J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No.

6B

&mZukrm&fysLausmufpmrStu©&myHkrsm;avhvmcsuf
Ä
armifarmifaqG
pmwrf;tusOf;
þpmwrf;udk ysLpmoifMum;a&;ESifh ysLpmokawoevkyfief;twGuf
taxmuftuljzpfap&ef &nf&G,fum a&;om;jyKpkcJhygonf/ urÜnf;
ausmufpmyHkrsm;udk aocsmpGmpdppfzwf½INyD; tjcm;ysLpmrsm;? a&S;tdE´d,
tu©&m ta&;oGifjyifrsm;ESifh EdIif;,SOfpdppfrIrsm; jyKcJhygonf/ ,cif
&SdNyD;aom tu©&mzvS,frIrsm;ESifh xyfrHnd§EIdif; zwf½I pdppfxm;ygonf/
xdkYodkYaqmif&GufrIrsm;aMumifh ,cifavhvmazmfjyrIrsm;wGif&Sdaom tm;enf;csuf
rsm;udk awGU&SdcJhygonf/ jyifqifzG,frsm;? jznfhpGufrSwfom;zG,frsm;?
a&;xHk;qdkif&m BuHqcsufrsm;? uG,fvkvkaESmif;umv ysLpmtaetxm;?
acwfNydKifpmay? bmompum;ESifh ta&;tom; vTrf;rdk;yHkrsm;udk xkwfazmf
wifjyxm;ygonf/ xdkYaMumifh ysLpmoifMum;a&;ESifh okawoevkyfief;rsm;
twGuf taxmuftuljyKEdkifrnf[k arQmfvifhEdkifaom okawoe jzpfygonf/

ed'gef;
at'D (12)&mpkonf jrefrmEdkifiHwGif t&Sdeft0gaumif;aumif;ESifh zGHUNzdK;
aeaom ygVdpmay? rGefpmaywdkYudk rSD;vsuf jrefrmpmayonfvnf; t&Sdef&vmp
umv jzpfygonf/ xdkumvwGif ysLwdkY\pmayonf yk*Hacwf\ vdktyfcsuf
wpfcktjzpf &SdaeqJ jzpfygonf/ odkYaomf uG,faysmufvkeD;yg; tajctae
jzpf[efwlygonf/ ysLpum;ajymqdkaeMuaomolrsm; &Sdaeao;aomfvnf; ysLpm
a&;om;rIum; tm;enf;vSygonf/ xdktajctaeudk owdjyKrdaom tvSL&Sif
&mZukrm&fu rdrdaumif;rIudkazmfjy&mwGif ysLpmjzifhvnf; rSwfwrf;wifcJh
ygonf/ xdrk Swfwrf;t& ysLwdYk \ pmayae0ifcsdefta&;tom;ESifh tu©&moGifjyif
rsm;udk avhvmEdkifygonf/ xdkavhvmrIonf ysLbmompum;avhvmrI? ysLpm
oifMum;rIwdkYtwGuf rsm;pGm taxmuftuljyKEdkifvdrfhrnf[k arQmfvifhrdygonf/

Ä
a'gufwm? ygarmu©? jrefrmpmXme? ppfudkif;ynma&;wuúodkvf
358 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6B

&mZukrm&fysLpm\ a&;om;rIoGifjyif
yk*HacwfOD;umv ysLpmrsm;\ a&;om;rIoGifjyifESifh ywfoufí yk*H
&mZukrm&fysLausmufpmonf u'HA? yv’0tu©&mrsm; 1 rS Ak'¨pmayudk tajccH
&,lxm;aom tu©&mrsm; r[kwfaMumif; q&mBuD; OD;omjrwfu qdkxm;
ygonf/ azmfjy&aomf-
]]jrapwDysLausmufpmudk c&pfESpf-1112ck (jrefrmaumZmESpf-
474 ck)rSyif a&;xdk;jim;aomfvnf; ,if;ysLtu©&mrsm;onf
c&pfESpf (8)&mpk tpydkif;xuf aemufusaom tdE´d,
awmifydkif;oHk; u'HAac: awvk*k-uem!D tu©&mrsm;udk
roHk;jcif;yif jzpfygonf/}}
[lí azmfjyxm;ygonf/ 2 jrapwDysLausmufpm-jrefrmjyefpmtkyf\ ed'gef;ydkif;wGif
ysLtu©&mrsm;\ xl;jcm;csuf (18)csuf azmfjyrI3 ü xl;jcm;csuf trSwf(15)wGif
azmfjyxm;rI jzpfygonf/ ,if;trSwfpOf(15) xl;jcm;csuf &Sif;vif;rIwGif a&S;tdEd́,
pmta&;tom;pmtkyfBuD;rsm;4 udk taxmuftxm;jyKí-
]]ysLvlrsKd;wdkYonf yk*Hjynfudk wnfaxmifNyD;aepOftcg
tdE´d,awmifydkif;tu©&mrsm;ESifh tquftoG,f jywfae[ef
wl\/ rdrdwdkY oa&acwå&maepOftcgu? toHk;jyKaom
tu©&mrsm;udkyif ysLvlrsKd;wdkYonf rajymif;rvTJbJ qufvuf
oHk;Mu[ef wl\/ rnfokdYyifjzpfap jrapwDausmufpmwGif
c&pfESpf &Spf&mpkrSpí c&pfESpf 12&mpktxd toHk;jyKaom
tdE´d,awmifydkif;tu©&mrsm; rygonfrSm xif&Sm;yg\}}

1
Kadamba, pallava scripts
2
omjrwf? 1958? 7-8/
3
omjrwf? 1958? 6-9/
4
omjrwf? 1958? 8/ tdEd´,a&S;ta&;tom;pmtkyfBuD;rsm;- a'gufwmAlvm&f\ ausmufpmcsyfrsm;
[D&pE´Mops a&;aom tdE´d,a&S;ta&;tom; ([dE´Dbmomjyef) oD0&mrrk&wd MA a&;aom
tdE´d,ausmufpmESifh tdEd´,awmifydkif;ta&;tom;/
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6B 359

[k tcdkiftrm azmfjycJhygonf/1 xdkYaMumifh &mZukrm&fausmufpmonf acwfNydKif

ta&;tom;rsm;ESifh vnf;aumif;? tdE´d,awmifydkif; ta&;tom;rsm;ESifh
vnf;aumif; ta&;tom;oGifjyif odompGm uGJjym;rIudk awGUjrif&ygonf/
ysLurÜnf;pmrsm;udk avhvmMunfhygu [efvif;? rdkif;arm? oa&acwå&m
ysLurÜnf;pmwdkYonf pmvHk;wpfckESifhwpfck cyfqifqif wlMuygonf/ odompGm
uGJjym;jcm;em;rI r&Sday/ ysLpm pwifa&;pOfumvrS ysLpmaemufqkH;a&;om;csdef
txd a&;om;aom acwftvdkuf vufa&;p½dkuf ajymif;vJrIoabmaMumifh
a&;[ef tenf;i,f ajymif;vJonfrSty ajymif;vJrIenf;aom wnfNidrfonfh
pmta&;tom;jzpfaMumif; awGU&ygonf/ Z,m;(1)udk Munfhyg/ rSef;qESpf
rsm;jzifh ysLpmtoGifoP²mefrsm;udk tpOfjyKí ,SOfwGJazmfjyxm;ygonf/
Z,m;(1) jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd ysLpmta&;tom;rsm;
No. Guess Era Inscription Pyu Character and (Bagan Era Character)
1 AD-3 [efvif;? ocsKØ if;
ysLausmufpm
2 AD-4 rdkif;arm? jre'DysLausmufpm

3 AD-4-5 oa&acwå&m?ol&d,0dMurrif;
t½dk;tdk;atmufcHrsufESmysLpm
(oa&acwå&mtapmydkif;)
4 AD-5-6 [efvif;? OD;aqmif;,m
ysLausmufpm
5 AD-6-7 oa&acwå&m? bk&maxmif
t½dk;tdk;ywfvnfysLpm

1
omjrwf? 1958? 8/
360 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6B

No. Guess Era Inscription Pyu Character and (Bagan Era Character)
6 AD-7-8 oa&acwå&m?ol&d,0dMurrif;
t½dk;tdk;ywfvnfysLpm
(oa&acwå&maESmif;ydkif;)
7 AD-10 [efvif;rdzk&m;
(Bodu´Oyúr[ma'0D)
ysLausmufpm
8 AD-11 jrpfom;NrdKU? ayawmausmif;rS
yk*Hacwfapmvl;rif;
ysLausmufpm
9 AD-11 o&ygwHcg;teD;
(w½kwfpmausmuyf)
ysLausmufpm
10 AD-12 &mZukrm&fausmufpm(ysLpm)

txufatmuf&Snfvsm;pGm qGJrI? rqGJrI jcm;em;jcif;rQom&SdNyD; tu©&m

pmvHk;wdkY\ a&;om;rIrSm uGJjym;rIr&SdaMumif; awGU&ygonf/ wpfqufwnf;
rSmyif tdE´d,urÜnf;ausmufpm a&;om;rIrsm;jzifhvnf; ,SOfíMunfhEdkifygonf/
Z,m;(2)udk Munfhyg/ ynm&SifwdkY\ rSef;qESpfrsm;jzifh pOfí azmfjyxm;ygonf/
Z,m;(2) tdE´d,urÜnf;rsm;ESifh rGefurÜnf;pmwdkYrS ta&;tom;rsm;
No. Inscription BC/AD Script Characters Reference
1 Ashoka BC-3 Brahmi pHomatmif? 1974
2 Buddhistimage AD-2 Kshactrapa Epigraphia India
from Mathura Vol VIII, 1905, 175
3 smath AD-2 Kusana Epi Indica
(kushan) Vol VIII, 1905, 171
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6B 361

No. Inscription BC/AD Script Characters Reference

4 Junnagadh AD-2 Andhra Epi Indica
Vol VIII, 1905, 179
5 Amaravati AD-3 Iksvaku oef;xGef;? 2004?
95/
6 Magada AD-4 N-India oef;xGef;? 2004?
Gupta 96/
7 Pallava AD-5 Pallava omjrwf? 1956
(Telegu) aemufqufwGJ(*)
8 Kadamba AD-6 Kadamba omjrwf? 1956
(Kanarese) aemufqufwGJ(C)
9 Rakhaing visali AD-6 Rakhaing pHomatmif? 1974
(sanskrit) Gupta 115^6 (aMu;jym;yHk)
10 sriksetra AD-6 Sriksetra Rubbing by
kanwatkhungone Gupta Dr. Maung Maung
Buddha image Sway
(sanskrit)
11 Rakhaing AD-7 Rakhaing pHomatmif? 1975
Anandasandra Dervnagari 51? "mwfyHk
(sanskrit)
12 Chalukya AD-7 Chalukya omjrwf? 1956
(Kanarese Telegu) aemufqufwGJ(i)
13 Parapahtan (Mon) AD-8 Mon omjrwf? 1956
aemufqufwGJ(q)
ysLpmwdkYonf Z,m;(2) trSwfpOf(4) at'D(2)&mpkoHk; tE¨&pmvHk;rsm;ESifh
vGefpGmeD;eD;uyfuyf qifwlrI&SdaMumif; awGU&ygonf/ xdkYtjyif Z,m;(2)
trSwfpOf(3) at'D (2)&mpkwGif xif&Sm;aom uk&Sef(ukoe) ta&;tom;
ESifhvnf; eD;pyfrI&SdaMumif; awGUEdkifygonf/ trSwfpOf(5)rSm at'D (3)&mpk
362 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6B

£cguk tu©&mpmvHk;rsm; jzpfNyD;? xdkrSwpfqifh ysLwdkYu &,lonf[k tcsKdUu

rSef;qMuygonf/
uRefawmf\rSef;qcsufrSm at'D(3)&mpk £cguk tu©&mpmvHk;rsm;udk
&,ljcif; r[kwfbJ at'D (2)&mpkavmufu awmifydkif;tE¨&? ajrmufydkif;ukoe
ta&;tom;wdkYESifhtNydKif cGJxGufvmaom jAm[®D ta&;tom;toGifuGJ[k ,lq
ygonf/ tapmydkif; ysLpmvHk;rsm;onf at'D(2)&mpk pmvHk;rsm;ESifh ydkíqifwlNyD;
a&;qGJrI[efyefrSm at'D(3)&mpk pmvHk;rsm;xuf atmuf&Snfvsm;yHk oabm
rQom wlygonf/ odkYaomf udk,fydkifwDxGifrIjzifh zefwD;xm;aom pepfrsm;
ysLpmwGif rsm;pGmawGU&Sd&í at'D(3)&mpk £cguk ta&;tom;wdkYESifh acwfNydKif
a&;[ef[k rSef;qygonf/
at'D(4)&mpkaESmif;ydkif; urÜnf;pmoGifjyifrsm;udk MunfhvQif tapmydkif;
ysLpmrsm;ESifh qifwlrI r&Sd½HkrQru tapmydkif;ysLpmwdkYrS zGHUNzdK;vmaom ysLpm
wdkYESifhvnf; qufpyfrI r&Edkifatmif uGJjym;aeaMumif; awGUjrifEdkifygonf/ at'D
(8)&mpk y&yxHrk Gefpmta&;tom; (trSwpf Of-13? Z,m;-2)omvQif &mZukrm&f
rGef-ygVd-jrefrm pum;oHk;tu©&mrsm;ESifh qufpyfrI&SdaMumif; rSef;qEdkifygonf/
xdkYaMumifh yk*HacwfOD; ysLpmta&;tom;oGifjyifrSm at'D (2)&mpkoHk; tdE´d,
jAm[®Dtu©&myGm; pmta&;tom;wdkYrSwpfqifh tdE´d,a'o ta&SUbufwGif
wdkuf&dkuf zGHUNzdK;vmaom ta&;tom;jzpfaMumif; em;vnfrdygonf/

tu©&mpmyHkrsm; avhvmpdppfrSk
&mZukrm&f ysLausmufpmwGif Asnf;tu©&m (27)rsKd;? o&tu©&m
(2)rsKd;ESifh *Pef;oauFw (3)rsKd; yg0ifygonf/ azmfjy&aomf-
Asnf;tu©&mrsm;rSm - u? *? C? i? q? Z? n? #? X? !? ¡?
w? x? '? "? e? y? z? A? b? r? ,?
&? 0? o? [? V/
o&tu©&mrsm;rSm - t? O/
*Pef;oauFwrSm - 1000? 600? 20
wdkY jzpfygonf/ þpmwrf;wGif o&tu©&mrsm;ESifh *Pef;oauFwpdppfrIrsm;udk
tcsdefiJhuGufí csefvSyfcJhygonf/ Asnf;tu©&m pdppfrIwGifvnf; xl;jcm;rI
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6B 363

&Sdaeaom Asnf;tu©&mtcsdKUESifh xl;jcm;rI&Sdaeaom Asnf;,SOfo& a&;om;rI

tcsdKUudkom pmwrf;wGif pdppfazmfjyoGm;ygrnf/ pdppfrIt& &mZukrm&fysL
ausmufpmonf uG,fvkvk ysLpmta&;tom;jzpfí tpOftvmr[kwfaom
ysLpma&;om;rI yHkoGifrsm;ESifh tu©&mvS,fol\ t,ltqt& azmfjyxm;aom
ysLpma&;om;rI yHkoGifrsm;[k pdppfawGU&Sd&ygonf/

tpOftvmr[kwfaom ysLpma&;om;rI yHkoiG frsm;

1/ xl;jcm;aom ta&;oGifjyifpdppfrI
tpOftvmtm;jzifh ysLpmwdkYwGif vHk;0a&;avhr&Sdaom o&oauFw
oP²mefrsm; jzpfygonf/ ]MoL} pmvHk;rS (-l) o&oauFw? ]awmf? aVmf} rS (a-mf)
ESifh ]qJ} rS (-J)o& oauFw a&;om;rIrsm;onf tpOftvm ysLausmufpmrsm;
jzpfaom [efvif;? rdkif;arm? oa&acwå&mwdkYrS ysLausmufpmrsm;wGif a&;xHk;
vHk;0 rawGU&yg/ &mZukrm&f ausmufpmwpfcsyfwGifom awGU&jcif; jzpfygonf/
Z,m; (17)udk Munfhyg/
Z,m;(3) Asnf;,SOfo& (atmf? tJ)oauFw pdppfavhvmcsuf
pOf o& Asnf;,SOf om"u pdppfcsuf
oauFw yHkñTef; tu©&m jrefrm awGU&Sdcsuf &nfñTef;csuf
1 tl; &m^u^24 *dMoL; ysLpma&;om;rIwGif omjrwf?
tpOftvm r&Sd? 1963? 2-3
acwfNydKif tdEd́,
awmifydkif;toGif
a&;om;rIjzpfonf/
364 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6B

pOf o& Asnf;,SOf om"u pdppfcsuf

oauFw yHkñTef; tu©&m jrefrm awGU&Sdcsuf &nfñTef;csuf
2 atmf; &m^u^11 awmf; a&SUxdk;ygaom yHkpH
jzpfonf/ ysLtpOf
tvmwGif r&Sd
yk*Hacwfjrefrm[ef
3 atmfh &m^u^20 aVmfY a&maxG;vmyHk
&onf/ wufus
oHjy oauFw
,SOfwGJxm;onf/
4 tJ &m^u^22 qJ ysLpma&;xHk;
r[kwf a&S;tdEd́,
ouúwpmwGif
awGU&aom em*&D
&m^u^23 qJ a&;xHk;jzpfonf/
wufusoHjy
oauFwryg/
þ(2)ckom awGU&
onf/
]MoL;}onf topfwdk;vmaom &mZukrm&fysLpm\ (-l) o&oauFw
jzpfNyD; wufusoHjyoauFw ,mab;tpuf(2)ck (-;)jzifh ,SOfwGJa&;om;xm;
ygonf/ ysLpma&;om;rIpepfwGif tpOftvmtm;jzifh (-l) oauFwa&;xHk;
r&Sdyg/ 1 odkYaomf &mZukrm&fESifh oa&acwå&m bk&m;BuD;t½dk;tdk;ysLpmrsm;wGif
ysLpma&;xHk; wpfacsmif;iif (-k)toGifudk ESpfacsmif;iif (-l)oauFwtjzpf
,lqum zwfcJhMuaMumif; awGU&ygonf/ 2 xdkYtjyif &mZukrm&fausmufpm
(&m^u^24)wGif ]MoL - }[laom ]taqG} t"dyÜg,fxifonfh ysLpmvHk;wGif
ESpfacsmif;iifpepf odompGm yg0ifaeaMumif;vnf; awGU&ygonf/3

1
armifarmifaqG? 2017/
2
omjrwf? 1963? 50-51? 58? 61? 68-70/
3
þpmwrf;Z,m;(14)? trSwfpOf(8)udk Munfhyg/
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6B 365

ysLtpOftvmwGif ]j-} twGufa&;aom ab;twufwpfckyg wpfacsmif;iif

(j-K)pepf &Sdygonf/ 1 odkYaomf xdkwpfacsmif;iifpepf rawGU&bJ ab;twuf
(2)ckygaom ESpfacsmif;iif (j-L) yHkpHjzifh azmfjyygpmvHk;udk awGU&ygonf/
xdkyHkpHrsKd;udk ysLpmr[kwfaom ysLacwf ygVdpmay a&TayvTmwGif awGU&ygonf/
]nL? ½l} pmvHk;rsm;wGif jzpfygonf/2 ysLzwfpm ]u-r-cs} wGJyHkwGif ]ul? ½l? tl}
toHk;wGJyHkü awGU&ygonf/ 3 ,if;yHkrsm;onf at'D (5-6) &mpk u'Hy? yv’0
yHkpHrsm; jzpfonf/ ysLpmyHkpH r[kwfyg/ odkYaomf &mZukrm&fysLpmwGif ,if;yHkpHudk
]MoL = taqG} ü xnfhoGif;toHk;jyKcJhonf/ ,cif (u? n? &? j-) wdkYESifh
wGJaom (-k)o& a&;xHk;uG,faeí acwfNydKif odkYr[kwf tdE´d,awmifydkif; (-l)
oauFwpepfudk jznfhpGufcJh[efwlaMumif; rSef;q&ygonf/
]awmf;}ESifh ]aVmfh} a&;om;rIwGif ]a-m} o&ESifh ]w? V} pmvHk;wdkYrSm
ysLpmvHk;[k qdkEdkifaomfvnf; Asnf;,SOfo& ]atmf;} ESifh ]atmfh}rSm tpOftvm
ysLa&;xHk;wGif vHk;0r&SdcJhyg/ ,if;wdkYtwGuf (a-m)oauFw\ wufusoHjy
tpufoauFw ,SOfwGJazmfjyrIwGif yg0ifNyD;jzpfonf[k ,lqzG,fjzpfygonf/
,ck &mZukrm&fysLpmonf ,aeY jrefrmtac: a&SUxdk; (-mf)oauFwta&;
xnfhoGif;vmyHkrSm jrefrm[ef a&maxG;vmaomoabm ,lqEdkifygonf/
(&m^u^22) (&m^u^23) wGif a&;xdk;xm;aom (qJ)pmvHk; a&;om;rIonf
ysLpma&;xHk; r[kwfyg/ a&S;tdE´d,ouúwpmwGif awGU&aom em*&Da&;xHk;&Sd
tJ (-J) o&oauFwom jzpfygonf/ &mZukrm&fausmufpmwGif þpmvHk;
(2)ckom awGU&ygonf/ þwGifvnf; vdkaomteuftwGuf ysLpma&;xHk;uG,fí
ouúwpm a&;xHk; a&maxG;um a&;om;cJh[ef &Sdygonf/
q&mOD;aomif;vGifu at'D(1192) apmrGefoifausmufpmrSpí jrefrmpm
a&;xHk;wGif (tJ? atmf) oauFw toHk;jyKvmaMumif; jyqdkxm;ygonf/
rGefausmufpmwGif at'D(1455) usKdufra&m (&Sifapmykxdk;) ausmufpm rSpí
(tJ? atmf) ta&;udk awGU&onf/ rGefxuf jrefrmu (tJ? atmf) oauFw toHk;
apmonf[k azmfjyrI &Sdygonf/4 xdkYaMumifh &mZukrm&fjrefrmausmufpmwGif (tJ?
atmf) toHk;r&Sdyg/ odkYaomf (tJ? atmf) o&oHESifhqifaom toHudk jrefrm
1
armifarmifaqG? 2006(c)? 237-238/ 2006(u)? 12-13/
2
oef;aqG? 1992? 80? 141-142/
3
omjrwf? 1963? 2-3/
4
aomif;vGif? 1972? 150-164/
366 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6B

a&SUxdk; (-f)oauFw? ouúw? em*&DaemufypfoauFwwdkYjzifh (tJ? atmf) o&

oauFwjzpfatmif wdk;csJUtm;xkwfrIjyKxm;onf[k ,lqzG,f awGU&ygonf/
(tl)ESifh (atmf) a&;xHk;wGif ysLtoHjytpufESpfck ,SOfwGJxm;onf/
xdkYtjyif (atmf)ü t-jrpf oHuJhodkY tpufoauFwwpfck yg0ifaeonf/ ysL
tpOftvmoHk; pmvHk;atmuf tpufwpfckoauFw (-h)ESifh ae&muGJvGJrI &Sdae
ygonf/ (tJ)o&wGifrl toHjyoauFw ,SOfwGJrIr&SdaMumif; awGU&ygonf/
xl;jcm;í wdk;yGm;vmaom Asnf;,SOfo&oauFwrsm;tjzpf pdppfawGU&Sd&ygonf/

2/ pum;oHr[kwfaom oauFwta&;tom;pdppfrI
xdkYtjyif tpOftvmtm;jzifh yk'fr(/)? yk'fjzwf(?)? ydk'fcGJ(/0/) oauFw
wdkYudk oHk;avhr&Sdyg/ ysLwGif pmyk'ftp ESifh tqHk; aom ysLpm
toGifrsm;om awGU&ygonf/
Z,m;(4) yk'fr? yk'fBuD; yg0ifaejcif;
ausmufpmwdkif urÜnf;pmyHk rSwfcsuf
&mZukrm&f 0gusqHk;oauFw
(u)wdkif yk'fr(/) yg0ifaejcif;
&mZukrm&f pmydk'fcGJ oauFw
(c)wdkif (/0/) yg0ifaejcif;
[laom Z,m;ygawGU&rIwGif pmyk'ftwGif; yk'frrsm;? pmydk'fcGJyk'fBuD;rsm; yg0if
aeonfudk awGU&ygonf/ yk*Hacwf &mZukrm&fysLpmü (rGef? jrefrm? ygVd)
wdkYuJhodkY yk'fjzwf? yk'fr? ydk'fcGJrsm; xnfhoGif;a&;om;rI yg0ifaeygonf/
xdkYaMumifh rGef-jrefrm qefaeaom pmta&;tom;jzpfaMumif; azmfjy&m
a&mufaeygonf/ xdkYtwGuf azmfjyyg taxmuftxm;rsm;onf tpOftvm
r[kwfaom ysLpma&;om;rI yHkoGifrsm;tjzpf pdppfawGU&Sd&ygonf/
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6B 367

tu©&mvS,fol\ t,ltqt& azmfjyxm;aom ysLpma&;om;rI yHkoiG frsm;

1/ vdkaomteuf&&ef jyifqifzwf½IrI
( &ðz!HU? Mw;Mua[m? MuwH ESifh uHé;'hK)
Z,m;(5)udk Munfhyg/ jrefrmEdkifiH\ ysLacwfumv&Sd ysLurÜnf;rsm;rS ysL
]u} tu©&moP²mefrsm;udk xkwfEkwfí &mZukrm&fysLpmrS ]u} tu©&moP²mef
rsm;ESifh EdIif;,SOfazmfjyxm;ygonf/
Z,m;(5) &mZukrm&fysLpm ]u} tu©&moGifjyif pdppfrI
yHkñTef; [efcsKØif; rdkif;arm oa&acwå&mysLpmrsm;
ysLpm ysLpm oJukef; OmPfvSL axmiftdk; 0dtdk; uefyv’if
ysLacwf
ysL
]u}
tu©&m
tu©&myHk
yHk
jrefrm auém u ud uH u 0dMu uð
yHkñTef; &mZukrm&fysLpm

yk*Hacwf u^9 u^10 u^24 u^13 u^5 c^5 u^21

&mZukrm&f ysL
]u} tu©&m
yHk
tu©&myHk
jrefrm au; u; uHé;'hK uð Mw;Mu Mw;Mu MuwH
omjrwf au; u; uHk;'hK &ð Mw;a&m Mw;a&m a&mwH
ysLacwfESifh yk*Hacwf t&Snftwdk jcm;em;rIrSwpfyg; uGJjym;rI r&Sd?
a&;om;rIoabm twlwl jzpfygonf/ odkYaomf-
&m^u^13 uð udk &ð (OD;omjrwf)
&m^u^5 Bu udk a&m (OD;omjrwf)
368 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6B

&m^u^21 Mu udk a&m (OD;omjrwf)

&m^u^24 uHé;'hK udk uHk;'hK (OD;omjrwf)
[lí azmfjycJhygonf/ 1 rdrdvkdaom teuf&&ef BuHqí tu©&moGifjyifudk
ajymif;vJzwf½IcJhygonf/ 2 ysL ]&}wGif rnfonfhtcgrQ jzwfrsOf;yg0ifrI r&Sdyg/
a&S;tdE´d, tu©&moGifjyifrsm;wGifvnf; jzwfrsOf;r&Sdyg/ 3 odkYjzpf&m ,ck
awGU&aom &m^u^(13? 5? 21)wdkYrSm &-Asnf; r[kwfaMumif; odomvSygonf/
]a&m} jzpf&ef oa0xdk;a&;cspepfudk cg;v,frSjzwfqGJa&;om;rIonf P-Asnf;
tu©&mwGifom toHk;jyKonf/ 4 q&mOD;omjrwf azmfjyaom (u-r-cs)
wGifvnf; ]a&m}onf cg;v,frSjzwfíqGJaom pepf r[kwfyg/ 5 xdkYaMumifh
ysLzwfpmrS &mZukrm&fysLpmwGif-
&m^u^13-14 &ðz!HU udk uðz!HU
&m^u^(5? 21) Mw;a&ma[m udk Mw;Mua[m
&m^u^(20? 21) a&mwH udk MuwH
[lí jyifqifzwf½Ioifhygonf/ &m^u^24 ]uHé;'hK} rS e-qGJudk Asnf;,SOfo&
(tk) oauFwjzifh zwf½IcJhaomaMumifh uHé; rSm uHk; jzpfcJh&ygonf/ ]'k} wGif
atmuftoHjytpuf yg0ifí ]uHk;'kY} jzpfcJhygonf/

(oD&d ESifh od"d t,ltq)

Z,m;(6)udk Munfhyg/ ysLacwf ]&}- toGifjyifrsm;ESifh &mZukrm&f ]&}-
oGifjyifrsm;udk EdIif;,SOfazmfjyxm;ygonf/

1
jrapwD? 1960? 5?7/ 13-16/ omjrwf? 1963? 56? 58? 59? 61? 68-71/
2
omjrwf? 1958? 32? 46(88)(90)/
3
a&S;tdE´d,tu©&mrsKd;pHkrS &-tu©&m? ysL &-tu©&m? a&S;rGefjrefrm &-tu©&mrsm;udk ,SOfMunfhyg/
4
oef;aqG? 1992? 83/
5
omjrwf? 1963? 3/
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6B 369

Z,m;(6) &mZukrm&fysLpm ]&} tu©&moGifjyif pdppfrI

yHkñTef; [ef rdkif;arm oa&acwå&mysLpmrsm;
aqmif; ysLpm oJukef; OmPfvSL axmif ol0d axmiftdk;
ysLacwf ysLpm ysLpm ysLpm ausmuf ysLpm ysLpm
]&}
ysL
tu©&myHk
tu©&myHk
jrefrm a&m a&m a&; a&m a&m; &d &d
yHkñTef; &mZukrm&fysLpm
yk*Hacwf u^2 u^10 u^24 u^13 u^5 c^5 u^21
&mZukrm&f ysL
]&} tu©&myHk
tu©&myHk jrefrm &d & & a&m; & & a&m;
omjrwf &d & & a&m; & & a&m;
Z,m;(7)udkMunfhyg/ jA[®D(")? ysL(")? &mZukrm&f(")wdkYudk ,SOfjyxm;NyD;
u'Hy-urÜnf;pm? ysLurÜnf;pmwdkY\tp ( ) a&;om;rIESifh &mZukrm&fysLpm
tp (od&d)a&;om;rIwdkYudk EdIif;,SOfjyxm;ygonf/
Z,m;(7) &mZukrm&f ]"} tu©&mESifh ]od&d} pdppfrI
yHkñTef; jAm[®D ysL rdkif;arm &mZukrm&f
jre'DysLpm u^2 u^10 u^11 u^22 u^15
tu©&myHk

jrefrm " " "d " " " " "

370 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6B

yHkñTef; u'HA ysL &mZukrm&f^u^1 &mZukrm&f^c^1

tu©&myHk

jrefrm
omjrwf
azmfjyyg Z,m;(6)ESifh(7)wdkYudk EdIif;,SOfpdppfrIt& ysLwdkY\ vHk;BuD;wif
a&;qGJrIpepfonf xdyfrSwf\ ,mpGef;rS txufodkY vuf0J&pfpíwufaom
toGif jzpfonf/ 1 &-Asnf;tu©&mwGif xdyfrSwfygonf/ xdkYaMumifh ,mpGef;rS
vHk;BuD;wifqGJvQif xdyfrSwf\b,fpGef;onf twufikwfwdkwpfcktjzpf awGU&
ygrnf/ Z,m;(6) -&m^u^2 yg ]&d} yHkrsKd; jzpfygonf/ (&m^u^26/ &m^c^2/
&m^c^28/) wdkYwGif awGU&aom ]&d} wGif 0JpGef;ü xdyfrSwftwuf yg0if
aeaMumif; awGU&onf/2
]od&d} a&;xdk;rIwGifygaom ]&d} oP²mefonf pmvHk;\0JpGef;rS txufodkY
wufaeonfudk awGU&onf/ xdkYtjyif pmvHk;\vnfwHonf wdkvGef;NyD; tajc
tem;owfonf BuD;vGef;aeonf/ xdyfrSwf0JpGef;twuf yg0ifjcif; r&Sdyg/
rGef? jrefrm? ygVd urÜnf;pmwdkY\tpwGif ]N*D} [k oHk;vQuf ysLpmwGif
]od&d} [k oHk;xm;onfrSm xl;jcm;aeonf/ 3 ygVdwGif ]od&d} [k oHk;oifh
aomfvnf; roHk;cJhyg/ 4 þxl;jcm;rIESifh azmfjyyg ]&d} toGif vGJaejcif;rSm ]od&d}
r[kwfaMumif; jyqdk&ma&mufaeygonf/
a&S;tdE´d,urÜnf;pmwdkYESifh ysLpmwdkYwGif urÜnf;pm tppum;udk ( )
jzifh a&;avh&Sdygonf/ ysLacwf ausmufpmtm;vHk;wGifvnf; þoabm
twdkif;yif awGU&ygonf/ 5 ]od'¨rf}ESifh ]od'¨d}rSm rlv oabmteuf twlwl
jzpfygonf/ ]od'¨d} udk ]od"d} [kvnf; a&;Edkifaumif;ygonf/ þpdppfrIt&

1
armifarmifaqG? 2006(c)? 229/
2
jrapwD? 1960? 4? 6? 11? 12/
3
omjrwf? 1968? 6/
4
jrapwD? 1960? 26? 27? 34/
5
armifarmifaqG? 2006(c)? 250-251/
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6B 371

&mZukrm&f ysLausmufpm tp-pum;rSm ]od&d} r[kwfygu ]od"d} jzpfaumif;yg

vdrfhrnf[k BuHqvdkygonf/

([K-[?
i i [ðAl;-Zð0k;)
Z,m;(8)udkMunfhyg/ c? Z? #? X? e? , tu©&mwdkY\ ysLacwftoGifESifh
&mZukrm&fausmufpmyg toGifrsm;udk EdIif;,SOfazmfjyxm;ygonf/
Z,m;(6) &mZukrm&f ]i? Z? #? X? e? ,} tu©&mrsm; EdIif;,SOfpdppfrI

yHkñTef; ysL &mZukrm&fausmufpm

u^25 u^14 u^17 c^17 u^7 u^7 c^8
tu©&myHk
jrefrm i Uik; Ad i [
i [
i [ðé; [ð; [ðé; [ð;
omjrwf ik; Ad ik [K
i [K
i [ðé; [ð; [ðé; [ð;
yHkñTef; ysL u^4 u^3 c^21 u^22 u^3 u^23 u^20
tu©&myHk

jrefrm Z Z Z Zð0k; 0H 0Hh; e; eaVmfU

omjrwf Z Z Z [ðAl; 0H 0Hh; e; eaVmfU
yHknTef; ysL ysL u^15 u^15 yg^u^31 ysL u^11 u^16
tu©&myHk

jrefrm # X aX aX X , ,H a,m;
372 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6B

azmfjyygZ,m;wGif-
&m^u^14 Ad i - toGifudk AD ik (i>ik)
&m^u^17 [i - toGifudk [K
i (i>ik)
&m^c^17 [i - toGifudk [K
i (i>ik)
&m^c^21 Zð0k; - toGifudk [ðAl; (Z>[?0>A)
[lí OD;omjrwfu t"dyÜg,fudkiJhuGufum 1 jyifqifzwf½Ixm;ygonf/ þwGif
(&m^u^25)wGif ]Uik;} udk ]Uil;} [k OD;omjrwfu zwf½Iygonf/ ]vsuf} [lí
teufzGifhygonf/2 (&m^u^14)rS ]i} udk ]ik} [k zwfygonf/ azmfjyygtwdkif;
teufwlygonf/ odkYaomf a&;xHk;(2)ck uGJaeygonf/ (&m^u^25)wGif ] }
(&m^u^14)wGif ] }wdkY jzpfygonf/ (&m^u^25)onf ysLpmwdkYwGif yHkrSef
oHk;aom wpfacsmif;iifa&;xHk;pepf rSefygonf/ 3 (&m^u^14) a&;xHk;onf
ysLpmwdkYwGif tpOftvmawGU&aom a&;xHk;r[kwfyg/ at'D(4)&mpkrS (7)&mpk
tMum; tdE´d,awmifydkif; wpfacsmif;iifa&;om;rIyHkpH jzpfygonf/4 &mZukrm&fysL
ausmufpm tu©&moGifjyifrSm ysLa&;xHk;ESifh tdE´d,awmifydkif;a&;xHk; a&m0if
aeaomoabm awGU&ygonf/ &m^u^17ESifh &m^c^17 wdkYwGif i-pGJa&;om;rI 5 wGif
wGif (-k) Asnf;,SOfoauFw ygNyD;jzpfí i][K'ðU'k} rsufarSmufwGif6 [k teufxif
ygonf/
jrefrmwGif ]a[mefAdk0f} [k azmfjyaompmvHk;udk ysLwGif ][ðAl;} jzpf&ef
BuHqxm;ygonf/ (&m^u^ 20)wGif ysufaeaompmvHk;udk ([ð)pum;vHk;ESifh
tpm;xdk;azmfjyxm;onf/ odkYrSom (&m^u^21) tprS (Al;a&mwH)zwfrIESifh
qufízwfjyD;? ([ðAl;a&mwH) toH&aponf/ jrefrmrS ]a[mefAdkvf} ESifh
toHeD;atmif jyKavonf/ vdk&mqGJvGef;onf[k xifrdygonf/ xdkpmvHk;udk (c)
rsufESmwGif ]Zð0k;} [k awGU&ygonf/ ysLonf toHvS,f&mwGif tjcm;

1
omjrwf? 1958? 33(14)? 45(83)? 49(107)/
2
omjrwf? 1958? 33(14)? 42(69)/
3
armifarmifaqG? 2006(c)? 234-237/
4
armifarmifaqG? 2006(c)? 35(Z,m;-6)/ (Z,m;-17)/
5
pmvHk;\atmufrS ]i} tu©&mqifhjcif;
6
omjrwf? 1958? 49(109)/
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6B 373

bmomwdkYESifh jcm;em;vGef;onf/ om"u-uef0uf acgif;ukef;qif;wkyv’ifpmrS

rif;trnftoHvS,frI 1 wGif trnfESpfck[k xif&avmufatmif uGJvGJygonf/
xdkYaMumifh jrefrmESifhysL pum;oHrwl? ta&;rwlonfhtwGuf ]Zð0k;} ESifh
]a[mefAdk0f} toHuGJrIudk tu©&moGifjyif eD;pyfatmif jyifízwf&ef roifh[k
xifjrifrdygonf/ xdkYtjyif ([ð) pum;vHk; zefwD;xm;rIwGifvnf; ([) yHkrSm
(&m^u^15)yg (X) ESifh wlaeavonf/ xdkYaMumifh azmfjyygpdppfrIwGif ][ðAl;} [k
toHvS,fxm;rIudk ]Zð0k;} [kom zwfoifhaMumif; azmfjytyfygonf/

2/ &mZukrm&fAsnf;,SOfo& (-k? -l) a&;om;rIpdppfcsuf

at'D (2)&mpk0ef;usif a&S;tdE´d,ta&;tom;wdkYrS &,lzGHUNzdK;vmaom
oa&acwå&mysLpm ta&;tom;rsm;wGif Asnf;,SOfo&oauFwtjzpf twGif;ikwf
o& 2 ? ,aeY jrefrmtac: vHk;BuD;wif[kqdkaom Asnf;,SOfo&oauFw (-d)?
,aeY jrefrmtac: wpfacsmif;iif[kqdkaom Asnf;,SOfo&oauFw (-k)? ,aeY
jrefrmtac: oa0xdk;[kqdkaom (a-)? ,aeY jrefrmtac: oa0xdk;a&;cs[k
qdkaom (a-m)wdkYudk ysLpmwdkYwGif awGU&ygonf/ 3 ,if;wdkY\ toH&Snf
t&nftaoG;udkjyaom (-m? -D? -l)wdkYudk ysLa&;om;rIpepfwGif r&Sdyg/ 4
&mZukrm&fysLpmwGifvnf; (tm? tD) Asnf;,SOfo& a&;om;rIpepf r&SdaMumif;
OD;omjrwfu qdkxm;ygonf/5
Z,m;(9) Asnf;,SOfo& (tk? tl)oauFw pdppfcsuf
pOf o& Asnf;,SOf om"u rSwfpk &nfñTef;csuf
oauFw yHkñTef; tu©&m jrefrm
1 tk &m^u^27 ik;Ak; ysLpma&;om;rIwGif armifarmifaqG?
awGU&Nr J yHkrSef 2006? 35?
wpfacsmif;iif Z,m; (6)/ 235
(-k^tk) oP²mef
jzpfonf/
1
armifarmifaqG? 2009(c)? 8/
2
Inherant vowel, o&oauFwrygaom tu©&moufouf a&;om;rItwGif;&Sd t-o&
3
armifarmifaqG? 2006(c)? 11/
4
armifarmifaqG? 2006(c)? 258-259/
5
omjrwf? 1958? 6/
374 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6B

pOf o& Asnf;,SOf om"u rSwfpk &nfñTef;csuf

oauFw yHkñTef; tu©&m jrefrm
2 &m^u^10 xwk OD;omjrwfu omjrwf?
ESpfacsmif;iif (tl)[k 1958? 6/
,lqonf/
3 &m^u^6 &mZ ]*}udk þ ]-k} armifarmifaqG?
*kr pepfjzifY 2006 (c)? 37/
ysLpmwdw kY Gif tpOf 2006 (u)? 15/
a&;avh &Sdonf/
4 &m^u^15 wkAk ysLpma&;om;rIwGif armifarmifaqG?
]w} udk ]*k}\ pepf 2006? 237/
ESifh oHk;avh r&Sdyg/
xdkYtwl (b)
5 &m^u^3 bk0e udkvnf; roHk;yg/ armifarmifaqG?
&mZukrm&fwGifom 2006(c)? 237/
oHk;ygonf/
6 &m^u^17 [Ki at'D (5^6) &mpk
tdEd́,
awmifydkif;[ef
7 tl* &m^u^24 *dMoL; ysLpma&;om;rIwGif omjrwf? 1963?
tpOftvm r&Sd? 2-3/
acwfNydKiftdEd́,
awmifydkif;toGif
a&;om;rI jzpfonf/
8 ysLpmwGif - - - ysLpmwGif armifarmifaqG?
r&Sd ESpfacsmif;iif (tl) 2006? 240/
ta&;pepf r&Sdyg/ 2006(u)? 10/
trSwfpOf(1)ESifh(2)wGif jyxm;aom - ik;? Ak;? wk - wdkYrSm a&S;ysLpm
wdkYwGif awGU&aom wpfacsmif;iif (-k) Asnf;,SOf o&yHkpH jzpfygonf/ (u? *?
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6B 375

n? &? j-)wdYk wGif azmfjyygwpfacsmif;iifudk tu©&moP²meft& roHk;yg/1 odkYaomf

OD;omjrwfu ,if;wpfacsmif;iifudk ESpfacsmif;iiftjzpf ,lqzvS,fxm;ygonf/
azmfjyrIwGif-
]]tl-OK (OD) um&efa&;&mü tdE´d,awmifydkif; ausmufpmrsm;
uJhodkY 2acsmif;iifrsm;\ xdyfcsif;uGJraebJ xdyfcsif;quf
xm;ojzifh ]0-qJG} xm;bdouJhodkY xif&onf}}
[lí azmfjyxm;ygonf/ 2 at'D (5-6)&mpk tdE´d,awmifydkif; u'Hy? yv’0?
ta&;tom;wdkY\ u-r-cs pepfudk tajccH&,lxm;jcif; jzpfygonf/ a&S;tdEd́,
tu©&m zGHUNzdK;rIwGif vSypGm a&;qGJrIaMumifh tu©&mrsm; toGifajymif;&onfh
oabm 3 udk at'D(3)&mpk0ef;usif tdEd́,tu©&mrsm;ü awGUEdkif&m ,if;oabmjzifh
pdppfygu uGJjym;pGm odjrifEdkifygonf/4
]*k} a&;om;rIyHkpHwGif awGU&aom (-k) Asnf;,SOfo&oGifjyifonf ysLpm
pwifa&;om;csdefrSpí &mZukrm&fausmufpmtxd awGU&aom ajymif;vJrI
r&Sdonfh toGif jzpfygonf/ 5 odkYaomf xdk ]*k} toGifrsKd;udk &mZukrm&f
ysLausmufpmwGif ]w? b} wdkYüvnf; awGU&ygonf/ 6 a&S;ysLpmpmvHk;wGif
rawGU&bJ &mZmukrm&fysLausmufpmwGifom awGU&jcif;rSm xl;jcm;rIwpf&yf
jzpfygonf/ xdkYtjyif ]w} rSm wpfacsmif;iif ESpfrsKd; toHk;jyKxm;aMumif;
awGU&ygonf/
]]Z,m;(14)/ &m^u^10-wk ( )ESifh Z,m;(14)/ &m^u^15-
wk ( )}}
wdkYudk ,SOfMunfhyg/ xdktcsuft& q&mOD;omjrwfu tdE´d,awmifydkif; ta&;
toGifESifh,SOfí (&m^u^10)yHkpH ]wk} udk ]wl} [k zvS,fí usef ]wk} udk ]wk}
[kyif zvS,fonf/ xdkoabmtwdkif;yif tjcm;pmvHk;rsm;udkvnf; ,lqxm;
ygonf/

1
armifarmifaqG? 2006(u)? 12-13/ 2006(c)? 234-235/
2
omjrwf? 1958? 6/
3
pHomatmif? 1974? 63/
4
armifarmifaqG? 2009(u)? 'DZifbm? 5? 17-19 (Z,m;-5? 6 ?7)/ 2006(u)? 7-11/ tr&0wD (yk-a&;yHk)/
5
armifarmifaqG? 2006(c)? 247 (Z,m;-20)/
6
armifarmifaqG? 2006(u)? 7/
376 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6B

Z,m;(14) trSwfpOf(6)wGifygaom wpfacsmif;iifyHkpHudk ]ik} a&;om;rIwGif

awGU&ygonf/
]]&m^u^14 -ik=( ) &m^u^25 -Uik;=( )}}
wdkY\ wpfacsmif;iiftoGifonf jcm;em;vsuf &Sdygonf/ (&m^u^25)onf
toHt&nftaoG;jy tpufrsm;ESifh,SOfí a&;xm;onf/ (&m^u^14)rSm i-qGJAsnf;udk
vuf0JbufauG;í t&SnfqGJxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ ,if;yHkpHrsKd;udk aiGaAm"dyifMuKwf
(at'D-4)wGif ]Ek(nu)} azmfjyrIüf ( )oP²mef a&;xkd;rIudk awGU&onf/
q&mBuD;rGefAdkvfau\ qGJyHkESifh rl&if;yHk jzpfygonf/ 1 ysLacwfwpfavQmuf
,if;yHkwpfckom awGU&í ysLacwfwpfacsmif;iif[k rqdkomay/ xdkoP²mefrsKd;udk
ysLacwf ygVdpma&;xdk;rIwGif rsm;pGmawGU&onf/ 2 ,if;udkaxmufívnf; yHkrSef
ysLwpfacsmif;iif (-k) oauFwudk OD;omjrwfu (-l) oauFwtjzpf zwf½I
zvS,fcJhygonf/
yk*Hacwf ysLpm Asnf;,SOfo&oauFw (-k)wGif tpOftvm ysLtu©&m
oGifjyift& (3)rsKd;&SdNyD;3 (u? n? &? j-)wdkUwGif ,SOfaom (-k) oauFwpmvHk;
ryg&Sdí tpOftvmrS (2)rsKd; awGU&onf/ tpOftvm r[kwfaom u'Hy? yv’0
(-k) oauFw toGifxl; wdk;vmrIudk awGU&ygonf/ xdkYaMumifh acwfjydKif
a&;[ef a&maxG;NyD;? tu©&mvS,fol\ t,ltqaMumifh tpOftvmrS
aoGzDaom tu©&mvS,frIrsm;udkvnf; awGU&ygonf/

pdppfavhvmrItay: NcHKiHkoHk;oyfcsuf
&mZukrm&fysLpmonf acwfNydKif rGef? jrefrm? ygVd wdkYESifh pmta&;tom;
toGifuGJaejcif;rSm at'D (2)&mpk0ef;usif&Sd a&S;tdE´d, ta&;tom;tu©&m
tE¨&pmvHk;ESifh ukoe(uk&Sef)pmvHk;wdkYrS &,lcJhaom toGifudk ysLacwf
wpfavQmufvHk; toHk;jyKcJhonf/ xdktu©&mpmvHk;toGifrsm;onf at'D (12)&mpk
&mZukrm&f a&;xdk;csdeftxd rlvtoGifrysuf &Sdaeonfudk awGU&ygonf/
odkYaomf tcsKdUaompmvHk;rsm;onf ysLwdkY\rlvtu©&mtoGifrS aoGzDaeonfudk
owdjyKEdkifygonf/
1
rGefAdkvfau? 1956? 43/
2
oef;aqG? 1992? 76? 94? 108? 105? 127? 171/
3
armifarmifaqG? 2006(c)? 238/
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6B 377

xl;jcm;aom ta&;pepftjzpf tl-o&wGif ]MoL;} udk awGU&jcif;? (aV:h)

a&;om;rIwGif atmf(a-mf) o&oauFw a&;xHk;opfrsm; yg0ifvmjcif;ESifh jrefrm
a&;xHk;qefaom oabmudk awGU&onf/ (qJ) a&;om;rIwGif em*&Da&;xHk;rSm
oHk;aom tJ(-J) o& yg0ifvmjcif;wdkYudk awGU&ygonf/ þtcsufrsm;onf
ta&;oGifjyifydkif;wGif tm;enf;csufrsm;&SdvmNyD; acwfumvtavsmuf toHk;
rsm;aom rGef? jrefrm? ygVd wdkY\oabm? ouúwpmay\oabmwdkYudk &,l
jznfhpGufum rGrf;rHí a&;xkd;xm;rIudk awGU&ygonf/
xdkYtjyif tpOftvmtm;jzifh yk'fr(/)? yk'fjzwf(?)? ydk'fcGJ(/0/) oauFw
wdkYudk oHk;avhr&Sdaom ysLpmwGif yk*Hacwf &mZukrm&fysLpmü rGef? jrefrm? ygVd
wdkYuJhodkY yk'fjzwf? yk'fr? ydk'fcGJrsm; xnfhoGif;a&;om;rIonf rGef-jrefrm
qefaeaom pmta&;tom;jzpfaMumif; azmfjy&ma&mufaeygonf/
]&ðz!HU} udk ]uðz!HU} [k zwfjcif;? ]MwMua[m} udk ]Mwa&ma[m} [k
zwfjcif;? ]MuwH} udk ]a&mw}H [k zwfjcif;? ]uéH;'hK} udk ]ukH'hK} [k zwfjcif;? ]od"}
udk ]od&d} [k zwfjcif;? ][} i udk ][K}
i [k zwfjcif; ]Zd0k;} udk ][ðAl;} [k zwfjcif;
wdkYudk vdkaomteuf&&ef jyifqifzwf½Ixm;rItjzpf awGU&ygonf/
Asnf;,SOfo&oauFw tk (-k) a&;om;rIwGif tpOftvmtm;jzifh
tu©&myHkudk vdkufí (3)rsdK;awGU&onf/ xdkrS (u? n? &? j- ESifh ]*} tu©&m)wdkY
twGuf oHk;aom wpfacsmif;iifyHkoGifudk wpfacsmif;iif[k zwfaomfvnf;
usefysLtu©&mrsm;twGuf oHk;aom wpfacsmif;iifudk tu©&mta&;yHkoGif
t,ltq uGJvGJrIt& ESpfacsmif;iif[k zwfjcif;udk awGU&ygonf/ rlv
a&;xdk;rIüyif wpfacsmif;iifa&;xHk; rwnfNidrfí jzpfygonf/
oa&acwå&m? rdkif;arm? [efvif;wdkY&Sd ysLpmrsm;ESifh ,SOfMunfhvQif
xdkysLpmrsm;onf wpfckESifhwpfck uGJvGJcsuf BuD;rm;pGm r&SdbJ pepfwpfckwnf;
ay:wGif wnfNidrfpGm a&;om;aeMuaMumif; awGU&ygonf/ &mZukrm&f
ausmufpmyg ysLpmonf tpOftvmysLpmta&;pepfudk yHkazmfxm;aomfvnf;
a&S;tdE´d,awmifydkif;[ef? em*&Da&;[ef? rGefjrefrma&;[efrsm; a&maxG;,Sufwif
aeaomtoGifudk awGUjrifae&ygonf/ ygVdouf? ouúwouf? rGefoufaom
ysLpmvHk;rsm;vnf; yg0ifaeEdkifygonf/ xdkYaMumifh &mZukrm&fysLpmonf ysLpm[k
qdkEdkif&HkrQom jzpfNyD;? ta&mtaESmrsm; &Sdaeaom ysLpm jzpfonf/ tpOftvm
ysLpmrsm;pGmESifh EdIif;,SOfcsdefqum zwf½IoifhvSygonf/
378 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6B

ed*;Hk
tcsKyftm;jzifhqdkaomf &mZukrm&fysLpmtu©&mrsm;udk pdppfrIjyKjcif;
tm;jzifh ysLpma&;om;rItoGif\ oabmobm0? ysLtu©&mwdkY\ oGifjyif
taetxm;? a&S;tdE´d,urÜnf;pmwdkY\ qufpyfrIoabmrsm;udk rsm;pGmowdjyKrd
apygonf/ uRefoHk;½Gm t"dyÜg,f&aom ysLpmvHk;udk ]Mw;a&ma[m}[k zwfrnfh
tpm; ]Mw;Mua&m}[k zwfoifhonfudk odvm&ygonf/ ][ðAl;} [laom
zvS,frIudk ]Zð0k;}[k jyifqif&rnfjzpfaMumif; od&ygonf/ ]N*D} roHk;bJ ]od&d}[k
BuHqrIrSm ]od'¨H(rf)} a&;xHk;"avhESifh uGm[oGm;onfudk awGU&ygonf/
xdkYaMumifh aESmif;ydkif;acwf rGef? jrefrm? ygVd? ouúw pm[efrsm; vTrf;rdk;
vmaom pmta&;tom;jzpfaMumif; owdjyKrdvmygonf/ xdkYaMumifh tBudrfBudrf
zwf&if; qufvuf okawoejyKvkyfrIrsm; aqmif&GufoGm;rnf jzpfygonf/
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6B 379

usrf;ud;k pm&if;
jrefrmbmom
pHomatmif? OD;/(1974)/ at'Dajcmuf&mpkESifh,if;rwdkifrD &cdkifjynfoHk;tu©&m
(yxrtBudrf)/ &efukef? Or®matmifpmay/
pHomatmif? OD;/ (1975)/ tmeE´p`E´ (&Spf&mpk&cdkifa0omvDrif;)/ &efukef? Or®matmifpmay/
armifarmifaqG? OD;/ (2006)(u)/ ysLpmta&;tom;rsm;rS Asnf;,SOfo& (tk?tl) toHk;/
jynfNrdKU? jynfwuúodkvf? jrefrmpmXme? 2005-2006 ynmoifESpftwGuf
wifoGif;aom wpfOD;csif; okaooepmwrf;/
armifarmifaqG/ (2006)(c)/ jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd ysLurÜnf;pmrsm;rS ysLtu©&moP²mefrsm;ESifh
ysLpmvHk;a&;om;yHkpepfrsm;udk avhvmcsuf/ &efukef? &efukefwuúodkvf? jrefrmpmXme/
yg&*lbGJU(2006)twGuf wifoGif;aom usrf;/
armifarmifaqG? a'gufwm/ (2009)(u)/ a&S;tdE´d,tu©&mrsm;avhvmrI/ jynfNrdKU?
jynfwuúodkvf (1^2009) okawoepmwrf;zwfyGJwGif zwfMum;cJhaom pmwrf;/
armifarmifaqG? a'gufwm/ (2009)(c)/ ysLpmaMumif;tajc&Sd pmvHk;i,frsm;avhvmrI/
&efukef? jrefrmEdkifiH0dZÆmESifhodyÜH ynm&SiftzGJU? e0rtBudrfokawoepmwrf;zwfyGJwGif
zwfMum;cJhaompmwrf;/
jrapwDausmufpmav;bmom/ (1960)/ &efukef? EdkifiHawmf,Ofaus;rIAdrmef/
rGefAdkvfau? jAm[®pm&D/ (1956)/ ]]oa&acwå&macwfOD;qdkif&m a&S;a[mif;ypönf;wpfck}}?
jynfaxmifpk,Ofaus;rIpmapmif? twGJ(1)? trSwf(9)/ pm? 41-44/
omjrwf? OD;? oD&dysHcsD/ (1958)/ jrapwDysLausmufpm/ &efukef? 'Drdkua&pDpmtkyfxkwfa0a&;ukrÜPD/
omjrwf? OD;? oD&dysHcsD/ (1963)/ ysLzwfpm/ &efukef? ae&Sife,fyHkESdyfwdkuf/
aomif;vGif? OD;? bDat/ (1972)/ jrefrmtu©&maA'/ &efukef? enf;opfpmtkyfwdkuf/
oef;aqG? a':/ (1992)/ ysLpmcifba&Taycsyfavhvmcsuf/ &efukef? jrefrmpmtzGJUOD;pD;Xme/

t*Fvdyfbmom
Bhandarkar, D.R. (1905). “Inscribed pedestal of Buddhis image from Mathura”, Epigraphia
Indica Vol-VIII, Pt.5.
Kielhorn, F. (Professor). (1905). “Junagadtha Rock Inscription of Ruaradman”, Epigraphia
Indica Vol-VIII, Pt.1.