9/20/2023

9:11 PM 9/20/2023 Chapter 1

Course
ME4162: Microprocessor Introduction
Semester 1, 2023 Computer History
Lecturer: Dr. Duong Van Lac Dr. Duong Van Lac
Department of Mechatronics, HUST
Email: [email protected]

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Computer Prehistory Computer Prehistory

• Beads on rods to count and calculate • 17th Century - Pascaline

• Still used in Asia!

Abacus . 3000 B.C (Long, Long

Ago – over 5,000 years)
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Computer Prehistory Early Computer Attempt

• Jacquard’s loom(1801) • Charles Babbage (1793 – 1871)

• Wove cloth, silk, and other materials • Called the “father of the computer”
• Knots passing through the holes in cards created • Difference Engine • Analytical Engine
patterns woven into fabric

View in action
1822 1833
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Binary Machines Vacuum tube computers

• 1936 --- Konrad Zuse develops Z1 • ABC Computer(1939-1942)

• Contained memory to remember 64 numbers • First electronic, digital computer
• Each multiplication took 5 seconds • Built by John Atanasoff & Clifford Berry
• Weighed 800lbs, used 300+ vacuum tubes, & 1 mile of wire
• Each calculation took 15 seconds

Vacuum tubes have no

air inside of them, which
protects the circuitry.
Z1
1936: Z1 first binary computer suing Erector Set parts, keyboard and lights for output
(relay memory)
1938: Z2 – using punched tape and relays

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Vacuum tube computers Transistor Computer

• Used Silicon
(semiconductor)
• developed in 1948
• won a Nobel prize
• on-off switch
• 2nd Generation Computers
used Transistors, starting in
1956
www.williamson-labs.com/480_cpu.htm

SAGE Blockhouse/Computer:
10,170m2, 250 tons, houses More than 200,000
vacuum tubes @ 3,000,000 Watts

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Transistor Computer Invention of ICs

• 2nd Generation (1965-1963) • 3rd generation (1964-1971)

• From 1956
• Half a room Integrated Circuits are
transistors, resistors,
and capacitors
1948 integrated together
into a single “chip”

IBM 360 made by ICs (1964)

The Harwell Dekatron Computer under restoration at the British National Museum of Computing

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First microprocessors/Microcontrollers Evolution of Microprocesors

• TI TMS1000
• 4004 (from Intel)
• 6800 (Motorola)
TI TMS1000
(1971-1974)
http://www.antiquetech.com/

Intel 4004 (1971)

www.computerhistory.org

The 4004 had 2,250 transistors

four-bit chunks (four 1’s or 0’s)
108Khz
PICO1 (1971) Called “Microchip”
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessor
Motorola MC6800
(1974)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_6800

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Evolution of Electronic Computers Summary – Generations of Computers

1945-1956 First Generation Second Generation Third Generation Fourth Generation

(1945-1956) (1956-1963) (1964-1970) (1971- present)

1956-1963 Vacuum Tubes Transistors Integrated Circuits Microprocessors

Big and Clumsy Smaller transistors Integrated circuits Development of

Vacuum tubes were used developed portable computers
(1st generation)
1964-1970
High electricity Core memory was Power consumption Floppy disks, optical
consumption developed. was low. disks then flash
Transistors
(2nd generation) memory became
1971-now Larger AC units Faster than first 100 times faster than the popular storage
were needed generation computers the second media
ICs (3rd Gen.)
Microprocessors/MCUs
generation
Lot of electricity
failure occurred.

VLSI (Very Large Scale Integrated Circuit) (4th Gen.)

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Birth of Personal Computers - 1975 First Mass Market PC

IBM PC - 1981 Apple Computers
• MITS ALTAIR •
• IBM-Intel-Microsoft joint venture Founded 1977
• Small company, Microsoft, formed by 2 college kids to sell BASIC compiler • Apple I (1976)
• First wide-selling personal computer
for Altair • Apple II released 1977
used in business
• Could hold 256 numbers in RAM, 256 byte memory (not Kilobytes or Megabytes) - widely used in schools
• 8088 Microchip - 29,000 transistors
• Required TV for use as a display • Macintosh (left)
• 4.77 Mhz processing speed
• Did not include any software (even an OS) - released in 1984, Motorola
• 256 K RAM (Random Access 68000 Microchip processor
• Owner had to put machine together
Memory) standard - first commercial computer with
• 2 MHz Intel 8080 chips
• One or two floppy disk drives graphical user interface (GUI) and
• Just a box with flashing lights
• Cost $400 • Open architecture pointing device (mouse)

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1990s: Pentiums and Power Macs 21st Century Computing

• Early 1990s began penetration of computers into • Great increases in speed, storage, and memory
every niche: every desk, most homes, etc. • Increased networking, speed in Internet
• Faster, less expensive computers paved way for • Broadband growth
this
• Netbooks / iPad & competitors
• Windows 95 was first decent GUI for “PCs”
• Smart Phones
• Macs became more PC compatible - easy file
• WIRELESS!!! 3G to 4G (3-5 Mbps / 8-10 Mbps)
transfers
• Apple effort at licensing OS (Power Computing)
• Mac conversion to Intel chip
• Prices have plummeted
• $2000 for entry level to $400-$500
• $6000 for top of line to $1000-$1500
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What’s next for computers?

• Use your imagination to come up with what the

coming years hold for computers.
• What can we expect in two years?
• What can we expect in twenty years?
• Voice interface?
• Cloud computing growth
• True ubiquity?
• Interface to almost all activities?

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