Ship Hull Vibration

[NAME – 431]

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 Assignment - 01
Vibration analysis of Ship Structure by FE
Analysis
• Any Structure;
• Any level of analysis;
• Any software;
• Will have to show the simulation with briefing of steps in
class;
• Individual task, different analysis with different
structure;
• Not mandatory;
• This is the only extra CT;
• Scoring will be depend of effort, efficiency and analysis
level
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Motion:
Translational: permanently displaced from
its original position;
Motion:
Vibrational: wiggles about a fixed position
(original equilibrium position).
Because of the restoring force, vibrating
objects do the back and forth.
Restoring Force:
A force acts to bring a body to its
equilibrium position.

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What is vibration?
§ Any motion that repeats itself after an interval
of time is called vibration or oscillation;
§ The swinging of a pendulum and the motion
of a plucked string are typical examples of
vibration;
§ The theory of vibration deals with the study of
oscillatory motions of bodies and the forces
associated with them.

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Importance of Vibration in Ship Design
§ Vibration is a subject of continual interest to
naval architects, ship-builders, marine
engineers and ship owners;
§ It’s presence can ruin the reputation of a
passenger ship and seriously impair the
fighting efficiency of a warship;
§ It’s avoidance should be one of the aims
present in any designer's mind when engaged
in planning a new ship;
§ The greater the amplitude of vibration the
greater the strains - and therefore, the stress -
in the material; 5
Importance of Vibration in Ship Design

§ The presence of these stresses which makes

vibration important to the structural designer,
especially when it is remembered that the
stresses induced are alternating in character,
so that their intensities must be lower than
those permissible for static loads, and they
are in addition to the stresses already present
through the loading of the ship and the
effects of waves at sea.

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(If) Induced Stress > Allowable Stress

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(If) Induced Stress > Allowable Stress

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Elementary Aspects
A vibratory system, in general, includes:
§ Means for storing potential energy
(spring or elasticity);
§ Means for storing kinetic energy (mass
or inertia);
§ Means by which energy is gradually lost
(damper).
§ The vibration of a system involves the transfer of
its potential energy to kinetic energy and of
kinetic energy to potential energy, alternately. If
the system is damped, some energy is dissipated
in each cycle of vibration and must be replaced
by an external source if a state of steady
vibration is to be maintained. 9
Little Elaboration
When a body which is in stable equilibrium under a
system of forces is displaced from the equilibrium
position by an external force it will return to that
position when the displacing force is removed. It will,
however, overshoot the equilibrium position and in
the absence of damping forces take up a
displacement of equal magnitude but of opposite
sign. It will then return to the original position and
once again overshoot the equilibrium position and
achieve a displacement of the same magnitude and
sign as the original displacement. This procedure will
be repeated indefinitely if there are no forces to drain
energy from the system. A typical example of this
type of system is the simple pendulum.
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The type of motion described is called 'oscillatory' or
'vibratory‘ motion and the body is said to oscillate or
vibrate.

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In the Fig. ordinate represents displacement of the
body from the equilibrium position and the abscissa
is time. The maximum displacement is called the
'amplitude‘ of the motion and the time interval
between two successive positions of the body
having the same displacement is called the 'period‘.
In certain systems the period of one complete vibration
or oscillation is very small and it is often more convenient
to consider the number of vibrations in unit time. This is
referred to as the 'frequency' of vibration, so that if T is
the period and n the frequency, then n = 1/T.

The vibrations referred to above are called 'free

vibrations' and associated with any system there is a
definite frequency which is known as the 'natural
frequency' of free vibrations. 12
▪ All known engineering systems are subject to damping
forces to a greater or lesser degree;
▪ There are forces such as those due to viscosity which
are absorbing energy from the system;
▪ In such cases the amplitude of the free vibration will
gradually diminish;
▪ Example: Pendulum  The original amplitude will
diminish steadily until the pendulum comes to rest.

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Types of ship Vibration
The vibration experienced onboard ships may be divided
broadly into two classes:
(a) Synchronous Vibration and (b) Local Vibration

Synchronous Vibration:
Whole hull girder is thrown into a state of vibration at
certain revolutions of the main engines or of some
auxiliary machinery.

Local Vibration:
Isolated parts of the ship or certain fittings such as
bridge structure or panel of plating are set into a state of
vibration which is not in general in any sense dangerous
to the ship but can be very annoying to passengers and
crew.
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Causes of Ship Vibration
• Unbalanced forces where reciprocating machinery
is fitted;
• Forces may be present due to forcing impulses in an
internal combustion engine. Diesel engines can
cause problems due to their required rpm being
close to the hull natural frequency;
• Most vibration problems on ships can be traced to
the propeller. This may because of the following:
o Irregular flow towards the propeller disc area;
o Damaged propeller;
o Unbalance new propeller

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Causes of Ship Vibration
o Propeller is too large for the aperture adjacent to the
stern frame and the rudder;
o From propeller root to propeller tip, Pitch is varying
slightly from blade to blade;
o Propeller has wrong number of blades and so
produces resonance with another frequency linked
with the vessel.

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Reduction of vibration on ships already
built
If it is an auxiliary unit that is giving vibration problems

o Alter the rpm to avoid synchronism;

o Improve any out of balance components within the
unit;
o Fit elastic seating. This can be in the form of
hardened rubber mountings or metal springs. This
will dampen movement, like a shock absorber on a
motorcycle.

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 If the main machinery causing vibration problem

o Alter the rpm to avoid synchronism;

o Add balance weights to decrease or eliminate out of
balance forces;
o If she is twin screw ship, the rpm of the port side could
be adjusted so that the propellers are turning at
slightly different revolutions.

If the vibration problem is local

Small stiffeners can be welded in to place. This can
reduce the amplitudes, e.g. deck plating. This solution is
not too efficient because it could move the problem along
the deck and into the next cabin.

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 If the problem is traced to the propeller
o Fit a new propeller, fully balanced, with no bent or
broken blade;
o Fit a new propeller with different number of blades;
o Increase the propeller clearances by raking the
propeller blades in an aft direction;
o Fill the aft peak tank with water ballast. This greatly
helps dampen down forces emanating from the
propeller, being transmitted upwards towards the
accommodation and navigation space;
o Alter the loading of the ship. This will change the
natural hull frequency of the ship;
o Fit a Kort nozzle or Kort rudder around the propeller. If
filled with polyurethane foam, the propeller forces will
be further dampened and the vibration problems
decreased. 19
 If the vibration problem caused by sea effects

o Alter the course heading of the ship. This could help

avoid resonance;
o Increase or decrease ship speed to avoid wave
excited vibration.

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