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09-SpreadSpectrum

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2 views

09-SpreadSpectrum

Uploaded by

test46.aman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Data Communications

0 9 – Spread Spectrum
Spread Spectrum
• important encoding method for wireless
communications
• analog & digital data with analog signal
• spreads data over wide bandwidth
• makes jamming and interception harder
• two approaches, both in use:
– Frequency Hopping
– Direct Sequence
General Model of Spread Spectrum
System
Spread Spectrum Advantages
• immunity from noise and multipath distortion
• can hide / encrypt signals
• several users can share same higher
bandwidth with little interference
– CDM/CDMA Mobile telephones
Pseudorandom Numbers
• generated by a deterministic algorithm
– not actually random
– but if algorithm good, results pass reasonable
tests of randomness
• starting from an initial seed
• need to know algorithm and seed to predict
sequence
• hence only receiver can decode signal
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
(FHSS)
• signal is broadcast over seemingly random
series of frequencies
• receiver hops between frequencies in sync
with transmitter
• eavesdroppers hear unintelligible blips
• jamming on one frequency affects only a few
bits
Frequency Hopping Example
FHSS (Transmitter)
Frequency Hopping Spread
Spectrum System (Receiver)
Slow and Fast FHSS
• commonly use multiple FSK (MFSK)
• have frequency shifted every Tc seconds
• duration of signal element is Ts seconds
• Slow FHSS has Tc  Ts
• Fast FHSS has Tc < Ts
• FHSS quite resistant to noise or jamming
– with fast FHSS giving better performance
Slow MFSK FHSS
Fast MFSK FHSS
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
(DSSS)
• each bit is represented by multiple bits using a
spreading code
• this spreads signal across a wider frequency
band
• has performance similar to FHSS
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Example
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
System
DSSS Example Using BPSK
Approximate
Spectrum of
DSSS Signal
Code Division Multiple Access
(CDMA)
• a multiplexing technique used with spread
spectrum
• given a data signal rate D
• break each bit into k chips according to a fixed
chipping code specific to each user
• resulting new channel has chip data rate kD
chips per second
• can have multiple channels superimposed
CDMA Example
CDMA for DSSS
Summary
• looked at use of spread spectrum techniques:
• FHSS
• DSSS
• CDMA

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