx use 1 + cos(ax) = 2 cos2 ).
2
b- For Z p  ax 
1 − cos(ax)dx use 1 − cos(ax) = 2 sin2 ( .
2

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 Trigonometric Integrals Type 3: Square Root of 1 ± Cos

Example

Z π
4 p
1 + cos(4x)dx
0
Z π
4
q Z π
4 √ q
= 2 cos2 (2x)dx = 2 cos2 (2x)dx
0 0
√ Z π
4 π
= 2 | cos(2x)|dx 0 ≤ 2x ≤
0 2
√ Z π4
= 2 cos(2x)dx
0
√ π
√ √
2 4 2 π 2
= sin(2x) = sin( ) − sin(0)
2 0 2 2 2
√
= 2/2.

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 Trigonometric Integrals Type 3: Square Root of 1 ± Cos

Example
Z p
1 I= 4 − 4 cos(2x)dx.
Z p
2 I= 16 − 16 cos(3x)dx.
Z p
3 I= 81 − 81 cos(3x)dx.
Z p
4 I= 9 + 9 cos(4x)dx.
Z p
5 I= 5 + 5 cos(5x)dx.
Z p
6 I= 81 + 81 cos(8x)dx.

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 Trigonometric Integrals Type 3: Square Root of 1 ± Cos

Example (solution 1.)

Z p
4 − 4 cos(2x)dx
Z r   Z √ q
= 4 2 sin2 (x) dx = 2 2 sin2 (x)dx
√ Z π
= 2 2 | sin(x)|dx 0≤x ≤
2
√
= −2 2 cos(x).

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 Trigonometric Integrals Type 3: Square Root of 1 ± Cos

Example (solution 5.)

Z p
5 + 5 cos(5x)dx
s s
√ Z
  Z √  
2
5 5
= 5 2 cos x dx = 10 cos2 x dx
2 2
√ Z
 
5 5 π
= 10 | cos( x x)|dx 0≤ x ≤
2 2 2
√ Z
 
5
= 10 cos( x dx
2
√
 
2 5
= 10 · sin x +C
5 2

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 Exercises

Table of Contents

1 Antiderivative

2 Properties of Anti-derivatives

3 Substitution Method

4 Practice More

5 Integration by Parts

6 Tabular Integration or American Way

7 Trigonometric Integrals

8 Exercises

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 Exercises

Find the following anti-derivatives

Z  6 Z
1 I1 = x x 2 + 1 dx. 11 I11 = cos (3x) 2sin(3x) dx.

3ln(2x)
Z Z
2 I2 = sin (3x) (4 + 2 cos (3x))7 dx. 12 I12 = dx.
x
Z  10 Z  
3 I3 = e−2x 6 − e−2x dx. 13 I13 = x 2 cos x 3 + 2 dx.

x −1
Z Z  
4 I4 = dx. 14 I14 = e3x cos e3x dx.
3x 2 − 6x + 100
cos (ln (x))
Z
sec (8x) tan (8x)
Z
5 I5 = dx. 15 I15 = dx.
10 + sec (8x) x
Z  
e3x I16 = x n sin x n+1 dx, n > 1.
Z
16
6 I6 = dx.
100 + e3x Z  2
2
I17 = xe3x sin e3x dx.
Z
3 x 4 +2 17
7 I7 = x e dx.
Z
Z
ln (x) ln2 (x) 18 I18 = 3x sin (3x ) dx.
8 I8 = e dx.
x Z  
Z
2 cot(2x)
19 I19 = x sec2 x 2 − 2 dx.
9 I9 = csc (2x) e dx.
Z  2
2
Z
x2
20 I20 = xex sec2 ex dx.
10 I10 = x5 dx.

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 Exercises

Find the following anti-derivatives

Z Z
21 I21 = sin (2x) sec2 (cos (2x)) dx. 28 I28 = csc (10x) cot (10x) dx.
Z   Z
22 I22 = x 2 csc2 x 3 + 5 dx. 29 I29 = 7x csc (7x ) cot (7x ) dx.

csc2 (ln (3x)) csc (2 ln (x)) cot (2 ln (x))

Z Z
23 I23 = dx. 30 I30 = dx.
x x
1
Z   Z
24 I24 = 4e3x csc2 e3x dx. 31 I31 = √ dx.
9 − 4x 2
Z
ex
   
x 2 sec x 3 tan x 3 dx.
Z
25 I25 = 32 I32 = √ dx.
Z     16 − 9e2x
I26 = e3x sec e3x tan e3x dx. 1
Z
26
33 I33 = q dx.
Z
sec (ln (x)) tan (ln (x)) x 3 − 5 ln2 (x)
27 I27 = dx.
x Z
1
34 I34 = dx.
9 + 4x 2

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 Exercises

Find the following anti-derivatives

3x 1
Z Z
35 I35 = dx. 39 I39 = q dx.
16 + 32x x ln (x) ln2 (x) − 2
2x + 1
Z
I36 =
2 dx.
Z
36
4 + x2 + x 40 I40 = sec (3x) tan (3x) esec(3x) dx.
1
Z
4ln(x)
Z
37 I37 = √ dx. 41 I41 = dx.
x 4x 4 − 16 x
1
Z
x dx
Z
38 I38 = √ dx. 42 I42 = √ .
e2x − 9 16 − 9x 4

64 / 113
 Exercises

Solution
Z  6
1 I1 = x x 2 + 1 dx. We are going to solve this integral by substitution:
Step 1. Let u = x 2 + 6.
du
Step 2. du = u ′ dx = 2x dx ⇒ x dx = 2 .
Step 3. Substitute:
6 du
Z  Z Z
I1 = x x 2 + 1 dx = u 6 = frac12 u 6 du.
2
Step 4. Solve:

1 u7
Z
I1 = u 6 du = + C.
2 14
Step 5. Back to x:

7
x2 + 6
I1 = + C.
14

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 Exercises

Solution
Z
2 I2 = sin (3x) (4 + 2 cos (3x))7 dx. We are going to solve this integral by substitution:
Step 1. Let u = 4 + 2 cos (3x).
Step 2. du = u ′ dx = −6 sin (3x) dx ⇒ sin (3x) dx = − du
6 .
Step 3. Substitute:
 
du 1
Z Z Z
I2 = sin (3x) (4 + 2 cos (3x))7 dx = u7 − =− u 7 du.
6 6
Step 4. Solve:

1 u8
Z
I2 = − u 7 du = − + C.
6 48
Step 5. Back to x:

(4 + 2 cos (3x))8
I2 = − + C.
48

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 Exercises

Solution
Z  10
3 I3 = e−2x 6 − e−2x dx. We are going to solve this integral by substitution:
Step 1. Let u = 6 − e−2x .
du
Step 2. du = u ′ dx = 2e−2x dx ⇒ e−2x dx = 2 .
Step 3. Substitute:
10 du 1
Z  Z Z
I3 = e−2x 6 − e−2x dx = u 10 = u 10 du.
2 2
Step 4. Solve:

1 u 11
Z
I3 = u 10 du = + C.
2 22
Step 5. Back to x:

11
6 − e−2x
I3 = − + C.
22

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 Exercises

Solution
x −1
Z
4 I4 = dx. We are going to solve this integral by substitution:
3x 2 − 6x + 100
Step 1. Let u = 3x 2 − 6x + 100.
du
Step 2. du = u ′ dx = 2 (6x − 6) dx = 6 (x − 1) dx ⇒ (x − 1) dx = 6 .
Step 3. Substitute:

x −1 1 du 1 du
Z Z Z
I4 = dx = = .
3x 2 − 6x + 100 u 6 6 u
Step 4. Solve:

1 du ln |u|
Z
I4 = = + C.
6 u 6
Step 5. Back to x:

ln 3x 2 − 6x + 100
I4 = + C.
6

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 Exercises

Solution
sec (8x) tan (8x)
Z
5 I5 = dx. We are going to solve this integral by substitution:
10 + sec (8x)
Step 1. Let u = 10 + sec (8x).
du
Step 2. du = u ′ dx = 8 sec (8x) tan (8x) dx ⇒ sec (8x) tan (8x) dx = 8 .
Step 3. Substitute:

sec (8x) tan (8x) 1 du 1 du

Z Z Z
I5 = dx = = .
10 + sec (8x) u 8 8 u
Step 4. Solve:

1 du ln |u|
Z
I5 = = + C.
8 u 8
Step 5. Back to x:

ln |10 + sec (8x)|

I5 = + C.
8

69 / 113
 Exercises

Solution
e3x
Z
6 I6 = dx. We are going to solve this integral by substitution:
100 + e3x
Step 1. Let u = 100 + e3x .
du
Step 2. du = u ′ dx = 3e3x dx ⇒ e3x dx = 3 .
Step 3. Substitute:

e3x 1 du 1 du
Z Z Z
I6 = dx = = .
100 + e3x u 3 3 u
Step 4. Solve:

1 du ln |u|
Z
I6 = = + C.
3 u 3
Step 5. Back to x:

ln 100 + e3x ln 100 + e3x

I6 = +C = + C.
3 3

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 Exercises

Solution
Z
4 +2
7 I7 = x 3 ex dx. We are going to solve this integral by substitution:
Step 1. Let u = x 4 + 2.
du
Step 2. du = u ′ dx = 4x 3 dx ⇒ x 3 dx = 4 .
Step 3. Substitute:

du 1
Z Z Z
4 +2
I7 = x 3 ex dx = eu = eu du.
4 3
Step 4. Solve:

1 eu
Z
I7 = eu du = + C.
4 4
Step 5. Back to x:
4 +2
ex
I7 = + C.
4

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 Exercises

Solution
ln (x) ln2 (x)
Z
8 I8 = e dx. We are going to solve this integral by substitution:
x
Step 1. Let u = ln2 (x).
2 ln(x) ln(x) du
Step 2. du = u ′ dx = x dx ⇒ x dx = 2 .
Step 3. Substitute:

ln (x) ln2 (x) du 1

Z Z Z
I8 = e dx = eu = eu du.
x 2 2
Step 4. Solve:

1 eu
Z
I8 = eu du = + C.
2 2
Step 5. Back to x:
2
eln (x)
I8 = + C.
2

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 Exercises

Solution
Z
9 I9 = csc2 (2x) ecot(2x) dx. We are going to solve this integral by substitution:
Step 1. Let u = cot (2x).
du
Step 2. du = u ′ dx = −2 csc2 (2x) dx ⇒ csc2 (2x) dx = −2 .

Step 3. Substitute:

du 1
Z Z Z
I9 = csc2 (2x) ecot(2x) dx = eu =− eu du.
−2 2
Step 4. Solve:

1 eu
Z
I9 = − eu du = − + C.
2 2
Step 5. Back to x:

ecot(2x)
I9 = − + C.
2

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 Exercises

Solution
Z
2
10 I10 = x5x dx. We are going to solve this integral by substitution:
Step 1. Let u = x 2 .
du
Step 2. du = u ′ dx = 2x dx ⇒ x dx = 2 .
Step 3. Substitute:

du 1
Z Z Z
2
I10 = x5x dx = 5u = 5u du.
2 2
Step 4. Solve:

1 5u
Z
I10 = 5u du = + C.
2 2 ln(5)
Step 5. Back to x:
2
5x
I10 = + C.
2 ln(5)

74 / 113
 Exercises

Solution
Z
11 I11 = cos (3x) 2sin(3x) dx. We are going to solve this integral by substitution:
Step 1. Let u = sin (3x).
du
Step 2. du = u ′ dx = 3 cos (3x) dx ⇒ cos (3x) dx = 3 .
Step 3. Substitute:

du 1
Z Z Z
I11 = cos (3x) 2sin(3x) dx = 2u = 2u du.
3 3
Step 4. Solve:

1 2u
Z
I11 = 2u du = + C.
3 3 ln(2)
Step 5. Back to x:

2sin(3x)
I11 = + C.
3 ln(2)

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 Exercises

Solution
3ln(2x)
Z
12 I12 = dx. We are going to solve this integral by substitution:
x
Step 1. Let u = ln (2x).
2 dx dx
Step 2. du = u ′ dx = 2x dx = x ⇒ x = du.
Step 3. Substitute:

3ln(2x)
Z Z
I12 = dx = 3u du.
x
Step 4. Solve:

3u
Z
I12 = 3u du = + C.
ln(3)
Step 5. Back to x:

3ln(2x)
I12 = + C.
ln(3)

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 Exercises

Solution
Z  
13 I13 = x 2 cos x 3 + 2 dx. We are going to solve this integral by substitution:
Step 1. Let u = x 3 + 2.
du
Step 2. du = u ′ dx = 3x 2 dx ⇒ x 2 dx = 3 .
Step 3. Substitute:

du 1
Z   Z Z
I13 = x 2 cos x 3 + 2 dx = cos (u) = cos (u) du.
3 3
Step 4. Solve:

1 sin (u)
Z
I13 = cos (u) du = + C.
3 3
Step 5. Back to x:

sin x 3 + 2


I13 = + C.
3

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 Exercises

Solution
Z  
14 I14 = e3x cos e3x dx. We are going to solve this integral by substitution:
Step 1. Let u = e3x .
du
Step 2. du = u ′ dx = 3e3x dx ⇒ e3x dx = 3 .
Step 3. Substitute:

du 1
Z   Z Z
I14 = e3x cos e3x dx = cos (u) = cos (u) du.
3 3
Step 4. Solve:

1 sin (u)
Z
I14 = cos (u) du = + C.
3 3
Step 5. Back to x:
sin e3x


I14 = + C.
3

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 Exercises

Solution
cos (ln (x))
Z
15 I15 = dx. We are going to solve this integral by substitution:
x
Step 1. Let u = ln (x).
dx dx
Step 2. du = u ′ dx = x ⇒ x = du.
Step 3. Substitute:

cos (ln (x))

Z Z Z
I15 = dx = cos (u) du = cos (u) du.
x
Step 4. Solve:
Z
I15 = cos (u) du = sin (u) + C.

Step 5. Back to x:

I15 = sin (ln (x)) + C.

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 Exercises

Solution
Z  
16 I16 = x n sin x n+1 dx, n > 1. We are going to solve this integral by substitution:
Step 1. Let u = x n+1 .
du
Step 2. du = u ′ dx = (n + 1) x n dx ⇒ x n dx = n+1 .

Step 3. Substitute:

du 1
Z   Z Z
I16 = x n sin x n+1 dx = sin (u) = sin (u) du.
n+1 n+1
Step 4. Solve:

1 cos (u)
Z
I16 = sin (u) du = − + C.
n+1 n+1
Step 5. Back to x:

cos x n+1


I16 = − + C.
n+1

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 Exercises

Solution
Z  2
2
17 I17 = xe3x sin e3x dx. We are going to solve this integral by substitution:
2
Step 1. Let u = e3x .
2 2 du
Step 2. du = u ′ dx = 6xe3x dx ⇒ e3x dx = 6 .
Step 3. Substitute:

du 1
Z Z Z
2
 2
I17 = xe3x sin e3x dx = sin (u) = sin (u) du.
6 6
Step 4. Solve:

1 cos (u)
Z
I17 = sin (u) du = − + C.
6 6
Step 5. Back to x:
 2
cos e3x
I17 = − + C.
6

81 / 113
 Exercises

Solution
Z
18 I18 = 3x sin (3x ) dx. We are going to solve this integral by substitution:
Step 1. Let u = 3x .
du
Step 2. du = ln(3) 3x dx ⇒ 3x dx = ln(3) .

Step 3. Substitute:

du 1
Z Z Z
I18 = 3x sin (3x ) dx = sin (u) = sin (u) du.
ln(3) ln(3)
Step 4. Solve:

1 cos (u)
Z
I18 = sin (u) du = − + C.
ln(3) ln(3)
Step 5. Back to x:

cos (3x )
I18 = − + C.
ln(3)

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 Exercises

Solution
Z  
19 I19 = x sec2 x 2 − 2 dx. We are going to solve this integral by substitution:
Step 1. Let u = x 2 − 2.
du
Step 2. du = u ′ dx = 2x dx ⇒ x dx = 2 .
Step 3. Substitute:

du 1
Z   Z Z
I19 = x sec2 x 2 − 2 dx = sec2 (u) = sec2 (u) du.
2 2
Step 4. Solve:

1 tan (u)
Z
I19 = sec2 (u) du = + C.
2 2
Step 5. Back to x:

tan x 2 − 2


I19 = + C.
2

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 Exercises

Solution
Z  2
2
20 I20 = xex sec2 ex dx. We are going to solve this integral by substitution:
2
Step 1. Let u = ex .
2 2 du
Step 2. du = u ′ dx = 2x ex dx ⇒ x ex dx = 2 .
Step 3. Substitute:

du 1
Z Z Z
2
 2
I20 = xex sec2 ex dx = sec2 (u) = sec2 (u) du.
2 2
Step 4. Solve:

1 tan (u)
Z
I20 = sec2 (u) du = + C.
2 2
Step 5. Back to x:
 2
tan ex
I20 = + C.
2

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 Exercises

Solution
Z
21 I21 = sin (2x) sec2 (cos (2x)) dx. We are going to solve this integral by substitution:
Step 1. Let u = cos (2x).
du
Step 2. du = u ′ dx = −2 sin (2x) dx ⇒ sin (2x) dx = −2 .

Step 3. Substitute:

du 1
Z Z Z
I21 = sin (2x) sec2 (cos (2x)) dx = sec2 (u) =− sec2 (u) du.
−2 2
Step 4. Solve:

1 tan (u)
Z
I21 = − sec2 (u) du = − + C.
2 2
Step 5. Back to x:

tan (cos (2x))

I21 = − + C.
2

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 Exercises

Solution
Z  
22 I22 = x 2 csc2 x 3 + 5 dx. We are going to solve this integral by substitution:
Step 1. Let u = x 3 + 5.
du
Step 2. du = u ′ dx = 3x 2 dx ⇒ x 2 dx = 3 .
Step 3. Substitute:

du 1
Z   Z Z
I22 = x 2 csc2 x 3 + 5 dx = csc2 (u) = csc2 (u) du.
3 3
Step 4. Solve:

1 cot (u)
Z
I22 = csc2 (u) du = − + C.
3 3
Step 5. Back to x:

cot x 3 + 5


I22 = − + C.
3

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 Exercises

Solution
csc2 (ln (3x))
Z
23 I23 = dx. We are going to solve this integral by substitution:
x
Step 1. Let u = ln (3x).
3 dx dx
Step 2. du = u ′ dx = 3x dx = x ⇒ x = du.
Step 3. Substitute:

csc2 (ln (3x))

Z Z
I23 = dx = csc2 (u) du.
x
Step 4. Solve:
Z
I23 = csc2 (u) du = − cot (u) + C.

Step 5. Back to x:

I23 = − cot (ln (3x)) + C.

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 Exercises

Solution
Z  
24 I24 = 4e3x csc2 e3x dx. We are going to solve this integral by substitution:
Step 1. Let u = e3x .
du
Step 2. du = u ′ dx = 3e3x dx ⇒ e3x dx = 3 .
Step 3. Substitute:

du 4
Z   Z Z
I24 = 4e3x csc2 e3x dx = 4 csc2 (u) = csc2 (u) du.
3 3
Step 4. Solve:

4 4 cot (u)
Z
I24 = csc2 (u) du = − + C.
3 3
Step 5. Back to x:

4 cot e3x


I24 = − + C.
3

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 Exercises

Solution
Z    
25 I25 = x 2 sec x 3 tan x 3 dx. We are going to solve this integral by substitution:
Step 1. Let u = sec x 3 .

du
Step 2. du = u ′ dx = 3x 2 sec x 3 tan x 3 dx x 2 sec x 3 tan x 3 dx =





⇒ 3 .
Step 3. Substitute:

du 1
Z     Z Z
I25 = x 2 sec x 3 tan x 3 dx = = du.
3 3
Step 4. Solve:
1 u
Z
I25 = du = + C.
3 3
Step 5. Back to x:

sec x 3


I25 = + C.
3

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 Exercises

Solution
Z    
26 I26 = e3x sec e3x tan e3x dx. We are going to solve this integral by substitution:
Step 1. Let u = sec e3x .

du
Step 2. du = u ′ dx = 3e3x sec e3x tan e3x dx e3x sec e3x tan e3x dx =





⇒ 3 .
Step 3. Substitute:

du 1
Z     Z Z
I26 = e3x sec e3x tan e3x dx = = du.
3 3
Step 4. Solve:
1 u
Z
I26 = du = + C.
3 3
Step 5. Back to x:

sec e3x


I26 = + C.
3

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 Exercises

Solution
sec (ln (x)) tan (ln (x))
Z
27 I27 = dx. We are going to solve this integral by substitution:
x
Step 1. Let u = sec (ln (x)).
sec(ln(x)) tan(ln(x))
Step 2. du = u ′ dx = 3 x1 sec e3x tan e3x dx



⇒ x dx = du.
Step 3. Substitute:

sec (ln (x)) tan (ln (x))

Z Z
I27 = dx = du.
x
Step 4. Solve:
Z
I27 = du = u + C.

Step 5. Back to x:

I27 = sec (ln (x)) + C.

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 Exercises

Solution
Z
28 I28 = csc (10x) cot (10x) dx. We are going to solve this integral by substitution:
Step 1. Let u = csc (10x).
du
Step 2. du = u ′ dx = −10 csc (10x) cot (10x) dx ⇒ csc (10x) cot (10x) dx = −10 .

Step 3. Substitute:

du 1
Z Z Z
I28 = csc (10x) cot (10x) dx = =− du.
−10 10
Step 4. Solve:
1 u
Z
I28 = − du = − + C.
10 10
Step 5. Back to x:

csc (10x)
I28 = − + C.
10

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 Exercises

Solution
Z
29 I29 = 7x csc (7x ) cot (7x ) dx. We are going to solve this integral by substitution:
Step 1. Let u = csc (7x ).
du
Step 2. du = u ′ dx = − ln(7) 7x csc (7x ) cot (7x ) dx ⇒ 7x csc (7x ) cot (7x ) dx = − ln(7) .

Step 3. Substitute:

du 1
Z Z Z
I29 = 7x csc (7x ) cot (7x ) dx = =− du.
− ln(7) ln(7)
Step 4. Solve:
1 u
Z
I29 = − du = − + C.
ln(7) ln(7)
Step 5. Back to x:

csc (7x )
I29 = − + C.
ln(7)

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 Exercises

Solution
csc (2 ln (x)) cot (2 ln (x))
Z
30 I30 = dx. We are going to solve this integral by substitution:
x
Step 1. Let u = csc (2 ln (x)).
csc(2 ln(x)) cot(2 ln(x))
Step 2. du = u ′ dx = − x2 csc (2 ln (x)) cot (2 ln (x)) dx ⇒ x dx = du
−2 .

Step 3. Substitute:

csc (2 ln (x)) cot (2 ln (x)) du 1

Z Z Z
I30 = dx = =− du.
x −2 2
Step 4. Solve:
1 u
Z
I30 = − du = − + C.
2 2
Step 5. Back to x:

csc (2 ln (x))
I30 = − + C.
2

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 Exercises

Solution
1 1
Z Z
31 I31 = √ dx = q dx. We are going to solve this integral by
9 − 4x 2 9 − (2x)2
substitution:
Step 1. Let u = 2x.
du
Step 2. du = u ′ dx = 2dx ⇒ dx = 2 .
Step 3. Substitute:

1 1 1 du 1 1
Z Z Z
I31 = q dx = √ = √ du.
2 3 32 − u 2 2 2 32 − u 2
9 − (2x)
Step 4. Solve:
u


1 1 arcsin
Z
3
I31 = √ du = + C.
2 32 − u 2 2
Step 5. Back to x:
2x


arcsin 3
I31 = + C.
2

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 Exercises

Solution
ex ex
Z Z
32 I32 = √ dx = q dx. We are going to solve this integral by
16 − 9e2x 42 − (3ex )2
substitution:
Step 1. Let u = 3ex .
du
Step 2. du = u ′ dx = 3ex dx ⇒ ex dx = 3 .
Step 3. Substitute:

ex 1 du 1 1
Z Z Z
I32 = q dxdx = √ = √ du.
42 − (3ex )2 42 − u 2 3 3 42 − u 2

Step 4. Solve:
u


1 1 arcsin
Z
4
I32 = √ du = + C.
3 42 − u 2 3
Step 5. Back to x:

3ex
 
arcsin 4
I32 = + C.
3

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 Exercises

Solution
1 1
Z Z
33 I33 = q dx = r  2 dx. We are going to solve this
√ 2 √
x 3 − 5 ln2 (x) x 3 − 5 ln (x)
integral by substitution:
√
Step 1. Let u = 5 ln (x).
√
Step 2. du = u ′ dx = 5 dx x ⇒ dx
x = du
√
5
.
Step 3. Substitute:

1 1 du 1 du
Z Z Z
I33 = r  2 dx = r  √ =√ r  .
√ 2 √ √ 2 5 5 √ 2
x 3 − 5 ln (x) 3 −u 2 3 − u2

Step 4. Solve:
 
1
Z
du arcsin √u3
I33 = √ r  = √ + C.
5 √ 2 5
3 − u2

Step 5. Back to x:
q 
5
arcsin 3 ln (x)
I33 = √ + C.
5

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 Exercises

Solution
1 1
Z Z
34 I34 = dx = dx. We are going to solve this integral by substitution:
9 + 4x 2 32 + (2x)2
Step 1. Let u = 2x.
du
Step 2. du = u ′ dx = 2dx ⇒ dx = 2 .
Step 3. Substitute:

1 1 1 du 1 du
Z Z Z
I34 = dx = = .
32 + (2x)2 9 32 + u 2 2 2 32 + u 2
Step 4. Solve:
u


1 du arctan
Z
3
I34 = = + C.
2 32 + u 2 6
Step 5. Back to x:
2x


arctan 3
I34 = + C.
6

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 Exercises

Solution
3x 3x
Z Z
35 I35 = dx = dx. We are going to solve this integral by
16 + 32x 42 + (3x )2
substitution:
Step 1. Let u = 3x .
du
Step 2. du = u ′ dx = ln(3) 3x dx ⇒ 3x dx = ln(3) .

Step 3. Substitute:

3x 1 du 1 du
Z Z Z
I35 = dx = = .
42 + (3x )2 42 + u 2 ln(3) ln(3) 42 + u 2
Step 4. Solve:

arctan u4


1 du
Z
I35 = = + C.
ln(3) 42 + u 2 4 ln(3)
Step 5. Back to x:

3x
 
arctan 4
I35 = + C.
4 ln(3)

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 Exercises

Solution
2x + 1
Z
36 I36 =
2 dx. We are going to solve this integral by substitution:
4 + x2 + x
Step 1. Let u = x 2 + x.
Step 2. du = u ′ dx = (2x + 1) dx ⇒ (2x + 1) dx = du.
Step 3. Substitute:

2x + 1 du
Z Z
I36 = 2
dx = .
4 + (x 2 + x) 22 + u 2
Step 4. Solve:
u


du arctan
Z
2
I36 = = + C.
22 + u 2 2
Step 5. Back to x:

x 2 +x
 
arctan 2
I36 = + C.
2

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 Exercises

Solution
1 1
Z Z
37 I37 = √ dx = q dx. We are going to solve this integral by
x 4x 4 − 16 x 2x 2

2
− 42
substitution:
Step 1. Let u = 2x 2 .
du dx du du
Step 2. du = u ′ dx = 4xdx ⇒ dx = =⇒ = = 2u .
4x x 4x 2
Step 3. Substitute:

1 1 du 1 du
Z Z Z
I37 = q dx = √ = √ .
x
2
(2x 2 ) − 42 u 2 − 42 2u 2 u u 2 − 42

Step 4. Solve:
u


1 du arcsec
Z
4
I37 = √ = + C.
2 u u 2 − 42 8
Step 5. Back to x:

x2
 
arcsec 2
I37 = + C.
8

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 Exercises

Solution
1 1
Z Z
38 I38 = √ dx = q dx. We are going to solve this integral by
e2x − 9 (e )2 − 32
x

substitution:
Step 1. Let u = ex .
du du
Step 2. du = u ′ dx = ex dx ⇒ dx = ex
= u .
Step 3. Substitute:

1 1 du du
Z Z Z
I38 = q dx = √ = √ .
(ex )2 − 32 u 2 − 32 u u u 2 − 32

Step 4. Solve:
u


du arcsec
Z
3
I38 = √ = + C.
u u 2 − 32 3
Step 5. Back to x:

ex
 
arcsec 3
I38 = + C.
3

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 Exercises

Solution
1
Z
39 I39 = q dx. We are going to solve this integral by substitution:
x ln (x) ln2 (x) − 2
Step 1. Let u = ln (x).
dx dx dx du dx du
Step 2. du = u ′ dx = x ⇒ x = du =⇒ x ln(x) = ln(x) =⇒ x ln(x) = u .

Step 3. Substitute:

1 1 du du
Z Z Z
I39 = q dx = √ = √ .
x ln (x) ln2 (x) − 2 u2 − 2 u u u2 − 2

Step 4. Solve:
 
Z
du arcsec √u2
I39 = r √ 2 = √ + C.
2
u u2 − 2

Step 5. Back to x:
 
arcsec ln(x)
√
2
I39 = √ + C.
2

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 Exercises

Solution
Z
40 I40 = sec (3x) tan (3x) esec(3x) dx. We are going to solve this integral by substitution:
Step 1. Let u = sec (3x).
du
Step 2. du = u ′ dx = 3 sec (3x) tan (3x) dx ⇒ sec (3x) tan (3x) dx = 3 .
Step 3. Substitute:

du 1
Z Z Z
I40 = sec (3x) tan (3x) esec(3x) dx = eu = eu du.
3 3
Step 4. Solve:

1 eu
Z
I40 = eu du = + C.
3 3
Step 5. Back to x:

esec(3x)
I40 = + C.
3

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 Exercises

Solution
4ln(x)
Z
41 I41 = dx. We are going to solve this integral by substitution:
x
Step 1. Let u = ln(x).
dx dx
Step 2. du = u ′ dx = x ⇒ x = du.
Step 3. Substitute:

4ln(x)
Z Z
I41 = dx = 4u du.
x
Step 4. Solve:

4u
Z
I41 = 4u du = + C.
ln(4)
Step 5. Back to x:

4ln(x)
I41 = + C.
ln(4)

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 Exercises

Solution
x dx x dx
Z Z
42 I42 = √ = q
2 . We are going to solve this integral by
16 − 9x 4 42 − 3x 2
substitution:
Step 1. Let u = 3x 2 .
du
Step 2. du = u ′ dx = 6x dx ⇒ x dx = 6 .
Step 3. Substitute:

x dx 1 1 du 1 1
Z Z Z
I42 = q = √ = √ du.
2 3 42 − u 2 6 6 42 − u 2
42 − (3x 2 )
Step 4. Solve:
u


1 1 arcsin
Z
4
I42 = √ du = + C.
6 42 − u 2 6
Step 5. Back to x:

3x 2
 
arcsin 4
I42 = + C.
6

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 Exercises

Exercise
Evaluate
Z the following integrals:
I= x cos(x)dx

solution:

u=x → u′ = 1
′
v = cos(x) → v = sin(x)
Z Z
So I = uv − vu ′ = x sin(x) − sin(x)dx = x sin(x) + cos(x) + C.

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 Exercises

Exercise
Z
Evaluate the following integrals: I = x ln(x)dx

solution:

1
u = ln(x) → u′ =
x
x2
v′ = x → v=
2

x2 x2 1
Z Z
So I = uv − vu ′ = ln(x) − dx
2 2 x
x2 x
Z
= ln(x) − dx
2 2
x 2
= x ln(x) − + C.
4

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 Exercises

Exercise
Evaluate the following integral:
ln(x)
Z
I= dx.
x 10
ln(x)
solution: I = − 19 x9
1
− 81x 9 +C

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 Exercises

Exercise
Evaluate the following integral:
Z
I= x sec−1 (x)dx, x ≥ 1.

x2 1
√
−1 x2 − 1 + C
solution: I = 2 sec (x) − 2

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 Exercises

Exercise
Evaluate the following integrals:
Z
a- I = x sec2 (x)dx.
Z
b- I = 4x sec2 (2x)dx.
Z
c- I = sin−1 (y)dy .
Z
d- I = x 5 ln(x)dx.

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 Exercises

Solution
Z
a- I = x sec 2 (x)dx .

u=x → u′ = 1
′ 2
v = sec (x) → v = tan(x)

So
Z Z
I = uv − vu ′ = x tan(x) − tan(x)dx = x tan(x) + ln(|cos(x)|) + C.

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 Exercises

Exercise
Z
Solve I = tan−1 (x)dx .

solution:

1
u = tan−1 (x) → u′ =
1 + x2
v′ = 1 → v =x

x
Z Z
So I = uv − vu ′ = x tan−1 (x) − dx
1 + x2
1
= x tan−1 (x) − ln(x 2 + 1) + C.
2

113 / 113