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Phillip Whitt

Beginning Photo Retouching and

Restoration Using GIMP
Learn to Retouch and Restore Your Photos like a
Pro
2nd ed.
Phillip Whitt
Columbus, GA, USA

ISBN 978-1-4842-9264-8 e-ISBN 978-1-4842-9265-5

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-9265-5

© Phillip Whitt 2014, 2023

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively
licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is
concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of
illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in
any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and
retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or
dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.

The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks,

service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the
absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the
relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general
use.

The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the
advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate
at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the
editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the
material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have
been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional
claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Apress imprint is published by the registered company APress

Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
The registered company address is: 1 New York Plaza, New York, NY
10004, U.S.A.
This book is dedicated to my supportive family and friends.
Introduction
The Joy of Restoring Photos
When you look through your family photo album, chances are you’ll
notice that some of those pictures are showing their age. They might
have faded, lost a great deal of color, or have stains, tears, or other
forms of damage. There may be only one picture of a favorite aunt or
uncle in existence, possibly in poor condition. If you have photos that
are precious to you, you know how important it is to rescue and
preserve them for posterity (Figure 1).

Figure 1 A faded image rescued for future generations (Image courtesy of Bruce
Bundt)

With the advent of digital imaging software, it’s now possible to

perform minor miracles and revive damaged photographs that might
have been considered beyond repair. In this profession, there’s nothing
more gratifying than the look of surprise and joy on a client’s face as
they gaze upon a fresh, new copy of a restored family photo for the first
time. Sometimes, the client is moved to tears, which reiterates how
important family photographs are. Most of us in the photo retouching
and restoration profession love what we do. I personally find it very
therapeutic—even when wrestling with some of the more challenging
jobs that come my way. Learning these skills is a plus for photographers
who want to add an extra revenue stream to their business.
Genealogists can greatly benefit from knowing how to digitally
resurrect images from generations past. The family archivist will have
fun preserving the history of mom and dad, as well as an assortment of
cousins, aunts, and uncles.

Why Photographs Are Important

Our old family photographs go largely unnoticed in our day-to-day lives.
They are tucked away in aging photo albums (Figure 2), displayed in
frames (often exposed to damaging light), or stored in drawers and
boxes. Improper storage and exposure to UV light cause the majority of
damage to photographs.

Figure 2 Photographs kept in an aging album

 Our photographs are linked to our history. The fact is we often don’t
give them much thought until a milestone anniversary or birthday
arrives, a loved one passes on, or other significant events occur.
Throughout my career, I’ve had many desperate clients hire me to
restore their treasured images for all of these occasions.
Preventing damage is always preferable to repairing it. Keeping
photos in acid-free albums, displaying them in frames with UV-resistant
glass, and keeping them out of junk drawers and boxes will go a long
way toward preserving your images. It’s also important to digitize
them, so copies can be given to family members. Those images of our
parents, grandparents, kids—even distant relatives—are part of our
heritage and well worth preserving. It would be a shame if our visual
family history couldn’t be passed on to future generations. Fortunately,
with the aid of this book, and the image-editing power of GIMP 2.10,
you’ll be able to rescue all of the damaged images in your family’s
collection, as well as those of your clients, if you choose to make a
profession out of this fun and challenging activity.

GIMP: The Powerful Free Image-Editing Alternative

Years ago, there weren’t many options available for full-featured photo-
editing programs. Adobe Photoshop was by far the most powerful—and
the most expensive. While it is still considered the leading photo-
editing software, there are other options that have narrowed the gap
over the years.
One of the most powerful free photo editors is the open source
GIMP (currently in version 2.10.32).
GIMP stands for GNU Image Manipulation Program. The best part
about it (other than being free) is that you can share it with friends and
install it on multiple computers—all without fear of committing piracy
or violating licensing agreements. It is issued under the terms of the
GPL, which stands for General Public License. Photoshop is probably the
most pirated software on earth. With GIMP, that isn’t possible. The
developers encourage you to distribute copies (and yes, it says so on
their website).
Open source software such as GIMP means that the source code is
openly available. Anyone with programming skills can make
improvements and enhancements. There is a large community of GIMP
users that contribute to its ongoing development and improvement.
Over the years, GIMP has matured into a powerful tool used by many
independent photographers, graphic designers, and artists who require
a full-featured image editor.
In May 2013, Adobe Systems, Inc., changed to a subscription-only
business model. It no longer sells physical boxed software packages or
downloads with perpetual licenses. Adobe customers must pay a
monthly fee to use the company’s current products on a continual basis.
This apparently angered many of Adobe’s customers, many of whom
began seeking alternatives to Adobe products, especially Photoshop.
There was a dramatic increase in the download frequency of GIMP in
the months that followed Adobe’s decision. It would be reasonable to
assume that GIMP will become more popular over time, as it keeps
improving.
Although GIMP lacks some of Photoshop’s features, it’s still an
extremely capable editor for photo retouching and restoration tasks.
There are plug-ins available that can restore some of the missing
features, so GIMP will become more on par with Photoshop.
To download the software and access the documentation and
license, visit the official website at www.gimp.org. GIMP can be
installed on Windows, Macintosh, Linux, and Unix derivatives. The
website will help direct you to the correct installer (or source code) for
your system.
Even though this book is a beginner’s guide to photo retouching and
restoration, it’s not a beginner’s guide to GIMP. For the benefit of those
new to GIMP, Chapter 1 is an overview of some of this software’s
important features. It should provide beginners with enough
information to follow the tutorials, but the GIMP User Manual will
provide much more specific information about the software itself.
If you’re a complete beginner, consider my book Practical Glimpse
(also by Apress Publishing). Glimpse is a fork of GIMP (essentially
meaning it has its own team of developers). With the exception of only
a couple of minor things, Glimpse is identical to GIMP, so the
information in the book is applicable.
The retouching and restoration techniques in this book can be
replicated by other programs, such as Adobe Photoshop and Corel
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PaintShop Pro. However, some of the tool names and command names
will differ.
If you’ve been eager to learn photo retouching and restoration
without the high price tag that accompanies Photoshop, I encourage
you to get started with GIMP 2.10. You can download the practice
photos with which to follow along in each lesson.
This book will teach you how to do the following:
Acquire the best scans and digitize oversized photos
Improve contrast to make faded photos look their best
Correct exposure problems
Make color corrections in photos that have color shifts or color casts
Colorize black-and-white photos
Digitally clean up dust on photos (great for scanned images acquired
from old 35mm slides or negatives)
Repair images with tears, cracks, and stains
Remove unwanted objects from photos
Recompose portraits (add or remove people, change backgrounds, or
make other changes)
Digitally remove skin blemishes, whiten teeth, etc.
Protect and preserve your restored images

Visualizing the Editing Steps

It will be beneficial to evaluate each photo and visualize your steps
from start to finish. This may be a little challenging in the beginning,
but it gets easier with practice. Outlined in the following is the
progression of an image restoration that should serve as a general
guide:
1. Straighten the image: Sometimes, the image you are working with
will be tilted slightly. GIMP can easily correct this. You can see in the
example (Figure 3, right-hand-side example) that the porch has
been straightened. Now the edges are at an angle and will have to
be cropped.
 Figure 3 The image straightened
2. Crop the photo: In the next example (Figure 4), I cropped the image
to the client’s specifications. Photos from the 1950s were often
square, and cropping eliminates the excess foreground.

3. Make the necessary exposure and contrast adjustments: By using a

combination of layers set with the Multiply and Overlay blending
modes, the photo has much better contrast and brightness (Figure
4, right-hand-side example). When editing color images, make the
needed color adjustments after exposure corrections.

Figure 4 Image cropped (left) and contrast improved (right)

4. Do your digital cleanup/editing: Remove scratches, spots,
blemishes, and any distracting elements. After editing, recheck the
exposure and contrast. In color photos, recheck the color
correction.

5. Recheck the photo for overlooked dust, blemishes, etc.: Give the photo
a final overview, to make sure you removed all of the imperfections
that might have been overlooked the first time. Once you’re
satisfied with the outcome, it is finished. Be sure to save a layered
version of your work. (I’ll explain this in greater detail in the
section “Working with Layers” in Chapter 1.)

6. Resize the image: Resize the photo to its final output size.

7. Sharpen the photo: Last, sharpen the image slightly. The end result
looks much better (Figure 5).

Figure 5 Before and after comparison

Note This process will vary somewhat, depending on the image

and the editing requirements. For example, it’s better to repair
images with heavy damage (large cracks, tears, or missing areas, in
which large patches of underlying white from missing image
emulsion are visible) before making tonal and/or color corrections.
Improving with Practice
The tutorials in this book will help you learn a great deal about photo
retouching and restoration. Mastering the lessons in this book will help
you along the way to becoming an expert retouch or restoration artist,
and with dedicated practice, you will become one. This is especially
important if you plan to become a professional retoucher and restorer.
Top-notch work that exceeds your clients’ expectations will make them
very happy, which can promote glowing word-of-mouth testimony
leading to potential clients.
You’ll discover that some restoration work requires
experimentation with different approaches, before you achieve the
results you want. You won’t achieve perfect results with every image;
some will be too far damaged, and making the best attempt you can
make will have to suffice. In most cases, you can still achieve pleasing
results!
As mentioned earlier, if you are going to professionally restore and
retouch photographs, skillful work will thrill your customers. That’s
why improving and maintaining your skill level is vital. There will be
the occasional hard-to-please client, and there will be times when
revising work will be necessary. While it’s important to keep revisions
to a minimum, they can also serve as learning experiences. Many times,
I’ve learned a new and better way of restoring a photo because my first
attempt wasn’t satisfactory. After the revision, I’d end up with a very
happy client—often leading to repeat business.
After you’ve spent a great deal of time editing a particularly difficult
photo, it helps to leave it alone for a day or so and then reexamine it
with a fresh set of eyes. (It also helps to have someone else look at it.) It
can be frustrating to print your finished work only to discover it wasn’t
quite finished, because you overlooked something. After mastering the
tutorials in this book, you might consider asking family and friends for
practice photos. It’s a great way to build a portfolio to show prospective
clients. Just be sure to ask for permission to use them first—especially
if you plan to put them online.

Equipment Purchases to Consider

These days, most people own a computer, scanner, and printer. All-in-
one printer/copier/scanners are now quite common. These are the
minimum equipment requirements for scanning, editing, and printing
photographs up to 8” × 10”. For many people, this will probably be
sufficient. For those editing images at the serious amateur level or
offering a professional service, there are a few other items to consider.
They will make your workflow smoother and more efficient and will
also enable you to handle a wider range of editing tasks. If you’re a
professional, you probably already have this equipment. If not, you
might consider obtaining these:
A multiformat flatbed scanner (Figure 6): Using a multiformat photo-
quality scanner will capture images with a wide dynamic range
(greater detail in shadow areas), as well as transparencies, such as
35mm slides and negatives. They typically range in price from about
$100 for basic models to as much as $1200 for models that can scan
12–16 slides at one time.

Figure 6 A multiformat flatbed scanner

A good quality tripod: You may encounter large images, such as 16” ×
20” portraits. With a tripod and a good camera, you can digitize large
images for editing. A decent consumer-quality camera will work, but
a camera that captures in the RAW format is best. The tripod should
have a head that tilts 90 degrees, so that the camera can be aimed
straight down.
Lighting: Digitizing large images outside on an overcast day works
very well but may not always be possible. You can purchase from
your local camera shop lighting equipment to illuminate large
 images. Photoflood bulbs emit light at 3200 or 3400 degrees Kelvin
to work with your camera’s indoor setting.
Graphics tablet (Figure 7): A graphics tablet can make your work
much easier and faster. It mimics the feel of using a brush, pencil, or
pen. This is especially useful when applying colors to an image, such
as colorizing a black-and-white photograph.

Figure 7 A graphics tablet can make your work easier. (Image courtesy of Sasha
Kim/Pexels)

Copy with Caution

If you are learning the art of digital photo restoration for professional
purposes, you’ll have to be careful when duplicating and editing some
images to avoid committing copyright infringement. Because I’m not an
attorney, I can’t really offer this as specific legal advice, but more as a
general cautionary guide for you to keep in mind. You should always
consult an attorney who specializes in intellectual property law for legal
specifics.
On occasion, a customer will request retouching or modifying a
professionally shot portrait. Legally, the photographer who took the
picture owns the copyright to the image (unless other arrangements
were agreed upon beforehand). When possible, have the customer
obtain written permission from the photographer or studio that owns
the copyright, before proceeding with any work. Naturally, some
portraits will be decades old, and the photographer will have passed on
or closed their business, or there simply may not be any way of
knowing who the photographer is. In those cases, it’s probably a moot
issue.
It’s good practice to have the customer sign a waiver (your attorney
can help you draft one) releasing you from any copyright infringement
liability. However, if the picture is obviously the work of a professional
(especially a local photographer), obtaining permission to edit the
image is very important. Photographers can be very protective of their
work (trust me, I know), and you can’t really blame them. If it happened
to get back to them that you were editing their work, a lawsuit might
follow. (I personally know of a photo lab owner who was almost sued
over just such an incident.)
Many people believe that because they paid for the photography
service and prints, they own the copyright to those images. It can
sometimes be difficult to convey the concept that the photographer (or
studio that employs them) owns the copyright. However, it’s important
that you do. Customers won’t always understand why they need to
obtain permission or sign a waiver, but you must legally protect
yourself. It’s also just professional courtesy to ask for permission to edit
someone else’s work.
So, be sure to remember these important points:
When possible, have the customer sign a waiver releasing you from
any potential copyright infringement. Most of the images you work
with will be family snapshots or an old portrait that was the work of
a professional. It may be impossible to identify the photographer.
When it’s obvious that a photo is the work of a professional, obtain
permission from the copyright owner to edit the image, if at all
possible. There is usually an embossed signature at the bottom-right
corner of a photo and a “Do Not Copy” warning on the back.
Consult an attorney when you need more specific legal advice. It pays
to be careful.

Macintosh Users
The tutorials in this book use the Windows/Linux keyboard shortcuts,
but if you are a Macintosh user unfamiliar with the Windows keyboard
shortcuts, the Mac equivalents are shown in Table 1.
Table 1 Mac/Windows Keyboard Shortcut Equivalents

Editing
Function Mac OS Windows
Cut to clipboard Command + X Control + X
Copy to clipboard Command + C Control + C
Paste from clipboard Command + V Control + V
Undo Command + Z Control + Z
Contextual menus Control-click Right-click

Practice Images
You can download the Practice Images folder that contains the images
that accompany each tutorial in this book. The images are contained in
each corresponding subfolder. To download the Practice Images folder,
download the source code package here:
https://github.com/Apress/Beginning-Photo-
Retouching-and-Restoration-Using-GIMP.
If you’re ready now, you can start on your path to becoming an
image retoucher and restoration artist!
Any source code or other supplementary material referenced by the
author in this book is available to readers on the Github repository:
https://github.com/Apress/Beginning-Photo-Retouching-and-
Restoration-Using-GIMP. For more detailed information, please visit
http://www.apress.com/source-code.
 Visit https://ebookmass.com
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Acknowledgments
I’d like to acknowledge Susan McDermott and Jessica Vakili for their
help and patience over the years! They are both professionals of the
highest caliber.
Table of Contents
Part I: Starting with the Essentials
Chapter 1:​An Overview of GIMP 2.​10
In This Chapter
Downloading and Installing GIMP 2.​10
GIMP for Windows
GIMP for Linux and Unix-Like Systems
GIMP for Mac OS X
The GIMP Interface
The Image Menu
The Image Navigation Bar
The Toolbox and Important Tool Functions
The Selection Tools
The Brush Tools
The Transform Tools
Other Tools
Working with Layers
Layer Groups
Layer Blending Modes
Plug-ins to Enhance GIMP
Summary
Chapter 2:​Digitizing Your Photos, Slides, and Negatives
In This Chapter
Acquiring Your Digital Images
Starting with a Clean Scan
Scanning Photographs
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waiting, an officer arrived to say that everything was in order. I was
to be permitted to enter Bukovina.
Now I was having my last look toward my troubled country, leaving it
to the darkness of night.
When this long journey had started I had had no real wish to leave
my country. I was ill in body and soul. I needed rest and quiet. My
resistance was low. I wished for security. Willy-nilly, I went along with
my early companions, then with Alexander and Nikolai, and lately
with my new acquaintances.
With quivering lips, I had now left behind me the land I loved so
much, and, somewhere in the wilderness, the remains of my beloved
family. There were, also, Alexander and Nikolai. With deep feeling I
had left all the tragedies behind.
God wanted it that way—to lay their swords and their lives at the
altar of their country. May He grant them rest in Heaven. Father
departed with his family very young, but in true Christian faith and
fidelity to Russia. Now free from the cruel human lies, injustices and
misunderstandings, he left the world not in pomp and glory, but in
greater glory. He died for his country and his people whom he loved
best.
With these thoughts in my mind I left behind the land of my heritage
forever.
 XXXIV
REFUGE
The rain came down in torrents and washed my tears from my
sunken cheeks. Now I was alone with strangers. As we walked away
from the border, we were drenched, hungry, and tired, with no
prospect of a place to sleep. We spied a faint light ahead and hurried
toward it. The man of the house would not accept Russian paper
money. At that point the Austrian soldier produced some of his
money, which he had been saving, and bargained with the proprietor
for us to stay briefly, hoping that I would feel better quickly. I
consulted the woman whom we also saw about my itching. She
suggested pouring sour milk over a bed sheet and rolling me in it.
This she did so completely that only my eyes and mouth were left
uncovered. The only unaffected parts of my body were the palms of
my hands and soles of my feet. This treatment brought great comfort
and relief. My leg was better, though still swollen.
I was ready to resume my travel. The woman provided us with
sufficient food to last for several days’ journey. She also gave me
some rags with which I wrapped my feet so that they would not slide
around in my boots. We passed many wheat fields and woods of tall
oak trees; many had been uprooted and were lying dead, leaving big
holes in the ground which were now filled with water and mud. The
trenches were uncovered and deserted and the rain made rivers of
them. The war had turned this area into a battleground. We could
see pieces of clothing, brass artillery shell cases, chains, pieces of
iron and other odds and ends of metal buried in the trunks of trees—
mute testimony to the destructive power of artillery. Tragedy was all
around us. Rains had washed away the traces of blood shed here
during the past four years. Suddenly I spied a geranium plant in the
midst of the holocaust. Here and there were pieces of blankets and
abandoned, rusty canteens.
Unexpectedly, here something gave away under my feet, uncovering
some leaves. I screamed. It was a pair of feet—the flesh was all
gone, just bones. They fell apart under the impact of my weight. The
others responding to my scream came over and removed the leaves
from the sunken body of a Russian soldier. His uniform was so rotted
and stained, it was impossible to tell that he was an officer, but a
rusty watch was still wrapped around his wrist bone. The woods
showed all kinds of tragedies.
Father knew this battlefield as he himself had been shelled several
times while inspecting the troops. For this he and Alexei received
their St. George decorations. Father had had his to the last day. He
knew the devotion and bravery of his men, those heroes who
sacrificed everything. In the end they, too, paid with their lives,
making room for Lenin and Trotsky.
The day before the war in 1914, I dreamed that woods like these I
had just crossed were in flames, the fire was red and went high up to
the sky. I heard the crackling of the trees. I knew then that the war
was unavoidable, especially when in the evening for the first time
Father appeared late for dinner. Now I recalled my dream as I saw
this place of suffering. In distress I left the touching scene.
The men carried me through the deep mudholes, taking turns. I
worried that I was too heavy. Actually I weighed only forty kilograms,
not quite ninety pounds. The latest companion to join us, the
Austrian soldier, had been stationed in these parts with the Austrian
army and knew well the nearby villages. Moreover, he himself came
from this part of the country. He volunteered to be our guide. A day
or two later, in the afternoon, we came to a stretch of woods where
we saw some women picking yellow mushrooms.
A young woman among them already had her baskets full. We spoke
to the young woman who said she was going home, part way to the
nearby village.
We joined her. The men carried her baskets. The odor of these
mushrooms brought back gnawing memories. Toward the end of the
day, we reached the village. The Austrian soldier knew this village,
having relatives here. Through him we were able to be taken care of
for the night. He went into the house while we waited outside. An
elderly woman came out and in a Slavic language I understood, said,
“Come in, my child, I hear you have an injured foot. I know you are
hungry. I will have supper ready for you in a minute.” She seemed so
clean and kind and motherly, I was drawn to her immediately. We
followed her into the house and there we met her daughters who
also welcomed us.
I sat on a low stool shivering, while one of the girls took off my
muddy boots and the other brought pails of water from outdoors
which they poured into a large kettle on the wood-burning stove. My
muddy stockings were stuck to my feet. Warm water was poured
over them to take off the worst of the plastered mud. The mother
took a sharp knife and scraped some salt into a fresh pail of warm
water to serve as disinfectant. By the time we finished with my foot,
the supper was ready. It consisted of warm mamaliga—a yellow
mush made out of maize—with warm milk poured over it. It was a
new dish to me, but nothing ever tasted better.
The mother examined my wound. While she washed it a tear
dropped on my ankle. Our eyes met. “I think it will be all right, I do
not see any infection.”
The warm milk soon stopped the chattering of my teeth. The good
girls had already made up a bed for me: a small wooden bed with
linen sheets spread over a narrow mattress. They had hardly left the
room when I was fast asleep. The girls shared the same room with
me, but I was not aware of them. When I woke up the next day, the
girls told me that the men had been waiting for me since eleven in
the morning.
“What time is it now?” I asked.
“Four in the afternoon,” they laughed. “Several times the men came
in and looked to see if you were asleep or dead, and were
reassured.”
Evidently I felt safe at last. The girls told me excitedly that the men
had slept in the barn and later had helped their mother clean the
stable. The Germans had left her one horse and one cow,
confiscating all the rest of the livestock before the Russian invasion,
fearing that the Russians would take it.
When I started to dress, to my surprise I could not find my wet
travelling clothes. Instead of my clothes I found a new outfit:
everything from a cotton dress to a pair of shoes. This humble family
had presented me with Sunday clothes belonging to their youngest
daughter, six months my junior.
I located the men in the garden eating half-dried plums still on the
trees. They were relaxed, free and happy after getting me safely
across the border.
I, too, was relaxed and free.
At long last I had found a peaceful refuge with this unknown but
friendly family which had taken me into its midst and made me a
welcome member.
It was October 24th, 1918 ... for me a new day ... and the beginning
of a new life.
 INDEX
Abalak Monastery, 207, 229, 231
Ai-Todor, 50, 177, 239
Alapaevsk, 110
Alexander I Pavlovich, Emperor, 48, 49, 79
Alexander II Nicholaevich, Emperor, 22, 23, 61, 96, 160, 206
Alexander III Alexandrovich, Emperor, 21, 48, 75, 95, 121, 122,
128, 138, 140, 144, 162, 178, 194, 204, 205, 208, 244, 245,
301
Alexander Mikhailovich, Grand Duke, 126, 127, 135, 138, 369
Alexander (the rescuer) 358, 360, 363-372, 375, 377
Alexander Palace, Tsarskoe Selo, 23, 24, 47, 144, 165
Alexander Park, Tsarskoe Selo, 117, 160
Alexander Station, Tsarskoe Selo, 96, 200
Alexandra, Queen of Great Britain (subsequently Dowager
Queen), née Princess of Denmark, 18, 29, 31-33, 36, 37
Alexandra, Princess of Hohenlohe-Langenburg (previously
Hereditary Princess), née Princess of Great Britain, 77
Alexandra Feodorovna, Empress, née Princess Alix of Hesse-
Darmstadt, 3-9, 12-20, 23, 24, 26-28, 30-40, 43-51, 53-64, 66-
69, 71, 72, 75-78, 80, 81, 83, 84, 86-92, 95-124, 126-162,
164, 165, 173, 176-78, 181, 183-87, 189, 190, 195-97, 199,
201-03, 206-08, 211, 213, 214, 217-20, 225-36, 240-44, 248-
52, 254-56, 259, 260, 265, 269-77, 279-81, 283, 284, 287,
288, 291-94, 297, 298, 300-03, 305, 307-12, 314, 316, 317,
324, 325, 327-29, 331, 332, 334, 338, 340, 341, 343, 344,
360
Alexandra Georgievna, Grand Duchess (Paul Alexandrovich), née
Princess of Greece, 136
Alexandra, 363, 367
Alexandria Cottage, Peterhof, 25, 62, 80, 84, 134
Alexandrovka, 160
Alexei I Mikhailovich, Tsar, 70, 206
Alexei Alexandrovich, Grand Duke, 6
Alexei Nicholaevich, Grand Duke and Tsesarevich, 5-11, 13, 15-
17, 19, 23, 26-29, 31-35, 38-40, 42, 45, 50, 51, 54-61, 63-66,
77, 79, 84-86, 89, 98-102, 106, 109-11, 114, 116, 119, 121-26,
128-30, 136, 137, 140-43, 148, 149, 155, 157, 161, 162, 165,
167, 168, 174, 180, 183, 184, 187, 188, 190, 192, 194, 196,
203, 208, 212, 214, 215, 217, 219, 222, 226, 228, 232, 233,
239, 242, 243, 246, 248, 249, 251, 252, 254-57, 259, 265-71,
276-78, 281, 283, 284, 286-88, 301, 303, 305, 307, 308, 310-
12, 314, 316, 317, 338, 341, 372, 379
Alexeiev, General, 101, 113, 152, 154, 163, 166, 192
Alfonso XIII, King of Spain, 77
Alfonso, Infante of Spain, 77
Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Prince of Great Britain,
Duke of Edinburgh, 76
Alice, Grand Duchess of Hesse-Darmstadt, née Princess of Great
Britain, 75, 185
Alice, Princess (Andrew) of Greece, née Princess of Battenberg,
37
American, the, 18
Anastasia Nicholaevna, Grand Duchess, esp., 3, 4, 14, 16, 30, 41,
64, 67, 156, 345
Anastasia Nicholaevna, Grand Duchess (Nicholai Nicholaevich),
previously Princess (George Maximilianovich) Romanovsky,
 Duchess of Leuchtenberg, née Princess Petrovich Niegosh of
Montenegro, 134
Andrei Alexandrovich, Prince of Russia, 19, 132, 230, 369
Andrew, Prince of Greece, 37
Andrew Vladimirovich, Grand Duke, 138
Anglo-Russian Hospital, Nevsky Prospect, St. Petersburg, 159
Anichkov Palace, St. Petersburg, 92
Annunciation, Church of the, Tobolsk, 229
Apraxin, Count P.N., 157
Archayerevsky woods, Mogilev, 129
Artasalev (?), 201
Assumption, Cathedral of the, Kremlin, Moscow, 85
Augusta Victoria, German Empress, née Princess of Schleswig-
Holstein-Sonderborg-Augustenburg, 37-39
Austria-Hungary, 81-84, 146, 147, 199, 235, 301, 313, 373, 374,
379
Austrian, the, 374-76, 378-80
Avdiev, Commissar, 275

Bagration-Mukhransky, Prince Konstantin Alexandrovich, 110

Baltic Sea, 9, 29, 51, 76, 144
Bariatinsky, Prince, 206
Bariatinsky, Prince “Toly”, 232
Bariatinsky, Princess Maria, 20, 49
Bark, Peter, 159, 195
Bashkirs, 362
Battenberg, George, Prince of (subsequently Earl of Medina, then
2nd Marquess of Milford Haven), 35
Battenberg, Louis, Prince of (subsequently 1st Marquess of Milford
Haven), 109
Battenberg, Louis, Prince of (subsequently Lord Louis
Mountbatten, now 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma), 35
Baumgarten, Miss, 45
Bazhenovo, 205, 267
Beatrice, Princess (Henry) of Battenberg, née Princess of Great
Britain, 31, 32
Beatrice, Infanta (Alfonso) of Spain, née Princess of Great Britain,
77
Belaya River, 362
Beloborodov, Commissar, 304, 312
Beloselsky, Prince, 206
Beloselsky-Belozersky, Prince, 33
Belovezh, Grodno, 54
Belyayev, Father, 185
Belyayev, General, 143
Benckendorff, Count Alexander Konstantinovich, 29
Benckendorff, Count Peter Konstantinovich, 32, 68, 128, 134, 147,
150, 157-59, 161, 168, 179, 184, 194, 195, 197, 200, 246,
247, 254, 281, 301
Bendery, 83, 300
Benson and Hedges, Ltd., 299
Berezina River, 54
Berlin, 36, 192, 247
Bernaul, 237
Bismarck, Prince Otto von, 156
Bittner, Mlle., 216-18, 255
Black Sea, 9, 43, 76, 369
“Blessing of the Waters”, 21, 22, 231, 232
Bolin, 134, 190, 302
Bolsheviks, 8, 34, 114, 117, 161, 207, 222-24, 236, 237, 243, 244,
247, 312, 362, 370
Boris III, King of the Bulgars (previously Crown Prince of Bulgaria),
43
Boris I Feodorovich, Tsar, 85, 206, 231
Boris Vladimirovich, Grand Duke, 114, 138, 163
Borodino, 54
Botkin, Dr. Eugene Sergeevich, 33, 40, 41, 57, 61, 149, 151, 161,
167, 187, 196, 201, 203, 207, 211, 220, 233, 242, 249, 252,
254, 259, 260, 269, 270, 272, 273, 275, 276, 279-81, 283,
284, 286-88, 291, 296, 303, 306, 307, 309, 312, 314-17, 341
Botkin, Gleb Evgenievich, 41, 220, 259, 260, 275, 276
Botkina, Tatiana Evgenievna, 41, 220, 259, 260, 275, 276
Brasova, Countess (subsequently Princess) Nathalia Sergeevna,
née Sheremetievsky, 157
Bratianu, Ion, 78
Brest-Litovsk Treaty, 248, 294, 295
Bronstein, see Trotsky
Bronstein (Trotsky’s brother), 128, 245
Brussilov, General, 101, 113
Buchanan, Sir George W., 23, 84, 156, 158, 159
Buchanan, Lady Georgina, 98, 158, 159
Bugulma, 362
Bukovina, 374, 377
Bulgarians, 63, 300
Buriats, 367
Butsova, Olga E., 20, 33, 44, 148
Buxhoeveden, Baroness Sophia Karlovna, 45, 71, 72, 161, 187,
211, 229, 265-67, 269, 270
Byzantine, 46, 62, 208, 300

Carol I, King of Rumania, 76, 82

Carol II, King of Rumania (previously Hereditary Prince, then
Crown Prince), 76, 77
Caspian Infantry, the 148th, 87
Catherine II Alexeevna, the Great, Empress, 24, 66, 108, 205, 257
Catherine Palace, Tsarskoe Selo, 24, 104, 192, 220
Caucasus, 55, 127, 149, 154, 244
Cheka, the, 304
Chelyabinsk, 205, 235
Chemodurov, Terenty, 211, 232, 249, 252, 270, 273
Cherbourg, 33, 35
Chernovitsy, Bukovina, 103
“Children’s Island”, Tsarskoe Selo, 23, 183, 184
Christian IX, King of Denmark, 6, 28
Christiania, (Oslo), 29
Christmas, 39, 61, 97, 130-33, 222, 227, 229-31
Clements, Miss, 45
Constantine Constantinovich, Grand Duke, 109, 110, 119, 186
Constantine Constantinovich, Prince of Russia, 110, 137, 312
Constantsa, 76
Copenhagen, 28, 30
Cossacks, 8, 17, 22, 66, 80, 81, 129, 133, 200
Cowes, Isle of Wight, 31-33, 35, 37
Crimea, The, 14, 40, 43, 44, 46-51, 63, 76, 92, 109, 113, 114, 116,
127, 130, 135, 164, 177, 178, 194, 208, 214, 219, 220, 233,
239, 287, 300, 368, 369
Croatian, the, 371, 372, 374, 376, 377
Cyril Vladimirovich, Grand Duke, 77, 114, 138, 155-57, 163

Danilov, General, 20
Darmstadt, 35
Dartmouth, 33
Dehn, Captain Charles, 26, 148, 149
Dehn, Mme. Charles (“Lili”), 26, 148, 161, 176, 370
Dehn, “Titi”, 27, 148
Demidov, Prince, 205
Demidova, Anna, 211, 214, 249, 252, 259, 273, 274, 279, 307,
315-17
Dendeniev, 129
Denmark, 14, 27, 29, 30, 54, 71, 78
Derevenko, Dr., 8, 33, 57, 66, 128, 148, 211, 218, 219, 243, 248,
257, 259, 265, 268-71
Derevenko, Nikolai, 218, 219, 243
Derevenko, “Dina”, 8-10, 15, 17, 32, 39, 99, 149
Dieterichs, General, 113
Dimitri Alexandrovich, Prince of Russia, 19, 230, 369
Dimitri Constantinovich, Grand Duke, 128, 137
Dimitri Ivanovich, Tsesarevich, 206, 231
Dimitri Pavlovich, Grand Duke, 75, 115, 135-37, 139
Dmitriev, Alexei, 265
Dnieper River, 126, 256, 370
Dobrovolsky, General, 157
Dolgorukov, Prince, 206
Dolgorukov, Prince Vasily, 50, 70, 71, 127, 128, 152, 153, 163,
164, 168, 179, 184, 188, 195, 203, 205, 211, 231, 232, 236,
244-47, 249, 252, 253, 272-74, 282, 341
Dreifuss, Dr., 57, 128
Drenteln, Captain, 27, 33, 129, 164, 168
Dubensky, General, 113, 128, 168
Dudendorff, 131
Duma, Imperial, 93, 95, 111, 121, 135, 138, 152, 155, 158, 162,
166, 167, 199
Dumbadze, General, 49
Dundakova, Princess, 148
Dyulber, 239

Easter, 50, 97, 98, 134, 184-86, 256

Edward VII, King of Great Britain, 6, 29, 31-33, 36, 37
Edward VIII, King of Great Britain (previously Prince Edward David
of Wales, then Prince of Wales, now Duke of Windsor), 29, 33
Ekaterinburg, 6, 8, 41, 62, 67, 70, 71, 90, 114, 143, 146, 180, 204,
205, 211, 224, 227-29, 233, 235-37, 239, 241, 242, 250, 257,
259, 260, 265, 267, 268, 270, 273-76, 281, 288, 294, 304,
309, 312, 315, 332, 333, 340, 341, 346, 353, 358, 364
Eleonor, Grand Duchess of Hesse-Darmstadt, née Princess of
Solms-Hohensolms-Lich, 35, 38
Elizabeth, Queen of Rumania (subsequently Dowager Queen),
née Princess of Wied, 76
Elizabeth Alexeevna, Empress, née Princess of Baden, 49
Elizabeth Feodorovna, Grand Duchess (Serge Alexandrovich),
née Princess of Hesse-Darmstadt, 19, 20, 39, 50, 75, 92, 93,
107, 110, 114, 115, 119, 120, 135, 137, 139, 146, 147, 197,
265, 309, 312
Elizabeth Mavrikievna, Grand Duchess (Constantine
Constantinovich), née Princess of Saxe-Altenburg, 109, 110
England, 31-33, 62, 71, 87, 109, 115, 123, 146, 151, 156, 159,
173, 179, 191, 195
English Hospital, St Petersburg, 98, 158, 221
Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse-Darmstadt, 6, 35, 76, 77, 109,
115, 141, 144, 146, 147, 151, 156, 158, 283
Ersberg, Elizabeth, 211, 265, 267, 269
Erzerum, 111
Evpatoria, 114
Ewers, General, 154

Fabergé, Carl Gustavovich, 97, 98, 187

Fallières, Clément-Armand, 33, 34, 80
Fedorov, Dr., 57, 99, 122, 128, 165, 168
Feodor Alexandrovich, Prince of Russia, 19, 230, 369
Feodorovsky Sobor, Tsarskoe Selo, 6, 11, 23, 98, 125, 133, 368
Ferdinand I, King of Rumania (previously Crown Prince), 76
Finland, 25, 27, 30, 53, 116, 150, 151, 329
Fourth Siberian Army Corps, Tomsk, 237
France, 148, 197-99
Francis Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria-Este, 79, 82
Francis Joseph I, Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary, 81, 82,
147, 278
Fredensborg Palace, 28, 29
Frederick III, German Emperor, 36-38
Frederick Augustus III, King of Saxony, 80
Fredericks, Countess Emma Vladimirovna, 45, 158, 292
Fredericks, Count V.B., 33, 45, 102, 127, 152, 158, 168, 180, 185
Fredericks, Countess (V.B.), 158
French Navy, 33
French Revolution, 198
Friedberg, 35

Gatchina Palace, 143, 144, 155, 168, 245

General Headquarters (Stavka), Mogilev, 85, 95-97, 99-101, 106,
108, 113, 120, 122, 123, 126, 127, 130, 136, 141, 143, 154,
155, 162, 163, 167, 183, 192, 246, 256, 360
George I, King of the Hellenes, 30, 119
George V, King of Great Britain (previously Prince of Wales), 29,
31, 33, 36, 37, 131, 159
George, Prince of Greece, 292, 293
George Mikhailovich, Grand Duke, 137, 312
Germany, 30, 32, 38, 39, 53, 54, 62, 82-84, 87, 104-06, 109, 110,
112, 115, 120, 140, 141, 146-48, 154, 159, 180, 188, 199,
220, 222, 235, 243-46, 250, 273, 295, 296, 300, 301, 311,
312, 343, 373-77, 381
Gibbs, Sidney, 211, 214, 245, 246, 265
Giers, Governor, 359
Gilliard, Pierre, 8, 56, 75, 99, 162, 177, 187, 199, 203, 211, 212,
217, 232, 236, 237, 243, 246, 248, 249, 252, 254, 255, 260,
265-67, 269, 276
Girardi, Colonel, 159
Godunov family, 70, 85, 206, 231
Goldstein, Arnold, 215
Golitsyn, Prince, 162
Goloshchekin, Commissar, 268, 274, 291, 299, 304, 308, 309,
312, 313
Goremykin, Ivan L., 369
Goriev (Goldmann), 223
Governor’s House, Tobolsk, 72
Grabbe, Count, 164, 168
Great Britain, 31, 109
Greece, 62
Greek Orthodox religion, 63, 92, 97, 199, 300
Grey, Lady Sybil, 98
Gribushchin, 162
Grodno, 54
Grodno Hussars, 39
Grooten, General von, 143, 157, 159
Guchkov, 115, 127, 155, 158, 162, 243
Gustavus V, King of Sweden, 30
Gustavus VI Adolphus, King of Sweden (previously Crown Prince),
31

Hague, The, 82, 146

“Hampshire”, 136
Hanbury-Williams, General Sir John, 23, 101, 111, 112, 114, 129,
130, 136, 246
Heath, Charles, 21
Hendrikova, Countess Anastasia V., 149, 187, 203, 211, 217, 245,
246, 250, 265, 267, 269
Henry, Prince of Prussia, 6, 31, 36, 56
Hermogen, Bishop, 229
Hesse, General, 19
Hesse-Darmstadt, 106
Hindenburg, General, 140, 141
Hohenberg, Sophie, Duchess of, née Countess Chotek, 79, 82
Hohenlohe-Langenburg, Ernest, Prince of (previously Hereditary
Prince of), 77
“Hohenzollern”, 54
Holy Sanctuaries, Red Square, Moscow, 254
Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church, 165
Holy Trinity, Cathedral of the, Ipatiev Monastery, Kostroma, 69, 70
Horse Guards, 22
Horwath, Commissar, 304
Hungarians, 299, 304
Hussars, 22, 36, 81
Hvidore Villa, near Klampenborg, 28

Ignatiev, Count, 205

Igor Constantinovich, Prince of Russia, 75, 110, 114, 128, 132,
137, 312
Iliana (or Irina), 342
Image of the Holy Virgin, Abalak Monastery, 207, 208, 229
Imperial Family, 19, 23, 54, 68, 80, 89, 104, 107, 116, 131, 136,
138, 144, 145, 155, 161, 179, 185, 205, 224, 229, 236, 242-
44, 257, 294, 301, 308, 344, 355, 367
Imperial Guard, 179
Imperial Theater, St. Petersburg, 46
Imperial Yacht Club, St. Petersburg, 138
International Arbitration Court, The Hague, 82
Ipatiev House, Ekaterinburg, 70, 268, 274, 278, 288, 364
Ipatiev Monastery, Kostroma, 69, 70
Irene, Princess (Henry) of Prussia, née Princess of Hesse-
Darmstadt, 6, 31, 32, 36, 37, 56, 57, 64
Irina Alexandrovna, Princess of Russia, Princess (Felix Felixovich)
Youssoupoff, 19, 135, 137, 230, 369
Irtysh River, 207, 272
Ivan IV Vasilievich, the Terrible, Tsar, 189, 206, 231
Ivan Constantinovich, Prince of Russia, 110, 137, 312
Ivanov, 211
Ivanov, General, 101, 113, 154, 194, 232
Ivanovsky Nunnery, Tobolsk, 230
Izvolsky, Alexander Petrovich, 33, 54

Jagernsfeld, 31
Japan, 224, 242, 292, 309
Japan, Emperor of, 224, 292
Japan, Empress of, 224
Japan, two Princes of, 224
Japanese Navy, 5, 6
Japanese Red Cross, 224
Jemmy, 196, 227, 309, 310, 316
Jews, 21, 105, 274, 300, 301, 304
Johnson, Nicholas, 194, 369
Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor, 197
Joy, 180
Jubilee of Romanov Dynasty Tercentenary, 66, 68, 71, 308

“K”, Mr., 275

Kalenin, 162
Kalmuks, 207, 215, 218, 223
Kamenev (Rosenfeld), 68, 189, 223, 243, 244, 293
Karamzin, 363
Karlsruhe, 35
Kaulbach, 197
Kazaks, 207
Kazan, Cathedral of Our Lady of, St. Petersburg, 66, 95
Keller, General Count, 113, 163
Kerensky, Alexander Feodorovich, 115, 158, 162, 168, 173-76,
178, 179, 182, 183, 187, 188, 191-95, 198-203, 215, 216,
220-22, 224, 231, 243, 253, 281, 329, 370
Khabalov, General, 155
Kharaks, 50
Kharitonov, Ivan, 211, 213, 265, 269, 275-77, 279, 280, 282, 284,
307, 315
Khitrovo, Boyar, 363
Khitrovo, Liuba, 221
Khitrovo, Rita, 216, 221, 363
Khvostov, 369
Khvostova, Anastasia, 369
Kiakhta, 205
Kiel, 31
Kiev, 43, 85, 91, 126-28, 131, 360, 374
Kirghiz, 207, 367
Kirpichnikov, 269
Kishinev, 79
Kitchener, Lord, 136
Kobylinsky, Colonel Eugene, 173, 179, 180, 193, 203, 207, 208,
213-16, 218, 221, 224, 228-31, 233, 236, 237, 249, 250, 252,
255, 258, 259, 292
Kolchak, Admiral, 114, 364
Konrad, Mr., 18, 78, 187
Koreiz, 239
“Kormilets”, 206
Kornilov, 212
Kornilov, General, 113, 173, 179, 188, 192
Kornilov House, Tobolsk, 212
Korovichenko, Colonel, 173, 174, 177, 179, 188
Kostritsky, Dr., 220, 235
Kostroma, 69, 70
Kotsebue, Captain Count, 188
Koulikovsky, Colonel Nicholai Alexandrovich, 91, 127, 369
Kozmin, Commissar, 201
Krasnoe Selo, 80
Krasnov, 47
Kremenchug, 370
Kremlin, Moscow, 70, 85, 93, 235, 254, 313
Krestovaya Gora, 41