UNIZIK MANUAL OF

STYLE 2019

i
Copyright © Unizik Manual of Style 2019

ISBN: 978-978-8415-98-6

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be

reproduced, stored in any retrieval system or transmitted in any
form without the prior permission of the copyright owner

Printed and published by

FAB ANIEH NIG. LTD.
FAB ANIEH HOUSE
Beside Ultimate Plaza
Club Road, Okpuno,
Awka, Anambra State
Tel: 08035619395
Gmail: [email protected]

ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS

SECTION A
PRELIMINARY INFORMATION - - 1

SECTION B
CHAPTER DIVISIONS - - - - 5

SECTION C
CITATION AND REFERENCING - - - 15

SECTION D
GENERAL INFORMATION ON FORMATTING - 35

CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION - - - 37

SPECIMENS FOR PRELIMINARY PAGES - 42

iii
 PREFACE

This UNIZIK Manual of Style 2019 has been developed in

pursuant to the efforts of the School in developing the SPGS
Publication series and its commitment to scholarship. This
manual represents the approved standard of writing, designing
and presenting research reports in Nnamdi Azikiwe University.
It is expected that the manual will improve communication and
ensure consistency in academic writing for projects, theses and
dissertations across multiple disciplines in the University. The
UNIZIK Manual of Style 2019 will help to position our
University in the forefront of research.

The School appreciates the efforts of the Chairman and members

Board for approving this publication. In addition, the immediate
past Dean of School, the associate Deans and various members
of the two committees who worked tirelessly to ensure the
emergence of this publication are highly appreciated.

It is hoped that postgraduate teachers and students alike will

enjoy using this manual to the enhancement of scholarship and
research.

Prof. Philomena K. Igbokwe

Dean, SPGS
2019

iv
 SECTION A

1. PRELIMINARY INFORMATION
The preliminary pages of Projects, Theses and Dissertations
which MUST be written in the English language (British) to be
submitted to the School of Postgraduate Studies, Nnamdi
Azikiwe University, Awka, shall be arranged in the following
order:

Title page
Certification
Approval page
Dedication (if any)
Acknowledgements
Abstract
Table of Contents
List of Tables (if any)
List of Figures (if any)
List of Plates (if any)
List of Abbreviations
List of Symbols (if any)
Table of Cases (for the faculty of law)
List of Statutes (for the faculty of law)
List of International Instruments (for the faculty of law)
Operational definition of terms

N.B. All headings in the preliminaries shall be written in upper

case and appear on separate pages in the text.

1
1.1 TITLE PAGE (1.5 line spacing)
The title page shall contain the title of the work, author’s name
with registration number, Project/Thesis/Dissertation statement,
and month and year of completion of research. For the faculty
of Law the arrangement shall be as follows: the title of the work,
author’s name with registration number, Project/Thesis/
Dissertation statement, name(s) of supervisor(s), and month and
year of completion of research.

1.1.1Title:
The title should indicate the contents and scope of the write-up
in as few words as possible. Phrases like ‘a report on
investigations into….’ and ‘observations on some aspects of….’
add nothing significant to the title and should be avoided. While
the title should be as brief as possible (maximum of 21 words),
it should be accurate, descriptive and comprehensive, clearly
indicating the subject of the investigation. It is most important
that titles are fully relevant to the contents of the work to avoid
misunderstandings at the time of examination. The title shall be
typed in bold capitals.

1.1.2 Author’s Name: /Reg. No.

The full forenames followed by surname shall be written below
the title. They shall be typed with the first letter of each name in
capital and the remainder in lower case. The candidate’s
registration number shall be typed below the name.

1.1.3 Thesis Statement:

The statement shall read as follows: A Thesis submitted to the
Department of …, Faculty of …, Nnamdi Azikiwe University,
Awka, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree
of [name of the degree] in …. (Area of specialization).

2
1.1.4 Month and Year of Research Completion:
This lowest line should be no more than 25mm from the foot of
the page, and should include the month and year of completion
of the Project/Thesis/Dissertation, e.g. June, 2015.

A typical title page is shown Appendix A1

1.2 CERTIFICATION (1.5 line spacing): This shall be a

formal statement in which the student accepts that he/she is
responsible for the submitted Project, Thesis or Dissertation. A
typical example is in Appendix A2

1.3 APPROVAL (1.5 line spacing): This shall contain the

names, signatures and dates of final acceptance of the Project,
Thesis and Dissertation by the candidate’s supervisor(s), head of
department, external examiner, dean of faculty and dean, school
of postgraduate studies. A typical example is in Appendix A3.

1.4 DEDICATION (1.5 line spacing)

This is a brief statement paying tribute to God, writer’s spouse,
family, or other associated persons.

1.5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS (1.5 line spacing)

Assistance received in carrying out the work should be
acknowledged. Gratitude should be given to God first, then,
supervisor(s), Head of Department, other staff in the department,
Dean of Faculty, family and friends who contributed to the
work. It is usual to acknowledge financial assistance, permission
to publish, as well as special facilities provided by a company,
university or research institution. Acknowledgements shall be
written in 3rd person singular and shall not be endorsed by the
candidate.

3
1.6 ABSTRACT (1.5 line spacing)
The abstract is a brief informative summary of not more than
250 words for a postgraduate diploma, 300 words for a Master’s
Thesis and 500 words for a Doctoral Dissertation. The abstract
should be structured to outline the purpose of the write-up, the
research methods and procedure employed, as well as the
major results and conclusions. The abstract should always start
with a topic sentence that is a central statement of the major
theme of the write-up. The abstract is extremely important. It
should give as concisely as possible the significant facts,
especially anything new, the main conclusions and any
recommendations. The abstract should be written in one block
paragraph.

1.7 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Double/2.0 line spacing)

The contents page shall be given on a separate sheet and follow
the plan of the structure of the write-up and the headings in the
write-up itself. The contents shall only contain the first four
levels of headings in the write-up. It must also include the
relevant page numbers. A typical contents page is in Appendix
A4.

4
 SECTION B

2. CHAPTER DIVISIONS

2.1 CHAPTER ONE (Double/2.0 line spacing)

2.1.1 INTRODUCTION
This is the first section in the main body of the Project, Thesis
or Dissertation and shall have the following segments

2.1.1.1 Background to the Study: This is general information

about the topic. Basic facts and knowledge that can be used as
a foundation for one's research will be contained herein.
Sufficient background information helps to determine if the
researcher has a basic understanding of the research problem
being investigated and promotes confidence in the overall
quality of the research analysis and findings. This information
provides the essential context needed to understand the research
problem and its significance.

2.1.1.2 Statement of the Problem: This is a clear concise

description of the issue(s) that need(s) to be addressed by the
research. It is used to center and focus the research at the
beginning, keeps the research on track, and is used to validate
that the research delivered an outcome that solves the problem
statement.

2.1.1.3 Aim/Purpose of the Study: This shall be a broad

statement of desired outcomes or the general intentions of the
research. The aim of the work or the overall purpose of the study
shall be clearly and concisely stated.

2.1.1.4 Research Objectives: A clear statement of a

quantifiable parameter(s) or the specific purpose(s) of the study,
5
which identifies the key study variables and their possible
interrelationships and the nature/size of the population of
interest. These shall be itemized.

2.1.1.5 Rationale for/ Relevance of the Study (where

applicable): Rationale is more about one’s reasoning and logic.
That is the reason for carrying out the research. It is the process
by which one arrives at a conclusion. Rationale for the study
needs to be specific and ideally, it can relate to the following
points: Firstly, the research needs to contribute to the
elimination of a gap in the literature. For example, while
thousands of studies have been previously conducted to study
various aspects of leadership, this topic is far from being
exhausted as a research area. Secondly, the research can be
conducted to solve a specific problem. Thirdly, the study has to
contribute to the level of professional development of the
researcher.

2.1.1.6 Justification for the Study (where applicable): This

has the nuance of implying that your reasoning needs to be
defended (someone may disagree with you). Justification
involves using rationalization to make one’s actions defensible.
You have to explain in what ways this research contributes to
the achievement of the aim of the research.

2.1.1.7 Significance of the Study: The significance of a study

typically includes an explanation of the work's significance, its
potential benefits and its overall expected impact. Essentially,
the section on significance of the study provides information to
the reader on how and what the study will contribute and who
will benefit from it.

6
2.1.1.8 Scope of the Study: This is the section of the research
paper that explains what information or subject is being covered.
This section shall be concerned with content scope of the study.

2.1.1.9 Research Questions (where applicable): What

constitute a good research question include the following:
i) The question scientifically well-posed, i.e. It should be
stated in a hypothetical form that leads to a research
design and analysis with scientific credibility.
ii) The research question requires data that is accessible or
attainable at a reasonable cost or effort
iii) The research question posed in a way that can explain
variability, different outcomes under different
conditions.
iv) The units of analysis (observation) clearly identified.
v) The question should be posed in a way that more than
one result is possible, i.e. the working hypotheses can
be refuted.
vi) The research question should extend the understanding
of the phenomena being investigated; it should
elaborate, extend, or fill in gaps in present knowledge.

2.1.1.10 Research Hypotheses (where applicable): A

prediction of the possible outcome of the study.
Assuming this is a research question: Is rapport with clients of
counsellors using client-centered therapy different from that of
counsellors using behaviour modification therapy?

The appropriate research hypothesis: Counsellors who use

client-centered therapy approach will have a greater rapport with
their clients than counsellors who use a behaviour modification
approach.

7
NB: For Faculties of Arts and Education Purpose of the Study
and Objectives can be captured under one heading Purpose of
the Study

2.2 CHAPTER TWO (Double/2.0 line spacing)

2.2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW OR REVIEW OF

RELATED LITERATURE
This is the second section in the main body of the Project, Thesis
or Dissertation and shall have the following segments

2.2.1.1 Conceptual Framework (where applicable): This

shows how variables and major issues in the study connect with
one another. This should be shown in a sketch.

2.2.1.2Theoretical Framework (where applicable): This

section list and discusses the theories that are relevant to the
study and on which the study hinges. In addition it explains how
the theory /theories relate to the study.

2.2.1.3 Theoretical Studies (where applicable): This section

discusses all expository works related to the study – position
papers, opinion articles and other relevant literature by
renowned scholars in the area of the study. They are discussed
under different sub-headings.

2.2.1.4 Empirical Studies: This section shall have sub-headings

guided by major issues in the study. In this section the researcher
is expected to organize and synthesize results of empirical
research relevant to the present study so as to clarify issues,
support or challenge positions relating to the issue of concern in
the present study. Presentation of the abstract of each work in a
paragraph shall not be allowed.

8
2.2.1.5 Summary of Literature Review: Summary of literature
review should show summarized and condensed issues raised in
the literature, pointing out what has been done and what is left
out, that is, research gaps.

2.3 CHAPTER THREE (Double/2.0 line spacing)

2.3.1 MATERIALS AND METHODS OR METHODS OR

METHODOLOGY (As applicable)
This is the third section in the main body of the Project, Thesis
or Dissertation. For science-based disciplines, the title of this
chapter shall be Materials and Methods while for humanities-
based disciplines, it shall be Methods or Methodology. Full
Research Methodology or Experimental Procedure or Design
should be described therein.

i) For Science-based disciplines: This section shall contain a

list of materials and a self explanatory detailed description of
standard methods/methodology employed in the research work.
Any modification to existing standard methods/methodology
must be fully stated with justification(s).Scientific sampling and
data analysis techniques shall be described.

ii) For Humanities-based disciplines: This section shall

contain a description of standard methods and procedures
employed in data collection, design and validation of test
instrument, testing hypotheses, and statistical analysis of raw
data.

On a general note the chapter shall be expected to contain

detailed information on the following segments:

9
2.3.1.1Science-based disciplines
i) Study Area/Study Site
The Project, Thesis or Dissertation shall provide a full
description of the study area (a study area is geographical entity
for which data is analyzed in a report and/or map).

ii) Materials Used

Chemicals, reagents, living organisms and/or any other
materials, apparatuses/gadgets, and equipment used in the
laboratory for the purpose of the research shall be listed in this
section. Current international conventions/protocols on
nomenclature, designations and identification of scientific
materials in individual disciplines or sub-disciplines must be
adhered to. Common names of chemicals (that have been
accepted by either the International Organization for
Standardization or British Standard Institution), purity grade,
and manufacturers shall be provided. Where living organisms
are involved Latin names shall be given.

iii) Experimental Design (where applicable): This section of

the Project, Thesis or Dissertation refers to the conceptual
framework within which the experiment is conducted. Herein
shall be presented a clear blueprint of the procedure that enables
the researcher to test his hypothesis by reaching valid
conclusions about relationships between independent and
dependent variables.

iv) Laboratory Procedure: The candidate shall present a step

–by-step sequence of how the laboratory practicals or field work
were carried out to obtain reported results. The experimental
procedure shall be so detailed and complete that it lets someone
else replicate the experiment in the absence of the candidate.

10
v) Sampling Technique(s) (where applicable) The Project,
Thesis or Dissertation shall provide a full description of the
sampling technique employed, whether it is systematic, random
or a combination of both.

vi) Statistical Analysis Full description of methods including

equations for collection, organization, presentation and
interpretation of expected data shall be presented.

2.3.1.2For Humanities-based disciplines

i) Research Design: This shall be a description of the type of
research being conducted.

ii) Area of the Study: The Project, Thesis or Dissertation shall

provide a full description of the study area (a study area is
geographical entity for which data is analyzed in a report and/or
map).

iii) Population of the Study: This shall show the totality of the
people/things within the study area.

iv) Sample and Sampling Technique(s): The Project, Thesis

or Dissertation shall provide a full description of the samples of
the population selected for the study as well as sampling
technique employed.

v) Instrument for Data Collection: The candidate shall

present a brief description of the instrument showing the
content, structure and sections.

vi) Validity/Validation of the Instrument: The candidate

shall state the procedure for validating the instrument. Validity
index shall be presented where applicable.

11
vii) Reliability of the Instrument: The candidate shall describe
the procedure for ascertaining the reliability of the instrument as
well as the index of the reliability.

viii) Method of Data Collection: The candidate is expected to

give a detailed description of the method he/she adopted for
eliciting the data /information for the Project, Thesis or
Dissertation.

ix) Method of Data Analysis: The candidate is expected to give

a detailed description of the technique he/she adopted for
analyzing the obtained data ,whether it is qualitative,
quantitative or both.

2.4CHAPTER FOUR (Double/2.0 line spacing)

2.4.1 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

2.4.1.1Quantitative data (Where applicable)

The findings or results of the research shall be presented in this
Chapter. Results could be presented in tables, figures (graphs or
any other form of plotting) or plates. The presentation text shall
be in 3rd person narrative. Reference(s) to a result table, figure
or plate in the text may be as much as needed. The discussion
must interpret and describe the significance of findings in the
light of existing literature on the research problem being
investigated, and to explain any new understanding or discovery
taking into consideration the set out objectives. The Candidate
is to choose the best way to present a given set of numerical data
(data already presented in a table shall not be duplicated in a
graph and vice versa). Data from which tables or graphs have
been derived shall be domiciled in the Appendix. Tables, figures
and plates shall comply with the guidelines for submission of

12
Projects, Thesis and Dissertation to the school of postgraduate
studies Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.

2.4.1.2 Qualitative Data (Where applicable)

Where the subject of the Project, Thesis or Dissertation and the
findings are primarily of a qualitative nature, the above
guidelines need not be followed. The findings may be presented
in the descriptive and analytical modes appropriate to the
discipline.

2.5 CHAPTER FIVE (Double/2.0 line spacing)

2.5.1 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND

RECOMMENDATION

2.5.1.1 Summary of Findings

In this section, the student shall itemize the findings which the
research has contributed to knowledge in the area of study.
Herein shall be presented the gaps in scholarship which the
research has filled. The findings shall be itemized in one page.

2.5.1.2 Conclusion
The Project, Thesis or Dissertation shall be concluded with a
logical judgment based on the circumstantial evidence and prior
conclusions tailored to the major findings of the research work.
The conclusion must be based on the problem the researcher set
out to address.

2.5.1.3 Implications of Findings

In this section, the candidate shall state what the findings curtail
for practice.

13
2.5.1.4 Recommendation(s)
Recommendations shall be made based on findings.

2.5.1.5 Suggestions for Further Studies

In this section shall be stated aspect(s) of the study that require
further investigation(s).

14
 SECTION C

3. CITATION AND REFERENCING

All faculties and departments (with the exception of faculty of
law) shall adhere strictly to the citation and referencing format
presented below.

3.1 In-Text Citation

3.1.1 Single Author

Reference shall be cited in the Project, Thesis and Dissertation,
and by means of the author’s surname, then a comma and
followed by the year of publication. If the author’s name is at
the beginning or forms part of a sentence in the text, the year of
publication only shall be given in parentheses. If the author’s
name does not form part of a sentence in the text, both the
author‘s name and year of publication shall be given in
parentheses at the end of the sentence (separated by a comma)
or after an appropriate part thereof. Examples: In a recent study
Okeke (2014) it was discovered that … Okeke (2015) noted the
differences in price … Onome (2016) did another study on
pollution …; The compressive strength of the samples…for
most civil engineering works (Eze, 1997). To distinguish
between two or more works by the same author, published in the
same year, the suffixes a, b, c shall be used after the year of
publication e.g. Udengwu (2016 a, b, c) observed a similar trend
…

3.1.2Multiple Authors
(i) Work by two authors: For works by two authors, the names
of the two authors shall be cited followed by a comma and the
year of publication. The names of the first and second authors
shall be connected by ‘and‘(not ampersand, i.e. &). In a work by
two authors, both names shall be mentioned each time the
15
reference occurs in the text. For example ― in an earlier study,
Ifeanyi and Ossai (2008) had insisted that…

(ii) Work by three to five authors: Here, all the three to five
authors shall be cited in the first occurrence in the text followed
by the year of publication in parenthesis; subsequently, only the
surname of the first author shall be mentioned followed by ―et
al (in italics ―et al) and the year of publication in parenthesis.
For example, first time cited: ―Ikenga, Amaechi, Agu, Nwafor
and Udo (2014) maintained that… Further citation of the same
article shall be: Ikenga et al. (2014) also agreed that…

(iii) Work by more than five authors: In the case of a work by

more than five authors, only the first author shall be named
followed by et al., a comma and then the year of publication, in
all the citations. Note however, in the final reference/
bibliography list, the names of all authors will appear in full. The
names of multiple authors’ citation shall be joined by ‘and’ .The
other citation rules given above for single authors shall apply.

(iv) Multiple sources: When two or more works are cited

concurrently, they should be arranged in an alphabetical order.
E.g. Nkamigbo (2018); Nwankwo (1998); Okoye (2005)…
Or … (Nkamigbo, 2018; Nwankwo, 1998; Okoye, 2005)
When a work is cited through a secondary source, only the
secondary source shall be dated and listed in the references.
E.g. Uchenna cited in Nkamigbo (2019)…
Or … (Uchenna, cited in Nkamigbo, 2019)

3.1.3Anonymous and Pseudonymous Authors:

These are works that do not carry the author’s name. Such work
shall be cited in the text as follows:

16
i) Editorial opinion of a serial/periodical: The title of the
periodical shall be cited followed by the year of
publication e.g. Drug abuse cases are on the increase
(Journal of Substance Abuse, 1980).

ii) Articles in a serial/periodical other than editorial opinion:

The article shall be cited as Anonymous followed by the
year of publication e.g. The effect of dicoumarol is more
severe in vitamin A deficient rats than in normal rats
(Anonymous, 1972). The citation rules for single authors
shall apply.

iii) Holy books (e.g. The Holy Bible, The Holy Koran) and
books not written by corporate bodies: The title of the book
shall be cited followed by year of publication (e.g. The
Holy Bible KJV, 1980).

3.1.4Corporate authors
This relates to official publications of international
organizations, governments, government agencies, institutions,
professional societies, commercial firms, and other corporate
bodies. Candidate shall cite the name of the corporate body in
its official language (i.e. what it calls itself) followed by the year
of publication, e.g. Damp feeds support mould growth
(Livestock Feeds Limited, 1970). The name may be spelt out in
the first citation only followed by the abbreviation in
parentheses e.g. World Health Organization (WHO), and then
abbreviated subsequently. Candidate must however ensure that
abbreviated citation carries enough information in the text so
that readers can locate the source in the final reference list.
Where, as in the case of international organizations, the
corporate body has its name in more than one language the
English name shall be cited. United Nations agencies, such as
WHO, FAO, UNCTAD, ECOSOC, GATT, and regional inter-
17
governmental organisations, like EEC, ECOWAS, OPEC, AU,
may be cited by official abbreviations of their English names.
Candidates from science-based disciplines may also cite the
abbreviated English names of apex professional organizations
recognised by UNESCO and other UN agencies e.g. ICSU,
IUPAC, IUB, AOAC, IUPS, etc. but the full names shall be spelt
out when listing the references as at first mention. Citation rules
for single authors shall apply.

3.1.5 Authors with the same surname

Where two authors bear the same surname, include their initials
in all text citations even if the dates differ. This way, confusion
will be avoided. Examples: N. Nwaiwu (2015) and R.O.
Nwaiwu (2016) agreed with the results of…

3.1.6 Laws and statutory instruments

These shall be cited by their approved titles followed by the year
of enactment, e.g. Every public officer in Nigeria is now
required to declare his assets and liabilities (Code of Conduct
Bureau and Tribunal Act, 1989). For state laws and local
government byelaws, the state or local government that enacted
the law shall be identified e.g. All pre-civil war missionary
secondary schools in Anambra State have been returned to the
Missions (Anambra State Returning of Mission Schools Law,
2012). Similarly, in citing laws of other lands or statutes of
intergovernmental agencies, the country or agency shall be
identified.

3.1.7 Personal communication: Personal communications

such as interviews, private letters, memos, and some electronic
communications such as e-mail or text messages are cited in the
text but not listed under References. In in-text citation of such a
material, the initials and surname of the communicator are
written as well as the date of the communication. If you want to
18
cite information from your personal notes from a lecture as
personal communication and refer to it only in the body of your
essay, you can follow the style guide for personal
communication.

Example:
According to D.C. Omeje (personal communication, January 14,
2017)…
Or … (D.C. Omeje, personal communication, January 14,
2017)…

3.1.8 Electronic media

i) Radio/TV news
Examples:
NTA 9 O’clock news (2018)…
Or … (NTA 9 O’clock news, 2018)
ABS 6:30 news (2018)…
Or … (ABS 6:30 news, 2018)

ii) Radio/TV announcement

NTA Announcement (2018)…
Or … (NTA 9 Announcement, 2018)

iii) Radio/TV programme

Title of programme, Producer, Media Station, Date
E.g.:
Matters Arising Produced by Ijeoma Okeke, ABS Radio,
Awka (June 7, 2019)…
Or … (Matters Arising, Produced by Ijeoma Okeke, ABS
Radio, Awka, June 7, 2019)…

iv) Movie/Film (Including You tube, Video, Drama)

Title of film (Director, Date)…
Or… (Title of film, Director, Date)
19
 Example:
El Perro Negro (directed by Peter Forgac, 2004)…
… (El Perro Negro, directed by Peter Forgac, 2004)

v) Photograph/Art work
Okechukwu Nwafor Moon (2019), Archival digital
photograph on satin paper; 60cm x 100cm. Photo:
Courtesy of the artist and Lagos Gallery.

3.2 Quotations
A quotation from another work shall correspond exactly with the
original in wording, spelling and punctuation. The sources of the
quotation and the page on which it appears in the original work
shall be given.

i) If the quotation is less than two lines of a thesis page, it shall

be identified by double quotation marks at the beginning and end
of the quotation e.g. According to Borden (1980:23) : “All these
are a bunch of one-night stands”. However, if the quotation is
more than forty words, it shall be set off from the text by an
indentation, and typed single spaced, for example: Gbuji
(2003:66-67) argues over traditional communication as:

In the first place, we have our local traditional means

of communication, songs, proverbs, music, drama,
mime, stories, art and prayerful symbols found in
nature and in the village community. The Church in
Nigeria, family of God is once again called to hold
steadfast to its original sources as it embraces new
forms of modern communication.

Accordingly, Hicks insists that managers must learn to carry

along their subordinates.

20
ii) Where a part of a quotation is omitted, the portion omitted
shall be indicated by ellipses i.e. three dots (…) only, regardless
of how long the omitted part is. For example: Hicks (1972:218)
defines communication as: ― “that which stimulates employees
to participate in operations in their department … and support
policies made”.

3.3 Listing of references

3.3.1 Arrangement
i. References shall be collated at the end of the project,
thesis or dissertation and listed alphabetically
according to author’s surname following the guidelines
on indentation, punctuation, capitalization and
italicization given below for each type of publication
ii. Each reference shall be written using single line spacing
but there shall be double line spacing in-between any
two references
iii. For projects, thesis and dissertations in science-based
disciplines, Education, Management Sciences and
Social Sciences, only references actually cited in the
text shall be listed under the heading-References
iv. For some arts-based disciplines, both works cited in the
text and those that have not been cited, but which the
author made use of, can be listed under the heading-
bibliography.
v. In both References and Bibliography, papers by the
same author shall be listed in chronological order
according to year of publication and, where there are
several papers published in one year by the same
author(s), suffixes a, b, c etc shall be used to
differentiate them. For multiple authorship, the name of
the first author shall be used to determine the
alphabetical orders in the references listed.
21
3.3.2 Bibliography
References shall be arranged alphabetically by authors’
surnames and classified by form of publication. Unpublished
works could be listed in the Bibliography.

3.3.3 Listing a Book

In listing a book, the following shall be kept in mind
 The first letter of the first word of the title and any
subtitles, as well as the first letter of any proper nouns
shall be capitalized.
 The full title of the book, including any subtitles shall be
stated and italicized.

i) Listing a printed and published book

Author, A.A. (Year of Publication). Title of work. City of
Publication: Publisher

Example
Arinze-Umobi, C. (2008). Domestic violence against women in
Nigeria: A legal anatomy. Onitsha: Folmech Printing &
Pub. Co. Ltd

Amucheazu, O.D. and Onwuasoanya, C. (2008). The judiciary,

politics and constitutional democracy in Nigeria. Enugu:
Samp Press Ltd

ii) Listing an e-book from an e-reader

E-book is the short form of electronic book. It is a digital
version of a book that can be read on a computer, e-
reader (kindle, Nook etc), or other electronic devices.

Author, A.A. (Year of Publication). Title of work [E-Reader

Version].

22
 Retrieved from http://xxxx or doi: xxx, on (Date
accessed).

Example
Ikenga, D.O. (2014). The circle [Kindle Version]. Retrieved
from http://www.amazon.com/, on (Date accessed).

iii) Listing a book found in a database

When listing an online book or e-book, keep the
following in mind.
A DOI (digital object identifier) is an assigned number
that helps link content to its location on the internet. It is
therefore important, if one is provided, to use it when
listing a material. All doi numbers begin with a 10 and
are separated by a dash.

Author, A.A. (Year of Publication). Title of work. Retrieved

from http://xxxx or doi: xxxx, on (date accessed).

Example
Sayre, R.K., Devercelli, A.E., Neuman, M.J.and Wodon, Q.
(2015). Investment in early childhood development:
Review of the World Bank’s recent experience. Retrieved
from doi: 10.1596/978-1-4648-0403-8, on (Date
accessed).

iv) Listing of chapters in books or monographs

The following order is applicable where only a single
chapter or passage of a book or a monograph is referred
to
(a) Author’s surname followed by initials
(b) Year of publication in parenthesis
(c) Title of the chapter
(d) In, (This word, “In” shall be italicized)
23
 (e) Initials followed by surname(s) of
editors/compiler(s) and abbreviation for editor(s) /
complier(s) in parenthesis (i.e. Ed(s))
(f) Cover title of the book shall be italicized
(g) Place of publication – It would be useful to specify
town, not country.
(h) Name(s) of publisher(s)
(i) Volume number, if more than one
(j) Pagination (First and last pages) of chapter being
referred to

Example
Miler, J.A. (1972). Approaches to the mechanism and control of
chemical carcinogenesis. In R.C. Clark (Ed),
Environment and cancer. Baltimore: Williams and
Wilkins Company, PP.5-39

If the cover author wrote all the chapters then the following shall
apply if reference is made to any of the chapters.

Example
Lyon, J. (1977). Behaviorist Semantics. In: Semantics.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

3.3.4 Listing Pamphlets and Reports

The essential information shall be given in the following order
if the reference is to the whole pamphlet/report/book
(a) Author’s/Editor’s/Complier’s surname followed by
initials
(b) Year of publication in parenthesis
(c) Full title of the book/pamphlet/report, including the
sub-title exactly in the original wording,
punctuation and language shall be italicized
(d) Edition other than the first
24
 (e) Place of publication
(f) Name of publisher
(g) Volume number, if more than one
(h) Number of pages in the whole book
(i) Title and number of series, where applicable, in
parenthesis.

Example
Krushchev, N.N. (1970). Krushchev remembers. Boston: Little,
Brown and Company, 639p

Bright, C.T. (1991). Equinox and sea tide.8th edn, Lagos: Unity
Books and Press Ltd, vii, 60p (Understanding Geography
series No.5)

3.3.5 Listing Laws, Statutes and Legal Instruments

The following order shall be used
(a) Code of the law followed by year of enactment
(b) Title of the law, italicized
(c) Name of the government enacting the law
(d) Gazette number, if known

Example
Decree No. 2 1984: State Security (Detraction and Person)
Decree. The Federal Military Government of Nigeria
Official Gazette No. 8 Vol. 71, PP.A27 – A28

3.3.6 Listing Unpublished Speeches, Seminar or

Conference Papers etc
The following order shall apply
(a) Author’s surname followed by initials
(b) Title of speech or lecture
(c) Name of function at which speech/lecture was
delivered, italicized, including venue
25
 (d) Date, month and year of delivery

Example
Onazi, O.C. (1998). A goodwill message, Presented at the sixth
international night of University of Jos Women’s
Association on 2 July, 1998.

Temple, V.J. (1990). The necessity of detoxifying soya beans

before consumption. A paper presented at the National
Workshop on the Strengthening of Nutrition Component
of Primary Healthcare in Plateau State, held at the
University of Jos on 15 October, 1990.

Bassey, O.E., Otu, B.D and Achigbe, J.O. (2017). Test anxiety
and students’ academic performance in secondary
schools in Ikom Education Zone of Cross River State. A
paper presented at the National Conference on
Psychological Adjustment and Education in Nigeria,
organized by the Nigerian Society for Educational
Psychologists at Nasarawa State University Keffi, 23 –
27 October 2017.

3.3.7 Listing of Chapters in Edited Conference

Proceedings
Oraegbunam, I.K.E. (2015). Evaluating and re-
engineering law postgraduate education in Nigerian
universities. In E.S. Olarinde (Ed) Proceedings of the
48th Conference of Nigerian Association of Law
Teachers, 4 – 9th June 2015, Ado-Ekiti: Afe Babalola
University Press, 565 – 588

26
3.3.8 Listing of Journal Articles
i. A journal article in print
Author, A.A. (Publication Year). Title of article. Title of
Journal, Volume (Issue), PP – PP

Examples
Nkamigbo, L.C. (2011). Experimental analysis of voicing
contrast in Igbo. UNIZIK Journal of Arts and
Humanities, 12 (2), 189-203.

Okoye, R.O and Agu, N.N. (2011). Abolishing of the Post –

UTME screening test: Implications for manpower
development in Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of
Educational Research and Evaluation, 10(1), 68 – 78

ii. A journal article found online

Author, A.A. (Publication Year). Title of article. Title of
Journal, Volume (Issue), PP – PP. doi: xxxxxxx or
Retrieved from journal URL, on (Date accessed).

Example
Jameson, J.O. (2013). E-leadership in higher education: The
fifth “age” of educational technology research. British
Journal of Educational Technology, 44 (6), 889 – 915.
Doi: 10.1111/bjet.12013. 24 August 2018

Note
When listing your online journal article, keep in mind
that you can use the URL of the journal home page, if
there is no DOI assigned; indicating the day it was
retrieved online.

27
 Example
Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/
journal/10.1111/(ISSN) 1467 – 8535:jsessionid =
956132F3DE76EEB120577E99EE74CE9C.f04t01, on 19
June, 2015.

3.3.9 Unpublished Essays, Projects, Theses and

Dissertations

i) PhD dissertation
Ikenga, O.K. (2010). A critical analysis of human rights
perception in Nigeria’s Islamic Sharia Praxis:
Implications for the nation’s constitutional democracy
(1999 – 2010). Unpublished PhD Dissertation,
Department of Religion and Cultural Studies, University
of Nigeria, Nsukka, xvi +403

ii) Master’s Thesis

Nwankwo, C.A. (1992). Antisocial behaviors commonly
exhibited by adolescents in secondary schools in
Anambra State. Unpublished masters’ thesis,
Department of Educational Foundations, Nnamdi
Azikiwe University, Awka. x +76.

iii) Project
Onwuamaegbu, O.S. (1999). The vision of Chinua Achebe’s
writing. Unpublished BA Project, Department of English
Language and Literature, Nnamdi Azikiwe University,
Awka. xi + 56.

3.3.10 Listing of Encyclopedia Article

Oguejiofor, J.O. (2011). African philosophy. The new
encyclopedia of African philosophy. Ibadan: Hope
Publications, 401 – 404.
28
3.3.11 Listing Article from Magazine
(i) Article from magazine in print
Author, A.A. (Year, Month of Publication). Title of Article.
Magazine Title, Volume (Issue), PP xx – xx.

Example
Ake, K.C. (2006, April). Should they stay or should they go?
Time magazine, 167(15), PP. 3 – 40

Okoye, E.C, and Onah, G.K. (2016, August). Breaking down

barriers. Champion Magazine, 48(7), 30 – 31

Notes: When listing a magazine, the following should

borne in mind
 The volume number, with the other publication
information of the magazine should be found
 Typically the page numbers should be located at
the bottom corners of the magazine
 If an issue number cannot be located the listing
shall not be included
 Page numbers shall be preceded by “P” (for a
single page) or “PP” (for multiple pages).

ii) Article from a magazine found online

Author, A.A. (Year, Month of Publication). Title of article.
Magazine Title, Volume (Issue), Retrieved from
http://xxx, on (date accessed)

Example
Ake, K.C. (2006, April). Should they stay or should they go?
Time magazine, 167(15).
Retrieved from http://content.time.com/time/magazine/
article/ 0,9171,1179361,00.html, on 10 July, 2019
29
 3.3.12 Listing Newspaper Article
(i) Newspaper article in print
Author, A.A. (Year, Month, Date of Publication). Title of article.
Title of Newspaper, PP xx – xx

Example:
Haruna, S.B. (2017, April 26). Associated risk factors of stroke.
Daily Times, p.15

Notes: When listing a newspaper article, keep the following

in mind.
 Page numbers for newspaper articles shall be preceeded
by “P” (for a single page) or PP (for multiple pages)
 If an article appears on discontinuous pages, all page
numbers where the article is, shall be given, and
separated with a comma(s) (e.g. PP.1, 3, 5-7).

(ii) Newspaper article found online

Author, A.A. (Year, Month, Date of Publication). Title of article.
Newspaper Title, Retrieved from, Newspaper homepage
URL, on (date accessed).

Example
Rosenberg, G.E. (1997, March 31). Electronic discovery proves an
effective legal weapon. New York Times, Retrieved from
http://www.nytimes.com, on December 8, 2019.

Note: When listing a newspaper, keep the following in mind

 If the URL runs into second line, only break URL before
a punctuation (Except for http ://)

30
3.3.13 Listing Translators
The following order, punctuation and capitalization shall apply.
Verne, J.(1965). Journey to the centre of the earth. Translated
by Robert Baldick. Harmmdsworth: Penguin.

3.3.14 Listing a General Website Article

i). Article with an author
Author A.A. (Year, Month, Date of Publication). Title of Article.
Retrieved from URL, on (Date accessed)

Example:
Emeagwali, B. (2015, January 9). The tale of two flaccos.
Retrieved from http://grantland.com/the-triangle/the-
tale-of-two-flaccos/., on May 18, 2019.

ii). Article without an author

Article title (Year, Month, Date of Publication). Retrieved from
URL, on (Date accessed)

Example
Teen posed as doctor at West Palm Beach Hospital: Police
(2015, January 16). Retrieved from
http://www.nbcmiami.com/news/local/Teen-posed-as-
Doctor-at-West-Palm-Beach-Hospital-Police-
288810831, on June 12, 2018.

3.3.15 Listing an Interview

A personal interview shall be included in a reference list as
follows:

Author, A.A. (Year, Month, Date). Interview type

Example
Okoye, B.O. (2014, October 18). Personal Interview
31
3.3.16 Listing Online Lecture Notes or Presentation Slides
Author, A.A. (Publication year). Name or title of lecture.
Retrieved from URL, on (Date accessed)

Example:
Nwankwo, C.C. (2012). Technology and me: A personal
timeline of educational technology [PowerPoint slides].
Retrieved from http:www.slideshare.net/Bclari25/
educational-technology-ppt, on (Date accessed).

3.3.17 Listing of Electronic Media

(i) Episode from TV or radio show
Listing shall be in the following order
(a) Surname of Writer, A.A. (Writer) and Surname of
Director, A.A. (Director).
(b) Year of airing
(c) Episode title [Television series episode]
(d) “In” Surname of Executive Producer, A.A. (Executive
Producer)
(e) TV series name. City, state of original channel: Channel.

Example:
Kang, K.C. (Writer) and Fryman, P.O. (Director) (2006). Slap
bet [Television series episode]. In Bays C.B. (Executive
Producer), How I met your mother. Los Angeles, CA:
Columbia Broadcasting System

ii) A Film/Movie
Listing shall be in the following order
a) Surname of Producer, A.A. (Producer) and Surname of
Director, A.A.(Director
b) Release year
c) Title of motion picture [motion picture]
d) Country of origin
32
 e) Studio

Example:
Asigbo, A. (Producer) and Akas, Q. (Director). Pulp fiction
[Motion picture]. United States. Miramax.

iii) A Film from You Tube

Listing shall be in the following order
a) Author, A.A. (Screename)
b) Year, Month, day of publication
c) Title of video [Video file]
d) Retrieved from http://xxx
e) Date of retrieval

Example:
Okeke, R.O. (2013, September 20). Favre to Moss [Video file].
Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=gop_ L6hBjn8, on January 28, 2019

Notes: When listing a video from You Tube, keep in mind the
following:
Screen names are more prominent than actual
names on You Tube. If you come across a user
whose real name is not available, only their
screen name shall be used without brackets

Screen name. (Year, Month, Date of publication). Title of video

[Video file]. Retrieved from http://xxx, on (Date
accessed)

33
Example
Holleratgeorge. (2007, May 27). The flop of all flops. [Video
file]. Retrieved from https:www.you
tube.com/watch?v=8ukde193ivM., on March 11, 2018.

iv) Listing a photograph

The listing shall be in the following order
a) Surname of photographer, A.A. (Photographer)
b) Year, month, date of publication
c) Title of photograph (photograph)
d) City, state of publication:
e) Publisher/Museum

Example:
Ugwuoke, W.J. (Photographer). (1938). St Patrick’s Cathedral,
fifth avenue from 50th street to 51st street [photograph].
New York, NY: New-York Historical Society

v) A photograph retrieved on line

The following order shall be followed in the listing:
a) Surname of photographer, A.A. (Photographer)
b) Year, Month, Day of Publication
c) Title of Photograph [digital image]
d) Retrieved from http://xxxx, on (Date accessed)

Example
Briggs, A.M. (Photographer). (2014, April 28). Liberty
enlightening the world [digital image]. Retrieved from
https://www.flickr.com/photos/afer92/14278571753/in/
set-72157644617030616, on (Date accessed)

3.3.18 Listing Patents

Anyanwu, J., Obodo, K. and Nwankwo, M.(2013). Description
cowpea Cultvar IFB -101.NGVU-00-222020.
34
 SECTION D

4 GENERAL INFORMATION ON FORMATTING

4.1 Font size, paper size, margin and page number

(i) The research Project/ Thesis/ Dissertation shall be typed
with double line spacing using Times New Romans with
font size 12.
(ii) The paper to be used should be of good quality of not less
than 80g/m2 weight.
(iii) The size of paper used in typing the Project/ Thesis/
Dissertation shall be A4 size, approximately 21.0 cm x
29.7 cm(8.27inch x 11.67 inch), except for drawings and
maps, on which no restriction shall be placed.
(iv) A margin of 2.5 cm shall be provided on the left hand side
and 2.0 cm for right hand margin.
(v) The headings of the first page of each new chapter shall be
5.0 cm below the top edge of the paper while the last
sentence to bottom paper edge shall be 2.0 cm. For other
pages, the top paper edge to first sentence and last sentence
to bottom paper edge shall be 2.0 cm.
(vi) Only one side of the paper shall be used.
(vii) All pages shall be numbered on the bottom right side for
both preliminary pages and the main body of the work. The
preliminary pages shall bear Roman numerals (i, ii, etc.)
while the body text shall bear Arabic numerals (1, 2, etc.).
(viii) Indented paragraphing shall be used. Indentation shall start
from the sixth space.

4.2 Headings
A maximum of four -tier system should be adopted for the
headings in the text. The headings for the Project, Thesis and
Dissertation using all four levels of heading (for example 4.1,
4.1.1, 4.1.1.1) shall be formatted as follows:
35
Chapter number: CENTERED BOLD UPPERCASE
HEADING

Level one: Chapter title: CENTERED BOLD UPPERCASE

HEADING (this shall be directly below the chapter number)

Level two: Bold, Flush Left, Uppercase first letter of each word
(except conjunctions).

Level three: Bold, Flush Left, Uppercase first letter of first word
only.

Level four: Bold, Flush Left, Italicized, Uppercase first letter of

first word only.
For example:

36
 CHAPTER FOUR

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Environmental Analysis of Soil Material for Landfill

Liner

4.1.1 Soil water characteristics curves

4.1.1.1 Effect of moulding water content on soil water

characteristics curves

Arabic numerals shall be used appropriately to number the

headings which should also be made bold. Roman numerals may
also be used for itemization where necessary but not in
numbering the above stated headings.

4.3 Tables, Figures and Plates

4.3.1 Tables, Table Titles and Rules

(i) Tables shall be numbered consecutively according to the
chapters in which they appear and in the order they are first
mentioned in the text .Each table is identified by the word Table
and its chaptered Arabic numeral. Each table shall be double-
spaced regardless of length.

ii) The word Table and its Arabic numeral shall be flush left
typed at the top of each table. The table title shall be flush left
typed and double-spaced and capitalizing the initial letters of the
principal words. Each table shall have a clear, concise and self-
explanatory title.

37
iii) Column headings and subheadings over the appropriate
columns within the table shall be centralized, capitalizing only
the initial or the first letter of each heading

iv) The table title shall be separated from the headings, the
headings from the body, using horizontal rules. The horizontal
rules shall be placed in the body of the table only if necessary to
clarify divisions. Vertical rules shall not be used except where
necessary.

v) Tables shall be constructed such that they could be read and

understood without reference to the text. A table should
therefore be simple, presenting only one general kind of data or
relationship. A good table should contribute to the progress of
analysis and valid generalization of findings inherent in the
original data.

vi) Tables should be inserted immediately after the page in

which they have been mentioned for the first time. Tables based
on data other than those collected directly from the investigation
and/or very long tables should be inserted as Appendices at the
end of the text. Larger tables typed on landscape along the page,
shall have their captions at the free end of the page. All tables
inserted in the text must be discussed within the text.

4.3.2 Figures and Plates

Figures include graphs, charts, drawings, diagrams, maps and
some kind of computer print-outs .The term “Figure” thus refers
to any type of graphic illustration other than a table. Figures
should be clear, concise and simple to interpret. Arabic numerals
shall be used in numbering figures. Mounted illustrations such
as photographs shall be referred to as Plates. Roman numerals
shall be used to identify plates: e.g. Plate III, Plate V, etc. The
captions of the figures or plates shall be written below each and
38
flushed left. The word Figure shall be typed followed by the
appropriate number and a period. The use of such phrases as
“Graph showing….” Or “Map illustration….” and the like must
be avoided. Large figures may either be neatly folded or
photographically reduced to the required size. If the system of
folding is selected, a large figure should be so folded as to
facilitate ease of reference to it. In using photographic reduction
technique, it should be noted that such reductions may cause
distortion.

4.4 Data Presentation

The data used in drawing graphs and charts shall be given as
appendices and not appear in the text as tables.

4.5 Numerals and Units

a. In the text, numerals shall be spelt out if under 10, except
when they denote a unit of measurement. All other
numbers should appear in Arabic numerals. Comma shall
be inserted in numerals over 1,000 or spaced out as
recommended by the International System of Units.
Positions shall be written in words, for example, the word
‘Fifth’ shall be used and not 5th.
b. Dates shall take the form of 15 December, 2005 and not
15th December, 2005 i.e. omit “th”. Decades shall be
referred to without the apostrophe e.g. 1830s, 1920s, or
1990s and not 1830’s or 1990’s.

c. If the percentage sign % is preferred, it shall not be mixed

with spelt figures or vice-versa (for example ninety % shall
not be used, use 90% or ninety percent).

d. Units of measurements shall be spelt out when appearing

alone in the text, but abbreviated according to standard

39
 abbreviations when used in Tables and Figures and when
qualified by numbers.

e. Systeme Internationale (SI) units shall be used.

4.6 Definitions/Nomenclature

4.6.1 Definitions
Definition shall be made for terms that:
(i) Are specific to the field in which the study is being
conducted
(ii) Have every-day language counterparts with which the
term might be confused; and
(iii) Are related substantively or methodologically to the
research.

Such terms shall be listed and defined carefully in the

preliminary pages in order to provide readers with the common
frame of reference with the author.

4.7 Nomenclature
i) Organisms (Scientific names should be italicized if type-
set)
Common names should be defined by the full Latin names at the
first mention: e.g. rice (Oriza sativa). Latin names shall be
written in italics or underlined.

ii) Pesticides and Drugs

Common names of pesticides and drugs that have been accepted
by either the International Organization for Standardization or
British Standard Institution shall be used wherever possible. If
necessary, proprietary names may be given in brackets. Where
there is no accepted common name, the proprietary name (spelt
with initial capital letter) or code number may be used, with the
40
name of the manufacturer given in brackets. Chemical names of
all pesticides and drugs mentioned in the text should be given in
the appendix

4.8Abbreviations
i)Acronyms All acronyms and abbreviations shall be explained.
A term to be abbreviated must, on its first appearance, be spelt
out completely and followed immediately by its abbreviation in
parenthesis. Thereafter, the abbreviation may be used in the text
without further explanation.

Example:
Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES) has become a versatile
method for studying atoms, molecules, solids and surfaces. Due
to its high surface sensitivity, AES is used as routine method in
surface science and analysis research. Abbreviations in
An abbreviation that is used in several Figures or Tables must
be explained in each Figure or Table in which the abbreviation
is used.

ii) Latin Abbreviation

Standard Latin abbreviations shall not be used in the text but
with the exception of vs. (for versus) for the Faculty of Law and
et al which is for general usage .Both shall appear in italics.

4.9 Cover page (1.5 line spacing)

The rightly coloured cover page shall indicate (in upper case
Times New Roman 14 only) the:
i Title of Project/Thesis/Dissertation
ii Name of Student (surname last)
iii Department/Faculty/University
iv Month/Year corrections certified

41
 SPECIMENS FOR PRELIMINARY PAGES

APPENDIX A1

PREVALENCE, DETERMINANTS AND

MANAGEMENT OF RAPE AMONG FEMALE ADULTS
IN ANAMBRA STATE

JOHN MADUABUCHI OKAFOR

(REGISTRATION NUMBER)

A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF

PHILOSOPHY, FACULTY OF ARTS, NNAMDI AZIKIWE
UNIVERSITY, AWKA IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF
THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER
OF ARTS.

APRIL, 2012

42
 APPENDIX A2

CERTIFICATION (1.5 line spacing)

I (Name of candidate in block letters, Surname comes last) with
registration number … hereby certify that I am responsible for
the work submitted in this Project/Thesis/Dissertation and that
this is an original work which has not been submitted to this
University or any other institution for the award of a degree or a
diploma.

----------------------------- -------------------------
Signature of Candidate Date

43
 APPENDIX A3

APPROVAL (1.5 line spacing)

This Project/Thesis/Dissertation written by (Candidate’s name)
has been examined and approved for the award of postgraduate
diploma/master degree/degree of Doctor of Philosophy of
Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.

(The approval page shall contain the names, signatures and

approval dates of the following.)

------------------------------ ------------------------------
Supervisor I Date

------------------------------ ------------------------------
Supervisor II Date

------------------------------ ------------------------------
Head of Department Date

------------------------------ ------------------------------
External Examiner Date

------------------------------ ------------------------------
Dean of Faculty Date

------------------------------ ------------------------------
Dean, SPGS Date

44
APPENDIX A4

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONTENTS PAGE
TITLE PAGE
CERTIFICATION
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION (IF ANY)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES (IF ANY)
LIST OF FIGURES (IF ANY)
LIST OF PLATES (IF ANY)
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
LIST OF SYMBOLS (IF ANY)
TABLE OF CASES (FOR THE FACULTY OF LAW)
LIST OF STATUTES (FOR THE FACULTY OF LAW)
LIST OF INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS (FOR THE
FACULTY OF LAW)
OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study
1.2 Statement of the Problem
1.3 Aim/Purpose of the Study
1.4 Research Objectives
1.5 Rationale for/ Relevance of the Study (where applicable)
1.6 Justification for the Study (where applicable)
2.1.1.7 Significance of the Study
1.8 Scope of the Study
1.9 Research Questions (where applicable)
45
1.10 Research Hypotheses (where applicable)

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW OR REVIEW

OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Conceptual Framework (where applicable)
2.2 Theoretical Framework (where applicable)
2.3 Theoretical Studies (where applicable)
2.4 Empirical Studies
2.5 Summary of Literature Review

CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODS OR

METHODS OR METHODOLOGY (As applicable)
3.1 Research Design (where applicable)
3.2 Study Area/Study Site/Area of the Study (as applicable)
3.3 Population of the Study (where applicable)
3.4 Sample and Sampling Technique(s)/ Sampling Technique
(as applicable)
3.5 Instrument for Data Collection (where applicable)
3.6 Validity/Validation of the Instrument (where applicable)
3.7 Reliability of the Instrument (where applicable)
3.8 Method of Data Collection (where applicable)
3.9 Materials Used (where applicable)
3.10 Experimental Design (where applicable)
3.11 Laboratory Procedure (where applicable)
3.12 Method of Data Analysis

CHAPTER FOUR: RESULT AND DISCUSSION

CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND

RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary of Findings
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Implications of the Findings (where applicable)
5.4 Recommendations
46
5.5 Suggestions for Further Studies

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

47