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Past paper for physics

Past paper

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Sitt minn yan aka steven
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3 views7 pages

Past paper for physics

Past paper

Uploaded by

Sitt minn yan aka steven
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Single Table Databases

• A database is a structured collection of data so it can be searched, sorted,


filtered and analysed quickly
o Data in a database can be any type of data including text, images,
videos, sound
• Databases use tables to store data
• Tables have records of data represented by one row
o In the example below, each row represents the data stored about a
single customer (the customer’s record)
o In the customer table there are 3 records
o Each record is divided into fields (CustomerID, FirstName, LastName,
DOB and Phone Number)
• Fields are represented by the columns in a table
o There are 5 fields in the customer table
o The first row in a table contains the field names which is the heading
for the data stored in that field
o Each field in a table has a data type which defines what data can be
entered into that field

Validation and Verification


• Verification checks check whether the data that has been entered is
the correct data and is accurate
o This is often completed by getting data entered by one person is then
checked by another person
• When a table is created, validation rules can be assigned to the different
fields
o A validation rule controls what data can be entered into that field
o There are different types of validation checks used to limit what data
can be entered into each field
The different types of validation check

Data Types
• Table fields are represented by columns in a table
• There are 5 fields in the customer table below
o These include CustomerID, FirstName, LastName, DOB and
PhoneNumber

• Each field in a table, has a data type


o Common data types include text/alphanumeric, character, boolean,
integer, real and date/time
o Phone numbers have to be assigned the text/alphanumeric data type
because they begin with a 0
▪ If you assigned the data type Integer to a phone number it would
remove the initial 0
Primary Keys
• Each table has a primary key field which acts as a unique identifier
o Each item of data in this field is unique
o Duplicate data items would be blocked if they were entered into the
primary key field
• Because the items of data are unique within the primary key field they can be
used to identify individual records

A Database Table Containing Customer Details

• In the example customer table, the primary key would be


the CustomerID because each customer’s ID is unique
• If there was a customer with the same name they could be identified correctly
using the CustomerID

SQL
• Records in a database can be searched and data can be manipulated
using Structured Query Language (SQL)
• SQL statements can be written to query the data in the database and extract
useful information
• SQL statements follow this structure:
o SELECT the fields you want to display
o FROM the table/tables containing the data you wish to search
o WHERE the search criteria

Example

SELECT Name, Rating

FROM Movie

WHERE Rating>8.4;

The results of this query would be:

• The two fields - Name and Rating have been extracted from the Movie table
and then the records have been filtered by Rating
• This example uses the > operator to search for records where the rating
is greater than 8.4
• There are several other comparison operators which can be used to create
the filter criteria in the WHERE line of a SQL query
Example

SELECT Name,Rating

FROM Movie

WHERE Genre=”Family” AND Certificate=”U”;

The results of this query would be:

• The two fields Name and Rating have been extracted from the Movie table
and the records have been filtered by both Genre and Certificate
• This query uses the AND logical operator to include multiple criteria in the
WHERE line of the SQL query
• Another logical operator which can be used in the WHERE statement is OR
o For example, WHERE Genre=”Comedy” OR Genre=”Family”

ORDER BY
• You can enter a fourth line to the statement using the ORDER BY command,
followed by ASC or DESC
o If you enter ASC the results of the query will be sorted
in ascending order
o If you enter DESC the results of the query are sorted
in descending order
Example

SELECT Name,Genre, Certificate, Rating

FROM Movie

ORDER BY Name ASC

• The results of this query would be:

• The query has returned four fields and all records because there were no
WHERE criteria. The records are sorted by Name alphabetically
o If numbers are sorted in ascending order they go from the lowest
number at the top of the table to the highest number at the bottom
o Descending order is the highest number to the lowest

SUM and COUNT commands


• The SUM command can be used to add numerical data
• The COUNT command can be used to count items of data

Example

SELECT SUM(QuantityInStock)
FROM ProductTable;

• This query will add up all of the numbers in the QuantityInStock field
o The result of this query would be 25

Example

SELECT COUNT(*)

FROM ProductTable

WHERE Price>2;

• This query will count all the records with a price greater than 2
o The result of this query would be 3
o This is because there are three products with a price greater than £2
(Chips, Beans, Bananas)

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