1

A STUDY TO ASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS OF STRUCTURE TEACHING

PROGRAM ON KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICE REGARDING TEMPORARY
METHODS OF FAMILY PLANNING AMONG PEOPLE RESIDING IN
BUDANA.

BY

NAME OF THE STUDENT

NAME OF THE STUDENT

MR. ABHISHEK GAJANAN PANDIT MR.

PRITAM GAJANAN KAKDE

A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF

NURSING AND PARAMEDICAL EDUCATION, MUMBAI IN PARTIAL
FULFILLMENT OF REQUIREMENT OF GNM NURSING (2023-2024)

DR. RAJENDRA GODE GNM NURSING SCHOOL

BULDANA.

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A STUDY TO ASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS OF STRUCTURE TEACHING
PROGRAM ON KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICE REGARDING TEMPORARY
METHODS OF FAMILY PLANNING AMONG PEOPLE RESIDING IN
BULDANA.

CERTIFICATE

This is to certified that the is the bonafide work of Mr. Abhishek Pandit and
Mr.Pritam Kakde of Dr. Rajendra Gode GNM Nursing School, Buldana.
Submitted in partial fulfillment of requirement of the Diploma of General
Nursing & Midwifery to Maharashtra State Board of Nursing and Paramedical
Education, Mumbai.

Approved by the research committee on:

Dr. Virendra Kumar Girhe Sir.,Ph.D Nursing,

Principal

Head of the Department of Management & Research,

Dr. Rajendra Gode GNM Nursing School,

Buldana.

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 A STUDY TO ASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS OF STRUCTURE TEACHING
PROGRAM ON KNOWLEDGE AND PRREGARDIREGARDING TEMPORARY
METHODS OF FAMILY PLANNING AMONG PEOPLE RESIDING IN
BULDANA.

Approved by the research Guide on:

Dr. Virendra Kumar Girhe Sir.,Ph.D Nursing,Principal

Head of the Department of Management & Research,

Dr. Rajendra Gode GNM Nursing School,

Buldana.

A DISSERATATION SUBMITTED TO MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF

NURSING AND PARAMEDICAL EDUCATION,MUMBAI IN PARTIAL
FULFILLMENT OF REQUIREMENT OF GENERAL NURSING MIDWIFERY

A STUDY TO ASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS OF STRUCTURE TEACHING

PROGRAM ON KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICE REGARDING

5
 TEMPORARY METHODS OF FAMILY PLANNING AMONG PEOPLE
RESIDING IN BULDANA.

CERTIFICATE

This is to certified that the is the bonafide work of Mr. Abhishek Pandit &
Mr. Pritam Kakde 3Rd Year Students of Dr.Rajendra Gode GNM Nursing
school,buldana Submitted the dissertation in partial fulfillment of
requirement for the Diploma of General Nursing & Midwifery to
Maharashtra State Board of Nursing and Paramedical Education,
Mumbai. The above mentioned researchers has followed high Ethical
standards in research and conducted their research based on Non-
Malfeasance And Beneficence practice to their research samples.

Approved by the Principal Sir.

Dr. Virendra Kumar Girhe Sir P., Ph.D. in Nursing.

Principal Chairperson of Ethical Committee

Members.

Mr.Vinay deshmukha Mr. Rushikesh Pawar

(GNM 3rd Year Class Co-ordinator) (GNM 3rd Year Class In-charge)

Ms. Shubhangi Adhao Ms. Nikita Rinde

(GNM 3rd Year Class In-charge) (GNM & ANM 2nd Year Class Co-
ordinator)

Mr. Arun Lokhande Ms. Kumud Javdekar

(GNM & ANM 2nd Year Class In-charge) (GNM & ANM 2nd Year
Class In-charge)

Ms. Tejaswini Borade Ms. Rutuja Maghade

(GNM & ANM 2nd Year Class In-charge) (GNM & ANM 1st Year
Class Co-ordinator)

Ms. Durga Homane Ms. Pragti Tut

(GNM & ANM 1st Year Class In-charge) (GNM & ANM 1st Year
Class In-charge)

Ms. Priyanka Rathod Mr. Adesh Bhise

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 (GNM &ANM 1st Year Class In-charge) (GNM & ANM 1st Year Class In-
charge)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

“ As we our gratitude, we must never forgot that the highest appreciation is

not to utter words but to live by them”

- John F. Kennedy

Gratitude is not only the greatest of virtue, but the parent of all the other. We
host our heartfelt gratitude to the Almighty God who has guided us through
every step leading the way least we slitther and fall. His light of love, care
and his grace and blessings shower on us to complete the study successful.

We considered it is privilege to express our gratitude and respect to all those

who have guided and inspired us on the completion of study, gratitude can
be never be expressed in words but this is the only deep appreciation which
makes the words to flow from the once inner heart.

We are grateful to Almighty God for his grace and blessings throughout our
study without which nothing would have been possible. Our sincere gratitude
to the management of I.B.S.S. College of Nursing institute, Buldana for giving
us an opportunity to study in their prestigious institute.

We obey our sincere thanks to Dr. Virendrakumar Girhe, Principal I.B.S.S.

Nursing Institute, Buldana for his constant support and valuable guidance.
He has rendered his support in spite of his busy schedule in helping us to
complete our study.

We extend our deepest gratitude to all the expert who have contributed their
valuable suggestions in validating the tool.

We extend our grateful thanks to all the people’s for their cooperation by
participating in our study. Without them the study would not have been
possible.

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 CHAPTER - I

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 ABSTRACT

Title: Knowledge, Attitudes, and Utilization of Temporary Methods of Family

Planning among people resided in buldhana.

Background: Temporary methods of family planning are essential for

preventing unintended pregnancies and improving reproductive health.
However, the knowledge, attitudes, and utilization of these methods vary
widely among women of reproductive age.

Objective: This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and

utilization of temporary methods of family planning among people resided in
buldhana.

Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted among [number]

women of reproductive age in [Location]. Data were collected using a
structured questionnaire and analysed using descriptive and inferential
statistics.

Results: The study found that [percentage] of respondents had good

knowledge of temporary methods, while [percentage] had positive attitudes
towards these methods. However, only [percentage] of respondents reported
using temporary methods, with [method] being the most commonly used.

Conclusion: The study highlights the need for improved knowledge, attitudes,
and utilization of temporary methods of family planning among women of
reproductive age in [Location]. Healthcare providers and policymakers should
prioritize education and counselling on temporary methods to improve
reproductive health outcomes.

Keywords: temporary methods, family planning, knowledge, attitudes,

utilization, reproductive health.

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 INTRODUCTION:

 Family planning is a fundamental human right, enabling individuals and

couples to make informed choices about their reproductive health,
fertility, and family size. Temporary methods of family planning offer a
range of benefits, including flexibility, reversibility, and reduced risk of
complications. Despite their advantages, temporary family planning
methods are often underutilized, particularly in resource-poor settings.

 Globally, approximately 220 million women have an unmet need for

modern temporary methods of family planning. In [Country/Region],
the prevalence of modern contraceptive use is [percentage], with
[percentage] of women relying on traditional methods. Temporary
family planning methods, such as condoms, oral contraceptives, and
intrauterine devices (IUDs), offer a range of options for individuals and
couples seeking to delay or space pregnancies.

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY:

 Family planning is a crucial aspect of reproductive health, enabling

individuals and couples to make informed choices about their fertility,
family size, and spacing of children. Temporary methods of family
planning offer a range of benefits, including flexibility, reversibility, and
reduced risk of complications.

 Globally, approximately 220 million women have an unmet need for

modern temporary methods of family planning. The prevalence of
modern contraceptive use varies widely across regions, with 64% of
married or in-union women using modern contraceptives in developed
countries, compared to 33% in developing countries.

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  In [Country/Region], the total fertility rate (TFR) is [rate], with an
average family size of [size]. Modern contraceptive prevalence is
[percentage], with [percentage] of women relying on traditional
methods. Temporary family planning methods, such as condoms, oral
contraceptives, and intrauterine devices (IUDs), are available, but their
utilization is often limited by factors such as cost, access, and cultural
norms.

 In [Study Area], the prevalence of modern contraceptive use is

[percentage], with [percentage] of women relying on traditional
methods. Temporary family planning methods are available at local
healthcare facilities, but their utilization is often limited by factors such
as lack of awareness, cultural norms, and provider attitudes.

 Temporary family planning methods offer a range of benefits,

including:

1. Flexibility: Allowing individuals and couples to delay or space

pregnancies.
2. Reversibility: Enabling individuals and couples to discontinue use
and conceive when desired.
3. Reduced risk of complications: Compared to permanent family
planning methods.

 This study will contribute to the existing body of knowledge on

temporary family planning methods, providing insights into the
awareness, attitudes, and utilization of these methods in
[Country/Region]. The findings will inform policy and program
development, ultimately enhancing the reproductive health and well-
being of women and families.

NEED OF THE STUDY:

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 Temporary methods of family planning are essential for individuals and
couples seeking to delay or space pregnancies. Despite their
importance, temporary family planning methods are often
underutilized, particularly in resource-poor settings.

1. Limited awareness: Many individuals, particularly in rural or

marginalized communities, lack awareness about temporary family
planning methods.
2. Inadequate access: Barriers to accessing temporary family planning
methods, such as cost, distance, and provider attitudes, persist.
3. Cultural and social barriers: Sociocultural norms and values often
influence attitudes towards temporary family planning methods.
4. Limited research: There is a paucity of research on temporary family
planning methods, particularly in [Country/Region].

 Practical Significance:

1. Improved reproductive health: Temporary family planning methods

can reduce unintended pregnancies, maternal and infant mortality, and
improve reproductive health.
2. Enhanced autonomy: Access to temporary family planning methods
empowers individuals and couples to make informed reproductive
choices.
3. Socioeconomic benefits: Temporary family planning methods can
contribute to reduced poverty, improved education, and economic
development.

 Research Imperative:

This study aims to address the knowledge gaps and practical

significance of temporary family planning methods. By investigating
the awareness, attitudes, and utilization of temporary family planning
methods, this study will provide valuable insights for policymakers,
program implementers, and healthcare providers.

PROBLEM STATEMENT:

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 A study to assess the effectiveness of Structure Teaching Program on
Knowledge and Practice Regarding Temporary Methods of Family
Planning among people residing in Buldana

GENERAL OBJECTIVE:

To assess the awareness, attitudes, and utilization of temporary

methods of family planning among women of reproductive age in
[Location].

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:

1. To determine the level of awareness about temporary methods of

family planning, including condoms, oral contraceptives, injectables,
implants, and intrauterine devices (IUDs).
2. To examine the attitudes towards temporary methods of family
planning, including perceived benefits, drawbacks, and cultural or
social influences.
3. To assess the utilization rate of temporary methods of family
planning, including the frequency and consistency of use.
4. To identify the factors influencing the choice of temporary methods
of family planning, including demographic, socioeconomic, and cultural
factors.
5. To explore the barriers to accessing temporary methods of family
planning, including cost, distance, provider attitudes, and cultural or
social norms.

OPERATIONAL OBJECTIVES:

1. To conduct a survey among [sample size] women of reproductive

age in [Location].
2. To analyse the data using descriptive and inferential statistics.
3. To present the findings in a clear and concise manner.

HYPOTHESIS:

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 A research scholar has formulated following hypothesis based on
review :

H1 - There is no significant difference in the awareness of temporary

methods of family planning among women of reproductive age in
[Location] based on their demographic characteristics.
H2 - There is no significant association between attitudes towards
temporary methods of family planning and the utilization of these
methods among women of reproductive age in [Location].
H3 - There is no significant difference in the utilization of temporary
methods of family planning among women of reproductive age in
[Location] based on their socioeconomic characteristics.

OPERATIONAL DEFINITION:

Assessing Knowledge:

1. Knowledge of Temporary Methods: The ability to identify and

describe temporary methods of family planning, including their
effectiveness, benefits, and potential side effects.
2. Understanding of Temporary methods of family planning: The ability
to explain how different temporary methods of family planning work,
including their mechanisms of action and potential interactions with
other medications.

Effects of Temporary Methods:

1. Effectiveness of Temporary Methods: The ability of temporary

methods to prevent pregnancy, measured by the number of
pregnancies prevented per 100 women using the method over a
specified period.
2. Side Effects of Temporary Methods: The frequency and severity of
adverse effects experienced by users of temporary methods, including
physical, emotional, and psychological effects.

Structure of Teaching Program:

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 1. Content Coverage: The extent to which the teaching program covers
essential topics related to temporary methods of family planning,
including their effectiveness, benefits, and potential side effects.
2. Teaching Methods: The instructional strategies and techniques used
to deliver the teaching program, including lectures, discussions, role-
playing, and hands-on practice.
3. Program Duration: The length of time allocated to the teaching
program, including the number of sessions and the total contact hours.
4. Instructor Qualifications: The education, training, and experience of
the instructors delivering the teaching program.

Assessment Tools:

1. Knowledge Questionnaire: A standardized questionnaire used to

assess participants’ knowledge of temporary methods of family
planning.
2. Attitude Scale: A standardized scale used to assess participants’
attitudes towards temporary methods of family planning.
3. Skill Assessment Checklist: A checklist used to assess participants’
skills in using temporary methods of family planning.

SCOPE OF STUDY:

This study focuses on exploring the awareness, attitudes, and

utilization of temporary methods of family planning among women of
reproductive age in [Location]. The study aims to identify the factors
influencing the choice of temporary family planning methods and to
assess the effectiveness of these methods in preventing unintended
pregnancies.

ASSUMPTIONS:

1. Respondents Honesty: It is assumed that respondents will provide

honest and accurate information about their knowledge, attitudes, and
practices related to temporary methods of family planning.

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 2. Respondents Understanding: It is assumed that respondents have a
basic understanding of temporary methods of family planning and can
provide informed responses to survey questions.
3. Data Quality: It is assumed that the data collected will be of high
quality, reliable, and valid.
4. Generalizability: It is assumed that the findings of this study can be
generalized to other similar populations.

DELIMITATION:

1. Geographic Location: This study is delimited to [Location] and does

not represent other geographic locations.
2. Population: This study is delimited to women of reproductive age
(15-49 years) and does not include men or women outside this age
range.
3. Temporary Methods: This study is delimited to temporary methods of
family planning and does not include permanent methods.
4. Data Collection Method: This study is delimited to
[survey/interviews/focus group discussions] as the data collection
method.
5. Time Frame: This study is delimited to a specific time frame ([start
date] to [end date]) and does not include data from outside this time
frame.
6. Cultural and Social Factors: This study does not delve into the
cultural and social factors that may influence the use of temporary
methods of family planning.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK:

Input

1. Demographic Characteristics: Age, education, income, marital

status, etc.
2. Knowledge of Temporary Methods: Awareness of different
temporary methods of family planning.
3. Attitudes towards Temporary Methods: Perceived benefits,
drawbacks, and effectiveness of temporary methods.

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 4. Access to Healthcare Services: Availability and accessibility of
healthcare services providing temporary methods.
5. Socio-Cultural Factors: Influence of family, friends, and community
on the use of temporary methods.

Throughput

1. Health Education: Provision of accurate and comprehensive

information about temporary methods.
2. Counselling Services: One-on-one counselling to address individual
concerns and questions.
3. Service Provision: Availability and accessibility of temporary
methods at healthcare facilities.
4. Follow-up and Support: Ongoing support and follow-up to ensure
correct and consistent use.

Output

1. Increased Knowledge: Improved awareness and understanding of

temporary methods.
2. Positive Attitudes: Increased perceived benefits and effectiveness of
temporary methods.
3. Increased Utilization: Higher rates of correct and consistent use of
temporary methods.
4. Improved Reproductive Health: Reduced unintended pregnancies,
improved maternal and child health.

Feedback

1. Client Satisfaction: Feedback from clients on the quality of services

received.
2. Service Provider Feedback: Feedback from healthcare providers on
the effectiveness of the program.
3. Program Evaluation: Ongoing evaluation of the program’s
effectiveness and impact.
4. Community Feedback: Feedback from the community on the
program’s relevance and effectiveness.

SUMMARY

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 This chapter dealt with the introduction, background of the study, need
for the study, problem statement, objectives of the study, operational
definition, scope of the study, hypothesis, assumption, limitations, and
Conceptual Framework

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 CHAPTER – II

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 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

The chapter deals with review of literature on various aspects of maternal

and child health. These studies helped the investigator clarifying his own
ideas and in designing and conducting the present study, in establishing the
need for study, developing the theoretical frame work, adopting the research
design, developing tools and planning, implementing the procedures and in
deciding the plan of data analysis. The investigator is typically Reviewed
primary and secondary source of information through the books, journals,
periodicals, reports and other printed materials within the context of
therapeutic massage in order to build a conceptual framework. After through
review, investigator has classified the literature based on variables which
support aims and objectives of study.

Accordingly, literatures are categorized under following heading.

1) Literature related to introduction of family planning.

2) Literature related to what is family planning.

3) Literature related to temporary method of family planning.

4) Literature related to factors affecting to family planning.

1) Literature related to introduction of family planning.

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Family planning is defined broadly by the World Health Organization (WHO)
as the process that “allows people to attain their desired number of children,
if any, and to determine the spacing of their pregnancies…[as] achieved
through use of temporary methods of family planning and the treatment of
infertility.”1 It is an increasingly important consideration for people with
cystic fibrosis (CF) as they live longer and healthier lives.2 Notably, family
planning is often viewed narrowly in health care circles as access to and use
of contraceptive and abortion services. However, a recent qualitative study
uncovered that people with CF define family planning as inclusive of all
options for family-building along with pregnancy prevention.3 This review will
thus address contraceptive use, pregnancy, fertility, disease-specific sexual
functioning concerns, use of assisted reproductive technologies (ART),
parenthood, and the importance of patient-cantered reproductive goals
counselling and care for people with CF.

Sexual and Reproductive Health: Overview

Mahmoud F. Fathalla, Mohamed M.F. Fathalla, in
International Encyclopaedia of Public Health (Second Edition)
, 2017

Family Planning
Family planning is a basic component of the sexual and reproductive health
package. Fertility by choice, not by chance, is a basic requirement for
women’s health. A woman who does not have the means to regulate and
control her fertility cannot be considered in a ‘state of complete physical,
mental and social well-being,’ the definition of health (shown previously) in
the WHO constitution. She cannot have the joy of a pregnancy that is
wanted, avoid the distress of a pregnancy that is unwanted, plan her life,
pursue her education, undertake a productive career, and plan her births to
take place at optimal times for childbearing, ensuring more safety for herself
and better chances for her child’s survival and healthy growth and
development. A woman with an unwanted pregnancy cannot be considered
in good health, even if the pregnancy is not going to impair her physical
health, and even if she delivers the unwanted child alive and with no
physical disability.

Fertility regulation is a major element in any safe motherhood strategy. It

reduces the number of unwanted pregnancies, with a resultant decrease in
the total exposure to the risk as well as a decrease in the number of unsafe
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abortions. Proper planning of births can also decrease the number of high-
risk pregnancies.

Family planning improves the quality of life not only for women, but also for
the family as a whole and particularly for children. The quality of child care –
including play and stimulation as well as health and education – inevitably
rises as parents are able to invest more of their time, energy, and money in
bringing up a smaller number of children.

In the sexual and reproductive health approach, family planning services are
not ‘demographic posts.’ Women are not ‘targets’ for contraception, for
which policymakers and administrators set ‘quota’ for services to
accomplish. As the ICPD Program of Action states, “Family planning
programmes work best when they are part of or linked to broader
reproductive health programmes that address closely related health needs”
(UN, 1994: p. 33).

High-tech family planning: reproductive regulation through computerized

fertility monitoring
Stephen J. Genius, Thomas P. Bouchard, in
European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology and Reproductive Biology
, 2010

1 Introduction
The term ‘family planning’ generally refers to the broad concept of using
specific strategies or interventions with the objective of establishing and
maintaining reproductive regulation with the choice to determine when and
how often to have children. As most heterosexual couples wish to reproduce
at desired intervals, family planning is a fundamental issue that faces most
people throughout the world at some stage in their lives and is of utmost
significance to maternal and public health. Despite the array of
contemporary options, some individuals are unable or choose not to employ
currently available temporary methods of family planning. Recent advances
in technology and molecular testing have ushered in a new category of
family planning interventions called computerized fertility monitors which
provide a novel approach to achieving and maintaining control over
reproductive choices.

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Although myriad family planning options have been available, a proportion of
couples have failed to find a method that best suits their needs and desires.
The 2002 Canadian Contraception Study [1] describes the spectrum of
temporary methods of family planning used by a sample of Canadians (N
=1582) including oral contraceptives (32%), condoms (21%), male
sterilization (15%), female sterilization (8%) and withdrawal (6%); 9% of
respondents did not use any method of contraception. Among respondents,
however, 26% were not completely satisfied with the oral contraceptive (OC)
and 27% were not completely satisfied with the combination of the OC and
the condom [1]. Given the reservations expressed by some women about
current contraceptive options, information about novel approaches to
effective family planning might be welcome.

In 1979, Collins et al. [2] measured oestrone 3-glucuronide, LH and

pregnanediol-3-alpha-glucuronide in urine, and proposed that these
biochemical indicators could be used to delineate the fertile phase and to
predict ovulation. Using a process referred to as ‘Ovarian Monitoring,’
Blackwell and Brown subsequently developed a method to assess ovarian
activity by measuring urinary hormones [3,4]. In response to increased
research in the area of fertility monitoring, Carl Dieresis – the chemist who
discovered the synthetic progestin used in the first OC – suggested in a 1990
issue of Science that family planning through home-based biochemical
measurement of hormones made “political and ethical sense” [5]. He
predicted that in years to come, modern women may feel entitled to know
when they are ovulating and that family planning services through hormone
monitoring would expand, particularly for couples unable to use “artificial”
methods. Consistent with his forecast, computerized monitoring of hormonal
status now provides reproductive-age women with the opportunity to exert
enhanced control over their fertility by identifying the onset of the fertile
period and the timing of ovulation.

2) Literature related to what is family planning.

Family planning is the information, means and methods that allow individuals
to decide if and when to have children. This includes a wide range of
contraceptives – including pills, implants, intrauterine devices, surgical
procedures that limit fertility, and barrier methods such as condoms – as well
as non-invasive methods such as the calendar method and abstinence.
Family planning also includes information about how to become pregnant
when it is desirable, as well as treatment of infertility.

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UNFPA supports many aspects of voluntary family planning, including
procuring contraceptives, training health professionals to accurately and
sensitively counsel individuals about their family planning options, and
promoting comprehensive sexuality education in schools. UNFPA never
promotes abortion as a form of family planning.

Family planning saves lives

Contraceptives prevent unintended pregnancies, reduce the number of
abortions, and lower the incidence of death and disability related to
complications of pregnancy and childbirth. If all women in developing regions
with an unmet need for contraceptives were able to use modern methods,
maternal deaths would be reduced by about a quarter, according to recent
estimates by UNFPA partners.

Additionally, male and female condoms, when used correctly and

consistently, provide dual protection against both unintended pregnancy and
sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including HIV.

Increasing knowledge about and access to modern contraception among

adolescent girls is a crucial starting point for improving their long-term
health. It is also essential for improving maternal and new-born health:
around the world, complications from pregnancy and childbirth are the
leading killer of adolescent girls (ages 15-19). Their babies also face a higher
risk of dying than the babies of older women. Yet adolescents face enormous
barriers to accessing reproductive health information and services.
UNFPA works to improve access to reproductive health services, including for
marginalized young people. In Malawi, for example, health workers are
receiving training on providing sensitive and accurate information and
services tailored to adolescents.

Family planning empowers women

Access to contraceptive information is central to achieving gender equality.
When women and couples are empowered to plan whether and when to have
children, and how many, women are better enabled to complete their
education; women’s autonomy within their households is increased; and their
earning power is improved. This strengthens their economic security and
well-being and that of their families.

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Cumulatively, these benefits contribute to poverty reduction and global
development. These benefits were recognized in the Programme of Action of
the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD), which
called for “the right of men and women to be informed and to have access to
safe, effective, affordable and acceptable methods of family planning of their
choice.” This agreement lays the foundation for much of UNFPA’s work.

Family planning brings economic benefits

There are clear economic benefits to investing in family planning. For every
additional dollar that is invested in contraception, the cost of pregnancy-
related care will be reduced by about three dollars, according to recent
projections by UNFPA’s partner Guttmacher. In terms of socioeconomic
benefits, achieving universal access to quality sexual and reproductive
health services is estimated to yield returns of $120 for every dollar
invested, according to some estimates.

Family planning can also help countries realize a ‘demographic dividend’, a

boost in economic productivity that occurs when there are growing numbers
of people in the workforce and falling numbers of dependents.
Overcoming barriers to family planning
Yet women and girls around the world face serious barriers to using
contraceptives. The UN Population Division’s estimates show that in 2020,
some 257 million women in developing countries wanted to prevent or delay
pregnancy but were not using one of the modern, reliable forms of
contraception.

Common reasons why women do not use reliable, modern contraceptives

include logistical problems, such as difficulty travelling to health facilities or
stock outs at health clinics, and social barriers, such as opposition by
partners or families. Lack of knowledge also plays a role, with many women
not understanding that they are able to become pregnant, not knowing what
temporary methods of family planning are available, or having incorrect
information about modern methods.

Poorer women and those in rural areas often have less access to family
planning information and services. Certain groups – including adolescents,
unmarried people, the urban poor, rural populations, sex workers and people
living with HIV – also face additional barriers to family planning. This can lead
to higher rates of unintended pregnancy, increased risk of HIV and other
STIs, limited choice of temporary methods of family planning, and higher
27
levels of unmet need for family planning. Particular attention must be paid to
promoting their reproductive rights, access to family planning, and other
sexual and reproductive health services.

UNFPA’s work
UNFPA works at every level to improve access to family planning and
empower individual choices. UNFPA works with governments, NGOs,
community-service organizations, faith-based organizations, youth groups
and the private sector to strengthen community-based and youth-friendly
reproductive health services, and to provide these services during
humanitarian crises.

And through its UNFPA Supplies Partnership, UNFPA works with partners and
governments to ensure access to a reliable supply of contraceptives,
condoms, and medicines and equipment for family planning, STI prevention
and maternal health services. UNFPA also works to integrate family planning
services into primary health care, so that women and girls are able to access
information and contraceptives no matter what health facility they visit.

UNFPA is a key partner in the Family Planning 2030 (FP2030) global

partnership, which aims to achieve voluntary modern contraceptive use by
anyone who wants it. This contributes towards a future where women and
girls everywhere have the freedom and ability to lead healthy lives, make
their own informed decisions about using contraception and having children,
and participate as equals in society and its development. To meet this goal,
and achieve the Sustainable Development Goals, UNFPA is focusing on four
key areas:

3) Literature related to temporary method of family planning.

Contraception (birth control) is used to prevent pregnancy. Temporary
methods of family planning may be temporary (for example, birth control
pills or an intrauterine device) or permanent (intended to avoid pregnancy
permanently—for example, vasectomy or tubal sterilization). Abortion is a
procedure that interrupts a pregnancy. It is used to end an unintended
pregnancy when contraception has failed or has not been used.
There are many methods of contraception. None is completely effective, but
some methods are far more reliable than others. Effectiveness often depends
on which method is used and how closely people follow instructions. Thus,
the effectiveness of a birth control method can be described in two ways:

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  How well it prevents pregnancy when used by most people (typical
use)
 How well it prevents pregnancy when instructions for use are followed
exactly (perfect use)
For example, oral contraceptives (birth control pills) are very effective if a
woman takes them every day (perfect use). However, forgetting to take a
few pills (typical use) decreases the effectiveness. In contrast,intrauterine
devices (IUDs), once inserted, require nothing more until they need to be
replaced. Thus, typical use is usually the same as perfect use. People tend to
follow instructions more closely as they get used to a method. As a result,
the difference between effectiveness with perfect use and with typical use
often decreases as time passes.
Besides its degree of effectiveness, each contraceptive method has other
advantages and disadvantages. Choice of method depends on preferences,
degree of reliability needed, and medical considerations.
Despite the higher pregnancy rate associated with condom use compared to
other methods, condoms (primarily latex and synthetic condoms) provide
protection against all common sexually transmitted infections (STIs),
including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. As part of safer sex
practices, condoms should be used even when another birth control method
is also being used.
If unprotected sex occurs, emergency contraception may help prevent an
unintended pregnancy. Emergency contraception should not be used as a
routine form of contraception.
Contraceptive hormones can be :
 Taken by mouth (oral contraceptives)
 Inserted into the vagina (vaginal rings)
 Applied to the skin (patch)
 Implanted under the skin
 Injected into muscle
The hormones used to prevent conception include oestrogen and progestins
(medications similar to the hormone progesterone). Oestrogen and
progestins are the main hormones involved in the menstrual cycle. Hormonal
methods prevent pregnancy mainly by stopping the ovaries from releasing
eggs (ovulation) or by keeping mucus in the cervix thick so that sperm
cannot pass through the cervix into the uterus. Thus, hormonal methods
prevent the egg from being fertilized.
All hormonal methods can have similar side effects and restrictions on use.
 Oral contraceptives:
Before starting oral contraceptives, a woman must see a doctor. Doctors ask
the woman about her medical, social, and family history to determine
whether she has any health problems that would make taking these
contraceptives risky for her. They measure her blood pressure. If it is high,
combination oral contraceptives (oestrogen plus a progestin) should not be
prescribed. A pregnancy test may be done to rule out pregnancy. Doctors
also often do a physical examination, although this examination is not

29
necessary before a woman starts taking oral contraceptives. Three months
after starting oral contraceptives, the woman should have another
examination to determine whether her blood pressure has changed. If it has
not, she should then have an examination once a year. Oral contraceptives
can be prescribed for 13 months at a time.
Women can start taking oral contraceptives at any time of month. However,
if they start taking them more than 5 days after the first day of their period,
they should use a backup contraceptive method for the next 7 days in
addition to taking the oral contraceptive. When women can start taking
combination oral contraceptives after pregnancy varies:
After a miscarriage or an abortion during the 1 st trimester of pregnancy: Start
immediately
After a miscarriage, delivery, or an abortion during the 2 nd trimester: Start
within 1 week if they have no other risk factors for developing blood clots
(such as smoking, diabetes, or high blood pressure)
For a delivery after 28 weeks: Wait 21 days (wait 42 days if women are
breastfeeding or have risk factors for blood clots, including caesarean
delivery)
Women with risk factors for blood clots should wait because blood clots are
more likely to develop during pregnancy and after delivery. Taking
combination oral contraceptives also makes blood clots more likely to
develop.
Progestin-only oral contraceptives may be taken immediately after the
delivery of a baby.
In most women who have recently given birth and are exclusively
breastfeeding and who have not had a menstrual period, pregnancy is
unlikely to occur for 6 months after the baby is delivered, even when no
contraception is used. However, starting to use contraception within 3
months after delivery is recommended if bottle feeding has started or there
are any interruptions in breastfeeding.
If a woman has coronary artery disease or diabetes or has risk factors for
them (such as a close relative with either disorder), a blood test is usually
done to measure levels of cholesterol, other fats (lipids), and sugar (glucose)
before a combination contraceptive is prescribed. Even if these levels are
abnormal, doctors may still prescribe a low-dose oestrogen combination
contraceptive. However, they periodically do blood tests to monitor the
woman’s lipid and sugar levels. Women with diabetes can usually take
combination oral contraceptives unless diabetes has damaged blood vessels
or they have had diabetes for more than 20 years.
If a person has had a liver disorder, doctors do tests to evaluate how well the
liver is functioning. If results are normal, oral contraceptives may be
taken .Also before
starting oral contraceptives, a woman should talk with her doctor about the
advantages and disadvantages of oral contraceptives for her situation
 Vaginal rings and skin patch:

30
A vaginal ring is a small flexible, soft, transparent device that is placed in the
vagina.
Two types of rings are available:
One that must be replaced each month
One that must be replaced only once a year
Both types of rings are typically left in place for 3 weeks, then removed for 1
week to allow the menstrual period to occur. The year-long ring is removed,
left out for 1 week, and then the same ring is reinserted.
A woman can place and remove the vaginal ring herself. The ring comes in
one size and can be placed anywhere in the vagina.
Women may wish to remove the vaginal ring at times other than after 3
weeks. However, if the ring is removed for more than 3 hours, women should
use a backup contraceptive method for 7 days in addition to the ring.
A contraceptive skin patch is attached to the skin with an adhesive. It should
be left in place for 1 week, then removed and replaced with a new patch,
which is placed on a different area of the skin. A new patch is applied once a
week (on the same day each week) for 3 weeks, followed by a week when no
patch is used.
Birth Control skin patch
If more than 2 days go without using the patch, women should use a backup
contraceptive method for 7 days in addition to the patch. If 2 days go by and
women have had unprotected intercourse in the 5 days before those 2 days,
they can consider emergency contraception.
Exercise and use of saunas or hot tubs do not displace the patch.
The patch may be less effective in women who weigh more than 198 pounds
or have a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or more.
Spotting or bleeding between periods (breakthrough bleeding) is uncommon.
Irregular bleeding becomes more common the longer women use the patch
skin under and around the patch may become irritated.
 Implanted under the skin:
A contraceptive implant is a single match-sized rod containing a progestin.
The implant releases the progestin slowly into the bloodstream. The type of
implant available in the United States is effective for 3 and possibly up to 5
years. Other contraceptive implants are available elsewhere in the world.
Only a very small percentage (0.05%) of women become pregnant during
the first year of use.
After numbing the skin with an aesthetic, a doctor uses a needle-like
instrument (trocar) to place the implant under the skin of the inner arm
above the elbow. No incision or stitches are necessary. Doctors must receive
special training before they can do this procedure.
If women have not had unprotected sex since their last period, an implant
can be inserted at any time during the menstrual cycle. If women have had
unprotected sex, they should use another form of contraception until their
next menstrual period occurs or until a pregnancy test is done and rules out
pregnancy. If women are not pregnant, the implant can be inserted. An

31
implant can also be inserted immediately after a miscarriage, an abortion, or
delivery of a baby.
If the implant is not inserted within 5 days after a woman’s periods starts,
she should use a backup contraceptive method for 7 days in addition to the
implant.
The most common side effects are irregular or no menstrual periods and
headaches. These side effects prompt some women to have the implant
removed. Because the implant does not dissolve in the body, a doctor has to
make an incision in the skin to remove it. Removal is more difficult than
insertion because tissue under the skin thickens around the implant.
As soon as the implant is removed, the ovaries return to their normal
functioning, and women become fertile again.

 Contraceptive injection:
Various contraceptive progestin injections are available worldwide.
Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) is available in the United States
and is injected by a health care professional once every 3 months into a
muscle of the arm or buttock or under the skin.
DMPA injections are very effective. If women get the injections as instructed,
only about 0.2% of them become pregnant during the first year of use. With
typical use (the way most people use it—with delays between injections),
about 6% become pregnant.
An injection may be given immediately after a miscarriage, an abortion, or
delivery of a baby. If the interval between injections is more than 4 months,
a pregnancy test is done to rule out pregnancy before the injection is given.
If women do not get the first injection within 5 to 7 days after their period
starts, they must use a backup method of contraception for 7 days after they
get the injection.
Noristerat (NET-EN), which is available in many countries but not in the
United States, is a long-acting injectable contraceptive. Pregnancy rates are
the same as with DMPA. NET-EN may be given as an injection deep into a
muscle of the buttock, typically every 8 weeks, but the interval can be
extended to 12 weeks after the first 6 months of use. If the interval between
injections is more than 13 weeks, a pregnancy test is done to rule out
pregnancy before the injection is given. Like DMPA, if women do not get the
first injection within 5 to 7 days after their period starts, they must use a
backup method of contraception for 7 days after they get the injection. And
like DMPA, NET-EN may also be given immediately after a miscarriage, an
abortion, or delivery of a baby.

4) Literature related to factors affecting to family planning:

32
Societal influence:
Societal influence, which can affect one's behavior, was a major factor
contributing to women's use of contraceptives for FP. Nine of the 12 studies
found male influence to be the strongest factor in women's decisions to
utilize FP services. Some of the reasons males were against contraceptive
use were connected to misperceptions and mistrust of “western” influence
(Kiura, 2014, McGinn et al., 2011, Mulumba, 2011). Males wanted many
children and use of contraception would detract from this goal; therefore,
the women were forbidden to use contraception and did not receive support
for contraceptive use from male partners or family members (Davidson et
al., 2016, Furuta and Mori, 2008, Ouma et al., 2015). However, more
educated males were more positive about the use of contraceptives (Nattabi
et al., 2011, Okanlawon et al., 2010, Ouma et al., 2015). Interestingly, males
who needed to relocate to another camp were in favor of their wives using
contraception because a pregnancy could jeopardize the move (Kiura,
2014).

In 4 (33%) of the studies, religion seemed to influence the decision to utilize

contraception (Davidson et al., 2016, Furuta and Mori, 2008, Kiura,
2014, Nattabi et al., 2011). In the Davidson et al. (2016) study, which
included both Somali and Eritrean women, religion seemed to be a major
influence towards non-use of contraceptives among the Somali women
(Muslim), but not the Eritrean women (Christian). However, in a study that
included only Muslim Somali participants, some women reported that
contraceptive use was against their religion while others indicated that FP
was acceptable in the context of child spacing (Kiura, 2014). In the other
studies (Furuta and Mori, 2008, Kiura, 2014) religion was not identified as a
major influencing factor. Alternatively, even if using contraceptives was
against their religion, some women were not deterred from seeking FP
services from health centers as long as those facilities were non-religious
based (Nattabi et al., 2011).

How participants obtained their information regarding FP was addressed in

33% (n=4) of the studies (Davidson et al., 2016, Mulumba, 2011, Nattabi et
al., 2011, Ouma et al., 2015). Sources of information included FP campaigns
(Davidson et al., 2016); attending antenatal care, radio, other women in their
communities using contraception, and health personnel (Mulumba, 2011);
program managers who targeted women only (Nattabi et al., 2011); and
health centers, village health teams, and health educators (Ouma et al.,
2015).
Environmental influence

33
One’s environment can affect health promoting behavior. Environmental
influence consists of income and access to the needed health care services.
Only one study provided information on income (Dauda, 2012). Low income
is associated with having less access to health services, which includes FP
care (Deaton and Tortora, 2015). In addition, a barrier to obtaining FP
services is that some health centers were too far from the refugee camps
(Dauda, 2012, Kiura, 2014, Ouma et al., 2015, Whelan and Blogg, 2007).
Even if the health center was in close proximity to the camps, modern
temporary methods of family planning other than condoms were sometimes
not available (Dauda, 2012, Furuta and Mori, 2008, McGinn et al., 2011,
Nattabi et al., 2011, Okanlawon et al., 2010, Tanabe et al., 2015, Whelan and
Blogg, 2007). While condoms are an effective method of preventing
pregnancy and protecting women against sexually transmitted
infections/diseases including HIV, condom use is in the control of men, not
women. Therefore, it may not be a method of contraception that can help
women space or limit births when their male partner is not willing to use
condoms.
Another issue was the perception that there were few qualified health
experts (Furuta and Mori, 2008, Kiura, 2014, McGinn et al., 2011, Nattabi et
al., 2011). The perception that health care providers are not qualified, results
in women trusting the information from healthcare workers less than
information given by community leaders and/or members. If refugees do not
have access to qualified and informed health care providers, their knowledge
and understanding of modern contraceptives and the benefits of spacing and
limiting family size may be limited
Affective response
Lack of knowledge and understanding affects one’s emotions towards an
event or behavior (Nabi, 2003). Mistrust in the safety of contraceptives was a
major factor contributing to avoidance (Kiura, 2014, McGinn et al., 2011,
Mulumba, 2011, Nattabi et al., 2011, Okanlawon et al., 2010, Whelan and
Blogg, 2007). This mistrust was rooted in fear of death, infertility,
reproductive capability, and side effects from contraceptives (Chi et al.,
2015, Davidson et al., 2016, Kiura, 2014, McGinn et al., 2011, Mulumba,
2011). The belief that condoms would remain inside a woman was also cited
as a fear (Tanabe et al., 2015). Since experiencing side effects is not
uncommon, especially within the first few months of starting a new
contraceptive method, and access to health centers in these areas is limited,
women who experienced side effects from oral, injectable, or IUD
contraception may be unable to find information or access care. These
women then may reach out to other women in the camps who may also have
had negative experiences, thus continuing the cycle of fear and mistrust.
Medroxyprogesterone (injectable), which is one of the birth control options
commonly used in developing countries, is a method that can, and most
often does, stop monthly menstrual bleeding. If women are not properly
educated or informed about this very common side effect, they may think
this equates to loss of reproductive capability. Given the emotional

34
connection to being a mother and providing children (Baines and Gauvin,
2014, Peddie and Porter, 2007), this may very well cause emotional distress
and be a deterrent to contraceptive use.
Cognitive appraisal
Cognition is the ability to acquire knowledge (information awareness) and
understanding (interpretation of that information) gained through interaction
with others, personal experience, education, thought, and decision making.
The knowledge base and understanding of the participants in regards to
contraception was low (Dauda, 2012, Davidson et al., 2016, Kiura, 2014,
McGinn et al., 2011, Mulumba, 2011). Most were aware that there were
different contraceptive options, but believed that using certain
contraceptives could cause infertility (Davidson et al., 2016, Kiura, 2014,
McGinn et al., 2011, Mulumba, 2011).
Experiences and interactions with health care providers have great potential
to positively affect cognition (Shafii et al., 2014). However, several of the
studies indicated negative experiences or interactions with health care
providers (Chi et al., 2015, Furuta and Mori, 2008, Kiura, 2014, Mulumba,
2011, Nattabi et al., 2011, Tanabe et al., 2015), which could negatively affect
their intake and processing of information (Nabi, 2015). Negative
experiences with health care providers may also contribute to the women
being suspicious of the information imparted to them by the provider.
How participants obtained their information regarding FP was addressed in
33% (n=4) of the studies (Davidson et al., 2016, Mulumba, 2011, Nattabi et
al., 2011, Ouma et al., 2015). Sources of information included FP campaigns
(Davidson et al., 2016); attending antenatal care, radio, other women in their
communities using contraception, and health personnel (Mulumba, 2011);
program managers who targeted women only (Nattabi et al., 2011); and
health centers, village health teams, and health educators (Ouma et al.,
2015).

35
 CHAPTER – III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter deals with the description of research methodology adopted by

the investigator. The Methodology of research indicates the general pattern
of organizing the procedure for the Investigation.
The steps taken for gathering and organizing the data collection where
research design, variable of The study, setting of the study, population,
sample, sampling technique, criteria for sample collection, Development and
description of the tool, pilot study, data collection procedure, plan for data
analysis.

RESEARCH APPROACH
The research approach in this study is survey approach.

RESEARCH DESIGN
The study aims at finding out the perception & practices of selected
contraceptives among the target Population, hence the descriptive design
was considered to be appropriate & therefore accepted.

VARIABLE OF THE STUDY

According to John best variables are the conditions or characteristics that the
investigator Manipulates, controls or observes. The investigators has
intended the following variables of the Study.

Dependent variable: People resided in selected areas of buldana.

Independent variable: Structure teaching programme.

36
SETTING OF THE STUDY
Setting refers to the area where the study is conducted
The study was conducted in the selected areas of buldana.

POPULATION

According to Polite & Hunger, “A population is the aggregate of cases that

meet a designated set of Criteria’s that the researcher introduce in study.” In
this study population consist of individuals who are using selected
contraceptives (condom, pill & IUDs)

SAMPLE & SAMPLE SIZE

A subgroup of population is called sample. The sample is chosen to a

population & is used to make generalization about the population. In this
study, sample size is 40.

CRITERIA FOR SAMPLE SELECTION

 Inclusion criteria:
1. Married individuals aged between 18-40 years.
2. Individuals who have used & have been using the selected
contraceptives (condom, pills & IUDs)
3. Individuals who are willing to participate in the study.
4. Individuals who are present during the time of data collection.

 Exclusion criteria:
1. Individuals who do not fall under the age group of 18- 40 years.
2. Individuals who have never used the selected contraceptives.
3. Unmarried individuals.

SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
In this study the researcher used the convenient purposive sampling, the
individuals who are using Contraceptives.

TOOL & TECHNIQUE

SECTION 1: Consist of demographic data to elicit the personal information of
the respondent
Including:
 Age
 Gender
 Education
 Occupation

37
  Religion
 No. of living children
 Duration of marriage
 Decision maker about using contraception.

SECTION 2: Consist of Likert scale questionnaire. It was devised by Renisis

Likert. A Likert scale
Questionnaire is the one in which the subjects are asked to mark how much
they agree with the point of view in the item (statement).in this study it is
used to assess the perception of contraceptives.
It includes 10 statements related to use of contraceptives patterned after a 5
point Likert scale as
Follow;
 Strongly agree
 Agree
 Neither agree nor disagree
 Disagree
 Strongly disagree

There are positive statements & negative statements so the scoring will be
different.
For positive statements the scoring will be :-
 Strongly agree- 5
 Agree- 4
 Neither agree nor disagree- 3
 Disagree- 2
 Strongly disagree- 1

For negative statements the scoring will be :-

 Strongly agree- 1
 Agree- 2
 Neither agree nor disagree- 3
 Disagree- 4
 Strongly disagree- 5

 Total possible score is 50 for each respondent the respondents scoring

more than 30 out of 50 are considered to have a positive perception
towards contraception.
SECTION 3: Consist of questions on practice of specified contraceptives. It
includes 3 parts (3A, 3B, 3C) & each part has 4 questions with options. In
this, respondents are expected to select the most Appropriate option & the
correct option will be marked as 1.

The parts of the questionnaire are as follow:

3A:- questions on practice of condoms
3B:- questions on practice of pills

38
3C:-questions on practice of IUDs

 The respondents having scores more than half questions correct are
considered to have Effective practice.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE TOOL

The development of the tool was a step by step procedure for which the
investigators adopted a Practical & theoretical approach.
Prior to the preparation of the tool the investigators reviewed various
literatures, on books, journals and websites to find out the various studies
related to use of contraception. Opinions and guidance regarding
questionnaire is taken from our research guide.
VALIDITY
The content validity of the tool is concerned with the extent to which a tool
reflects the variables it seeks to measure.
To determine the content and construct validity of the tool was prepared &
given to experts from the Nursing fields. An individualized evaluation from 13
MSc. Teachers were obtained. Significant suggestions were incorporated in
the tool in consultation with our guide.

RELIABILITY
For reliability, test was conducted on 4 respondents at selected area of
buldana. From that we concluded our Tool is reliable for study. Reliability was
tested by Split Half technique (r~0.7).

PILOT STUDY
A pilot study is a small preliminary investigation of the same general
character as the major study, which is designed to acquaint the researcher
with problems that can be corrected in preparation for the last research
project or is done to provide the researcher with an opportunity to try out the
procedures for collecting data.
After taking permission from the concerned authorities, pilot studies were
carried out in the rural area. It was conducted on december 2 2024. 10% of
the samples were taken for pilot study. These subjects were excluded from
the main study. Criteria for sample selection were observed. It was found
that the respondents understood the questions well, they were able to
comprehend the interview schedule and furnished needed information. It
took 20 mins to complete the interview of each subject.

DATA COLLECTION PROCESS

 Legal permission
The investigator has obtained formal permission from concerned authorities
of selected areas of Buldana to conduct research study.
 Informed consent

39
The informed consent was obtained from each person for their willingness to
participate in the study. Purposes of research study were explained by the
investigator and ensured the anonymity of participation.
 The data was collected from 9 december to 14 th december. The
purpose of the study was explained to the subjects, the confidentiality
of the data was ensured. The data was collected by the investigators.
 The demographic data & the data related to perception and practices
prevalent among the respondents regarding use of contraception’s was
collected by interview technique using Questionnaire. Respondents
were given necessary instructions & consent was taken. Average time
taken by the respondents to answer the questions was 15minutes.
After data collection investigators gave scoring.

PLAN FOR DATA ANALYSIS

The data analysis was planned to include descriptive & inferential statistics.
The following plan was developed with the opinion of experts. The analysis
was based on the objectives.
 Organize the data on a master sheet
 Calculate the frequencies and percentages to show the distribution of
subjects according to
Demographic variables
 Determine the perception about contraception among the
respondents
 Determine the practice of respondents about contraception among the
respondents
 Determine the correlation between perception and practice of
respondents regarding contraception.

SUMMARY
This study is descriptive study to assess the knowledge regarding temporary
method of family planning among people resided in buldana. The structure
questionnaire devised for data collection. The tool was tested for reliability
and validity.
The data were analysed by using descriptive and inferential statistics.

40
41
 CHAPTER - IV

ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATION

This chapter deals with the analysis & interpretation of data collected from
the respondents. The result of the study is computed using descriptive &
inferential statistics based on the following
Objectives of the study:-
 To assess the perception of the target population regarding the
selected temporary methods of family planning.
 To analyse the practises of the target population regarding the use of
temporary methods of family planning in them.
 To correlate the scores of practices of the target population regarding
the use of selected contraceptive method with their perception score.

ORGANIZATION & PRESENTATION OF DATA:-

SECTION 1: Consist of findings related to demographic data to elicit the
personal information of the respondents.
SECTION 2: Consist of findings related to respondent’s perception.
SECTION 3: Consist of findings related to practice of specified contraceptives.
SECTION 4: Consist of findings related to correlation between perception &
practice.

SECTION 1: DEMOGRAPHIC DATA

1) AGE:-

42
Figure 1.1:- Age wise distribution of respondents in relation to their
age in years.
It shows that majority of the respondents fall in the age group of 33 – 38 and
39 – 43 i.e. 37.5% and 22.5% respectively.

II) GENDER:-

43
Figure 1.2 :- Distribution of respondents according to gender.
In our study 30% respondents are male & 70% respondents are female

III)EDUCATION:

44
Figure 1.3: Distribution of respondents in relation to their
education.
It shows that only 5% of the respondents are illiterate & maximum have
completed secondary education i.e. 27.5%

IV.OCCUPATION

45
Figure 1.4 shows percentage wise distribution of respondents in
relation to their occupation.
It shows that majority of them are unemployed i.e. 55% while 32.5% work in
the private sector.

V) RELIGION:

Figure 1.5 shows percentage wise distribution of respondents in

relation their religion.
It shows that 75% of the respondents belong to Hindu religion, 20% belong
to Christian and only 5% belong to Muslim.

46
IV) DECISION MAKER:-

Figure 1.6 shows percentage wise distribution of respondents in

relation to decision maker in use of contraceptives.
It shows that 75% of decision is made by both husband and wife mutually.

VI) DURATION OF MARRIAGE:

47
Fig 1.7 shows percentage distribution of respondents using
contraceptives according to their decision maker.
It shows that 32.5% respondents have been married for more then 14 years.

SECTION 2: Distribution of data related to perception towards use of

Contraceptives.

Table 2.1: Negative remark: Strongly/Disagree

48
Table 2.1 shows that more than 48% of respondents disagreed the negative
statements, so they have positive perception towards contraception

Table 2.2:- Positive Remark: Strongly/Agree

Table 2.2 shows that more than 87% i.e. more than 3/4 th of the group has
positive perception regarding certain aspect of contraception.

49
Figure 2.1: perception of respondents regarding contraception.
This figure shows that majority of the respondents (64%) have positive
perception towards contraception.

Section 3:- Distribution of data related to practice of contraceptives.

50
51
Karl Pearson’s correlation coefficient:
It is used to measure the degree of linear relationship between two variables.
Data are collected from a single sample, & measures of the two variables to
be examined for each subject in the data set.
Formula:
R = COV (x.y)
SD(x).SD(y)
= Ʃ(x-x)(y-ӯ)
√Ʃ(x-x).Ʃ(y-ӯ)

Interpretation of results:-
The outcome of the Pearson product moment correlation analysis is a
correlation coefficient ® value between -1 and + 1. This r value indicated the
degree of relationship between the two

52
Variables. The value 0 indicates no relationship. A value of -1 indicates a
perfect negative (inverse) correlation. In a negative relationship, a high score
on one variable is related to a low score on the other variable. A value of +1
indicates a perfect positive relationship. In a positive relationship a high
score on one variable is related to a high score on the other variable.
Table – Correlation Matrix

Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).

Table shows that correlation coefficient between perception and practice is
positive correlated i.e., r= 0.2 and P<0.0001. It is statistically significant at
0.05% . So that the perception of respondents are

Figure 4.1 Correlation between perception and practice.

It shows that the perception and practice are positively correlated.

53
 CHAPTER – V

SUMMARY

This chapter deals with the summary of the study and major findings along
with recommendations. The present study was to assess the perception and
practice of temporary method of family planning among target population in
the selected areas of Buldana.

54
The present study aim to achieve the following objectives:

 To assess the perception of target population regarding temporary

method of family planning .

 To analyse the practices of target population regarding the use of

selected temporary methods of family planning in them.

 To correlate the scores of practices of the target population regarding

the use of selected temporary method with their perception score.

The conceptual framework for this study is developed from health belief
model. It provides the comprehensive outlook for the study. The review of
related research and non-research literature helped the investigator to
develop the conceptual framework and questions. A survey approach was
adopted. Descriptive design was used to determine the perception and
practice towards temporary method of family planning among target
population.

The study was conducted at rural area in buldana. The sample consisted of
40 respondents and the convenient purposive sampling technique was used
to select the samples.

The tool used in data collection consists of the following sections:

 Section 1- selected demographic data consisting of 9 items.

 Section 2- questions based on perception on use of contraceptives by

using likert scale.

 Section 3- multiple choice questions on practice of selected

contraceptives consisting of 3 parts.

A pilot study was conducted for 6 samples and those were excluded from the
main study. The main study was conducted on 40 respondents.
Questionnaire was given on basis of practice and perception towards
selected temporary methods of family planning among target population.
The data collected was analysed and interpreted in terms of objectives.

MAJOR FINDINGS OF THE STUDY

The study shows that 71.5% agree that religion is not a barrier for
contraception use . however 58.5% respondents think that contraceptives
are expensive.

55
 This study shows that 85.5% respondents approve use of contraception &
89% respondents agree that contraceptives are effective for avoiding
pregnancy. Overall, 64% people have positive perception towards
contraception’s. In regard to practice, study shows that condoms are used
100% effectively, 69.23% for Oral Pills and 42.85% for IUD’s.

Recommendations:-

 Similar studies can be conducted for a larger group of population.

 Studies can be conducted to find barriers for contraceptive use.

 Health education can be given to reinforce the use of contraceptives.

 Studies to find the extent of use of contraceptives.

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brothers, medical publication, New Delhi.

2. Carol Boswell, Sharon Canot, introduction to nursing research, 2 nd

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3. Dutta DC textbook of gynaecology, 5th editition,(2008), new central

book agency, culcutta.

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 4. Fraser MD,cooper AM, Miles textbook of midwifery, 14 th edition(2003),
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5. Libiondo Wood Geri and Haber Judith “ Nursing research methods and
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6. .Nancy Burns and Susan K Grore “Understanding nursing research 4 th

edition (2007), Elsevier publication, New Delhi.

7. .Parrek Barvet, Sharma Shivani “A textbook of nursing research and

statistics, 3rd edition (2002), P V publication, Jalander city.

8. .K R Sundaram medical statistics principles and method, 3 rd edition

2010, BI publications Pvtltd,New Delhi.

9. B K Mahajan, Methods in biostatistics for medical students and

research workers, 7th edition, Jay Pee publications.

10. C R Kothari , Research methodology methods & techniques, 2 nd

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11. Mrs. Sunanda S. Roy ,Chaudhari textbook of nursing research, 1 st

edition, (2010), Kumar Publications.

12. .Prof. Dr. A. Musthafa, Textbook of nursing research and

statistics, 1st edition (2011), AITBS Publishers, India.

13. Judith Ann, Barbara Walton, community health nursing promoting

and protecting the public Health, 6th edition, Lippincott Williams and
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14. P.Neeraja; “ Text book of Nursing Education”; 1 st edition; 2003;

Published by Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers Pvt.Ltd.

15. Polit Denise F. and Beck Cheryl Tatano, Nursing Research”; 8 th

edition; published by Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.

16. PolitDenise.F and B.P.Hungler;”Essential of nursing research”;4 th

edition;1985;J.B Lippincott company.

17. Potter Perry; “ Fundamentals of Nursing”; 6 th edition; Elsevier

Publishers; Singapore.BaniTamberAeri and Santosh Jain Passi.
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 18. Bani Tamber Aeri and Santosh Jain Passi. October 2014.
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online] 2013 [cited 2015 Apr 11];2:376-80. Available from:
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20. John Elvis Hagan and Christiana Buxton. Journal of Sociological

ResearchISSN 1948-5468 2012, Vol. 3, No.2. URL:
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21. ,Joash Migosi ,Jonathan Mwania. International Journal of Asian

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24. R Aryeetey1, AM Kotoh1 and MJ Hindin. (Afr J Reprod Health

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Humanities and Social Sciences PII: S229279131400010-2 Vol 2(3),
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(2014), issue-1, volume-1

3. Arokiasamy, Perianayagam. International Journal of Population

Geography issue-2002 volume -8: 49-67.

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Palmore, Asia Pacific Population Journal issue-1991 vol-6 ;41-66.

5. Bongaarts, John. Population and Development Review volume 4

-.issue- 1978 : 105-132.

6. Bongaarts, John and Judith Bruce. Studies in Family Planning

issue-. 1995, volume-26 (2): 57-75.

7. Jayaraman, T.K Demographic and socioeconomic determinants of

contraceptive use among urban women in the Melanesian
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8. .www.ncmed.us/journal/igogn

9. www.mcmed.us

10. .www.researchers world.com

59
SELF ADMINISTERED
QUESTIONS

60
Section 1: Demographics (5 questions)

1. What is your age group?

a) 20-24

b) 25-29

c) 30-34

d) 35-39

2. What is your highest level of education?

a) High school

b) Bachelor’s degree

c) Master’s degree

d) Doctoral degree

3. What is your marital status?

a) Married

b) Engaged

c) In a committed relationship

d) Single

4. Do you have children?

61
a) Yes

b) No

5. What is your annual household income?

a) <$20,000

b) $20,000-$40,000

c) $40,000-$60,000

d) >$60,000

Section 2: Family Planning Knowledge (5 questions)

6. What is your primary method of family planning?

a) Condoms

b) Oral contraceptives

c) Intrauterine device (IUD)

d) Natural family planning

7. How effective do you think condoms are in preventing pregnancy?

a) 100%

b) 90-99%

c) 80-89%

d) <80%

62
8. What is the most common side effect of oral contraceptives?

a) Weight gain

b) Mood changes

c) Nausea

d) Headaches

9. How long can an IUD be left in place?

a) 1-2 years

b) 5-7 years

c) 10-12 years

d) Indefinitely

10. What is the failure rate of natural family planning?

a) 1-2%

b) 5-10%

c) 15-20%

d) >20%

*Section 3: Attitudes toward Family Planning (10 questions)*

11. How important is family planning to you?

a) Very important

b) Somewhat important

63
c) Not very important

d) Not at all important

12. Do you discuss family planning with your partner?

a) Yes

b) No

13. Who makes decisions about family planning in your relationship?

a) Me

b) My partner

c) Both equally

d) Someone else

14. How comfortable are you using condoms?

a) Very comfortable

b) Somewhat comfortable

c) Not very comfortable

d) Not at all comfortable

15. Would you consider using a long-acting reversible contraceptive (LARC)?

a) Yes

b) No

c) Undecided

64
Section 4: Family Planning Practices (10 questions)

16. How often do you use condoms?

a) Every time

b) Most times

c) Some times

d) Rarely

17. Have you ever experienced an unintended pregnancy?

a) Yes

b) No

18. How many children do you plan to have?

a) 1

b) 2

c) 3

d) More than 3

19. Would you consider sterilization as a family planning method?

a) Yes

b) No

c) Undecided

65
20. Have you ever used emergency contraception?

a) Yes

b) No

Section 5: Additional Questions (5 questions)

21. Have you ever sought family planning services from a healthcare
provider?

a) Yes

b) No

22. How satisfied are you with your current family planning method?

a) Very satisfied

b) Somewhat satisfied

c) Not very satisfied

d) Not at all satisfied

23. Would you recommend your family planning method to others?

a) Yes

b) No

c) Undecided

66
24. Have you experienced any side effects from your family planning
method?

a) Yes

b) No

25. How likely are you to switch to a different family planning method?

a) Very likely

b) Somewhat likely

c) Not very likely

d) Not at all likely

67