UNIT I: ANCIENT, MIDDLE, AND MODERN TECHNOLOGIES IN THE

WORLD
Objectives:
▪ Understand the technological advancements made by ancient, middle, and modern civilizations.
▪ Study the innovations in fields such as architecture, transportation, agriculture, etc.
▪ Answer the following questions regarding the lesson.

Our ancestors, with their limited resources and tools, laid the foundation for the technological marvels we
enjoy today. From the earliest attempts to control fire to the development of complex machines and systems,
each era has contributed to the tapestry of human innovation.

A. ANCIENT TECHNOLOGY

➢ Ancient technology refers to the tools, techniques, and innovations developed by early civilizations
throughout history. From the construction of monumental structures like the pyramids of Egypt to
the invention of the wheel, ancient technology laid the foundation for human progress.3000 BCE -
500 AD Ancient period occur, and the writing of recorded history begun.

EXAMPLES OF ANCIENT TECHNOLOGIES:

1. Wagon
➢ a four wheeled trailer means of transporting of agriculture
products to one place to another carried by a horse. Materials:
Stone/Wooden Wheel/Wooden slabs

2. Stone Inscription
➢ used in 3rd BCE a form of communication as well as writing in the
ancient times engraved it with.
➢ stone inscriptions are ancient writings carved into stone surfaces,
serving as enduring records of historical events, religious texts, and
cultural expressions. Materials: Stone Slabs/Sharp Stone

3. Sundials
➢ A time telling device around 3500 BCE in
Mesopotamia used a diagonal stick stand around in
an open area.
➢ Sundials of ancient times were ingenious
timekeeping devices that utilized the sun's position
and shadows to measure the passage of time.
Materials: Vertical Stick

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 4. Bonfire
➢ A large fire in the open-air is used to warmth one’s body
and cook food.
➢ The bonfires were large, roaring fires that served as
communal gathering places, sources of warmth, and symbols of
celebration and ritual. Materials: Wood branches

B. MIDDLE TECHNOLOGY

➢ The medieval era, often called The Middle Ages or the Dark Ages, began around 476 A.D. following
a great loss of power throughout Europe by the Roman Emperor. The Middle Ages span roughly
1,000 years, ending between 1400 and 1450. This period witnessed significant developments in
various fields, including architecture, engineering, agriculture, and transportation. The Middle Ages
saw the emergence of impressive architectural structures like cathedrals and castles, while the
Renaissance brought about innovations in art, science, and navigation.

EXAMPLES OF MIDDLE TECHNOLOGY:

1. Carriage
➢ A carriage is a four-wheeled, horse-drawn vehicle
used to convey passengers. Wagons were long
used for this purpose, as well as to transport freight
and goods. Materials: Wood and iron

2. Mechanical Clock
➢ The mechanical clock comprises an oscillating mechanism that
marks the passing of time, and an escapement that counts its beats.
➢ Mechanical clocks during the Middle Ages were intricate
timekeeping devices that utilized a system of gears, weights, and
pendulums to accurately measure the passage of time. Materials:
Brass, copper, alloy

3. Medieval Lantern
➢ The lanterns are an efficient way to get away with the darkness of night or dark
dungeon corridors. Material: iron, silver, gold, and tin and their sides of horn, talc,
leather, oiled paper, and glass.

4. Parchment Paper
➢ In the Middle Ages, paper was made from linen rags. Linen is
much stronger than modern wood-pulp paper. Materials: diluted cotton,
linen fiber.

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 C. MODERN TECHNOLOGY

➢ Modern technology refers to the latest advancements in various fields that have revolutionized the
way we live, work, and communicate. From computers and smartphones to artificial intelligence
and renewable energy, modern technology has transformed every aspect of our lives. It has brought
about unprecedented connectivity, efficiency, and convenience. 21st Century wherein the advance
technology is much more common 2000-present.

EXAMPLES OF MODERN TECHNOLOGY

1. Chevrolet Corvette
➢ A car is a vehicle that has wheels, carries a small number of
passengers, and is moved by an engine or a motor. Cars are
also called automobiles or motor vehicles. Trucks and buses
are motor vehicles as well. However, trucks and buses are
larger than cars, and they carry heavier loads.

2. Modern Clock
➢ Clock, mechanical or electrical device other than a watch for displaying
time. A clock is a machine in which a device that performs regular movements in
equal intervals of time is linked to a counting mechanism that records the number
of movements.

3. Light Bulb
➢ Or lightbulb (ˈlaɪtˌ bʌlb) a glass bulb containing a gas, such as
argon or nitrogen, at low pressure and enclosing a thin metal
filament that emits light when an electric current is passed
through it.

4. News Paper
➢ A newspaper is a periodical publication containing written
information about current events and is often typed in black ink with a
white or gray background. Newspapers can cover a wide variety of fields
such as politics, business, sports, art, and science.

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Activity
Directions: Fill in the blanks.
Name the 3 Periods of Time:
1. _____________
2. _____________
3. _____________
Answer:
1.Ancient Technology
2. Middle Technology
3. Modern Technology

_____ 4. A four wheeled that use in transportation of agricultural products.

Answer: Wagon
_____ 5. A time telling device around 3500 BCE
Answer: Sundials
_____ 6. It was made out of Diluted cotton and fiber that is used in the middle aged
Answer:
_____ 7. This was an upgraded version of wagon
Answer: Carriage
_____ 8. Use to tell times in the modern world
Answer: Clock
Give at least 2 steps of evolution of technology
9.
10.
Answer:
9. Upgrade
10. Experiment

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 UNIT II: INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Objectives:
▪ Understand the historical context of significant changes that occurred during this period.
▪ Analyze the impact of Industrial Revolution in various aspects of society.
▪ Identify the key innovations and inventions that revolutionize industries and transformed the way
people lived and worked.
▪ Expected to answer the following questions or activities.

The Industrial Revolution, which took place from the 18th to the 19th century, marked a significant shift from
agrarian and handmade production to mass production using machinery.
During this time, groundbreaking inventions and technological advancements revolutionized industries,
leading to unprecedented changes in society. It was a time of incredible innovation, economic growth,
urbanization, and social transformation. The Industrial Revolution laid the foundation for the modern
industrialized world we know today.

A. PRE-INDUSTRIAL ERA
The Pre-Industrial Revolution refers to the period
before the widespread adoption of industrialization
and mechanized production methods in the late
18th and early 19th centuries. During this era, which
lasted for centuries, agrarian economies
predominated, and most people engaged in
agricultural activities to sustain themselves.
Handicrafts and manual labor were common in the
production of goods, and technological
advancements were limited. Poverty was a problem before the Industrial Revolution. Before the Industrial
Revolution it was very hard to keep in touch with people in other parts of the country. News was spread by
traveler’s or through messengers and goods were distributed largely within the locality in which they were
produced. Many jobs in agriculture are seasonal. This meant that they were only available at certain times
of the year. Likewise, the merchants in towns often found that they had busy periods and quiet periods. In
both cases, this led to people having work that was not guaranteed for the longer term.

/ The transition to the Industrial Revolution from Pre-Industrial Era marked a significant shift in economic,
social, and technological paradigms, leading to the rise of factories, machinery, and urbanization. /

• 1st INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Occurring from the late 18th to the early 19th centuries,
marked a transformative shift from agrarian and manual
labor-based economies to industrialized and mechanized
production. It began in Britain and spread to other parts of
Europe and the United States. Key innovations included
the steam engine, textile machinery, and the
mechanization of various industries. This period saw the

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rise of factories, increased urbanization, and changes in social and economic structures.
The steam engine played a pivotal role in the First Industrial Revolution, serving as a transformative
technology that powered various industrial applications. Invented by James Watt in the late 18th century,
the steam engine harnessed the energy produced by steam to perform mechanical work. It enabled the
mechanization of industries such as textiles, mining, and transportation, replacing manual labor with more
efficient and powerful machinery. The steam engine's widespread adoption facilitated the establishment of
factories, increased productivity, and contributed significantly to the economic and social changes
characteristic of the First Industrial Revolution. steam became the characteristic and ubiquitous power
source of the British Industrial Revolution. Little development took place in the Newcomen atmospheric
engine until James Watt patented a separate condenser in 1769, but from that point onward the steam
engine underwent almost continuous improvements for more than a century.
The steam locomotive was a revolutionary transportation technology developed during the First Industrial
Revolution. It utilized steam power generated by a steam engine to propel a train on railways. The first
successful steam locomotive, built by George Stephenson, was the "Rocket," which debuted in 1829.
Steam locomotives played a crucial role in transforming transportation, making it faster, more efficient, and
reliable. While George Stephenson is often associated with the successful development of the steam
locomotive, it's important to note that Richard Trevithick, a Cornish engineer, also made significant
contributions to early steam locomotion. In 1804, Trevithick built the world's first full-scale working steam
locomotive. His creation, known as the "Puffing Devil," was a high-pressure steam engine mounted on
four wheels.
During the First Industrial Revolution, the steam engine was applied to weaving cloth, marking a
significant advancement in textile manufacturing. Prior to this innovation, weaving had been a manual and
labor-intensive process. The integration of steam power into weaving looms, such as those developed by
inventors like Edmund Cartwright, revolutionized the textile industry. Steam-powered looms increased the
speed and efficiency of cloth production, allowing for larger-scale manufacturing in factories

• 2nd INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Spanning from the mid-19th to the early 20th century,
was characterized by a profound acceleration of
technological advancements and industrial growth. Key
innovations included the widespread use of electricity,
the development of the internal combustion engine,
and the expansion of the steel and chemical
industries. This period saw the rise of mass
production, the assembly line, and increased
mechanization across various sectors. Transportation
underwent a transformation with the introduction of
automobiles and airplanes. The development of electricity as a source of power preceded this
conjunction with steam power late in the 19th century. The pioneering work had been done by an
international collection of scientists including Franklin of Pennsylvania, Alessandro Volta of the
University of Pavia, Italy, and Michael Faraday of Britain. It was the latter who had demonstrated the
nature of the elusive relationship between electricity and magnetism in 1831, and his experiments provided
the point of departure for both the mechanical generation of electric current, previously available only from
chemical reactions within voltaic piles or batteries, and the utilization of such current in electric motors.
The Second Industrial Revolution contributed to urbanization, economic expansion, and significant
improvements in living standards. It marked a shift toward a more complex and interconnected global
economy, setting the stage for further industrial and technological progress in the 20th century.

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Henry Ford's assembly line, implemented in 1913 at the Highland Park Ford Plant, revolutionized
manufacturing processes. Instead of having workers build an entire product individually, the assembly line
divided the production into sequential tasks, with each worker specializing in a specific aspect of assembly.
This significantly increased efficiency and lowered production costs. Ford's assembly line approach played
a crucial role in the mass production of automobiles, making them more affordable and accessible to the
general public.
Karl Benz was a German engineer and inventor who played a pivotal role in the automotive industry during
the Second Industrial Revolution. In 1885 and 1886, Benz designed and built the Motorwagen, widely
considered the world's first true automobile. The Motorwagen was powered by an internal combustion
engine fueled by gasoline, marking a significant departure from earlier steam-powered vehicles. Benz's
invention laid the foundation for the modern automobile and transformed transportation.
The first telephone in the Second Industrial Revolution is credited to Alexander Graham Bell. Bell, along
with his collaborators, invented the telephone in 1876. The device transformed communication by allowing
sound to be transmitted over long distances through electrical signals. Bell's famous words, "Mr. Watson,
come here, I want to see you," spoken during the first successful test, marked a historic moment. The
telephone's invention revolutionized personal and business communication, leading to the establishment
of telephone networks and companies. It played a pivotal role in connecting people across distances,
contributing to the growth of global communication networks during the Second Industrial Revolution.
Thomas Edison was an American inventor and businessman who made profound contributions to the
Second Industrial Revolution. Often referred to as the "Wizard of Menlo Park," Edison is best known for
his development of the practical electric light bulb. In 1879, he successfully demonstrated the first long-
lasting, commercially viable incandescent light bulb, revolutionizing indoor lighting and laying the
groundwork for the electrification of cities.
Nikola Tesla was a Serbian-American inventor, electrical engineer, and futurist who made groundbreaking
contributions during the Second Industrial Revolution. Working in the late 19th and early 20th centuries,
Tesla is best known for his pioneering work in alternating current (AC) electrical systems, which became
the standard for electrical power distribution. His inventions and innovations include the development of the
induction motor and the Tesla coil.

• 3rd INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

The third industrial revolution is also commonly referred to as
the ‘Digital Revolution’ or the ‘First computer era.’ It began
in the 20th century, around the 70s. During this period, simple,
yet relatively large computers were developed. These
computers had quite a good computing power, and they laid a
strong foundation for the development of modern-day
machines. The industrial revolution 3.0 began through partial
automation; a technological process that was achieved using
simple computers and Programmable Logic Controllers (or
memory-programmable controls). Before the revolution, some simple automated systems had been
developed. However, these still relied heavily on human intervention and input.
Information technology (IT) and electronics were introduced in many production processes, furthering
automation in the manufacturing processes. Furthermore, the automation processes advanced even further
following the use of renewable energy in the production industries, as well as the development of
connectivity and internet access.
It is crucial to note that Industry 3.0 (the third Industrial revolution) is still present even today. In fact, most
modern-day factories and production industries are currently at this evolution level. And it is due to the
invention of these technologies that we can now automate entire production processes. Good examples of

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these are robots which can be programmed to perform certain activities by themselves, without any human
intervention.
During the latter period of the 20th century, great advancements were made in the electronics industry.
For example, different varieties of electronic devices were invented, such as integrated circuits and
transistors. These electronic devices brought about a partial automation of the machines which were
used in the production processes. In turn, this led to greater accuracy in production, increased speeds,
better competency, and even replacement of human labour in some manufacturing processes. In the
1960s, the Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) was invented; one of the landmark inventions that
triggered automated processes using electronics. Also, the incorporation of electronic machines in the
production processes led to a demand for software systems to control this electronic hardware.
Consequently, this fueled the software development market of the time.
In addition to enabling electronic devices, the software systems also made it possible to carry out different
management processes. For example, activities such as inventory management, tracking of products,
enterprise resource planning, scheduling of product flows and shipping logistics were enabled by the
software systems. And from that period, the systems are constantly being developed and automated using
information technology and electronics.
Other electronic machines that were invented during the third industrial revolution include integrated
circuit chips, digital logic systems, MOS transistors, as well as their respective derived
technologies, such as the Internet, computers, digital cellular phones and microprocessors. Simply
put, the digital revolution era converted the existing analogue world into a modern and digital world.

• 4th INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

The 4th industrial revolution being currently
implemented in our modern world. As a development
of the Third Industrial Revolution, this era is
characterized using communication and smart
information technologies in various industries.
Also, network connections are used to expand
production systems that already incorporate automation
and computer technologies. Therefore, the fourth industrial revolution has led to efficient networking (or
interconnectivity) of systems, also known as the “cyber-physical production systems.” In turn, this
invention has led to the development of smart manufacturing and factories, where all production is
almost completely automated production systems, people and components communicate thanks to a
unique network.
Also, this current revolution era has dramatically changed how people work. It allows a more efficient way
of working by pulling individuals into smarter networks. The manufacturing industry is almost entirely
digitalized, making it easier to pass information to the right people at the right time. More so, there has
been a significant increase in the use of digital devices and machines in production industries, as well as
out in the field. And not only are this crucial information provided in a timelier manner but they are also
made available in the right place at the right time.
The industrial revolution 4.0 is considered the era of production facilities, storage systems and smart
machines that can trigger actions, control other devices and exchange information autonomously without
any human intervention.
This ideal distribution of information is made possible through the IoT (Internet of Things). The IoT has
four key elements, namely: Cloud Computing and Big Data, Cyber Physical System, Machine Learning
and Artificial Intelligence, and The Internet of Things (IoT). Still, more and more advancements are
expected to be made and new Industry 4.0 examples are coming up by the day.

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For example, there is the potential to develop smart machines with the ability to trigger self-organized
logistics, predict failures and carry out different maintenance processes autonomously. These machines
will be able to predict unexpected or abrupt changes in production, hence ensuring continual success in
the manufacturing processes. In other words, we can expect a drastic change in how goods are
manufactured, serviced, refined, and distributed.
Another important aspect of the fourth industrial revolution is the increased attention to sustainability and
environmental issues. Sustainable development, as defined by the three pillars of sustainability
(environmental, economic, and social sustainability) is not only seen as a necessity to be more eco-
friendly and conserve natural resources for future generations, but it is also an opportunity to improve the
efficiency of manufacturing processes and improve business profitability.

SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN OUR SOCIETY

The main objective of science has been elucidation of how nature is put together and operates, and it has
developed as a separate entity from technology. Even though technological progress was backed up by
various scientific advances, this does not mean that scientific knowledge was utilized only because it was
available.
After the industrial revolution, the separate paths taken by science and technology began to move closer
together. Significantly, the concept of linking scientific results to technology for utilization in society became
prevalent after around 1850, which is when a chemical industry began to develop based on utilization of
knowledge about chemistry, and electrical technologies arose based on knowledge about
electromagnetism.
This development contributes greatly to almost every aspect of our daily life. Hence, people get the chance
to enjoy themselves, which makes our lives much easier.
What is the contribution of science and technology to our society?
• The contribution of science to our society is immense and has a profound impact on various
aspects of people's lives. Science contributes significantly to the production of knowledge and thus
contributes to the functioning of democracies, drives innovation and helps countries to be
competitive in the global economy.
• Technology often has a more direct impact and effect on society as it solves practical problems
and serves human needs. Technology has witnessed impressive evolution in the past few decades,
which has in turn transformed our lives and helped us evolve with it.
Science and Technology have introduced us to the establishment of modern civilization. This development
contributes greatly to almost every aspect of our daily life.

THE FUTURE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

The future of science and technology is a topic that is currently ongoing speculation and exploration. The
scientific and technological developments played a vital role in shaping our society and continued to
influence our future. There are several key trends and areas that are likely to shape the future.
Trends in Science and Technology
• Information Technology and Connectivity
• includes the internet, social media and smartphones that changed how we communicate,
access information and work. IT becomes the enabler of product innovation by serving
small, interoperable blocks of code.
• Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning
• It revolutionized various industries such as healthcare, finance and transportation by
enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
• Blockchain

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 • a decentralized and transparent digital ledger that securely records and verifies human
transactions. It has applications in finance, supply chain management, healthcare and
voting systems, providing increased security, transparency and efficiency.
• Space Exploration
• The exploration of space continues to advance. This could shape the future of
interplanetary travel and resource utilization such as space tourism, astrobiology and
currently Mars and Moon exploration. Private companies are also playing a significant role
in space exploration.
• Renewable energy and sustainability
• The adoption of renewable energy sources such as Solar, Hydroelectric and Wind power
are providing clean and sustainable energy. These technologies aim to reduce the reliance
on fossil fuels and mitigate climate change.
• Nanotech
• the manipulation of structure at an atomic level. It has applications in electronics, medicine
also called nanomedicine, and manufacturing.
• Automation and Robotics
• It involves designing and application of robots to perform tasks autonomously or with
human assistance. Robots are being used in industries such as manufacturing through
various sectors.
• Biotechnology
• Advance development in it has led to breakthroughs in areas such as genetic engineering,
personalized medicine, gene editing and synthetic biology that has the potential to
revolutionize healthcare, agriculture and environmental sustainability.
It is important to recognize that these trends are interconnected and may influence each other. As much as
possible we must be responsible innovators, have ethical considerations and be sustainable as it will be
the central themes of science and technology.

Assessment:
Direction: Read the questions carefully and answer them in your own words. Write your answer on the
space provided.
1. What was the most significant impact of the Industrial Revolution?

2. How did the Industrial Revolution change society?

3. In what ways did the Industrial Revolution transform agriculture and farming practices?

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 4, What are the major consequences of the Industrial Revolution on the environment?

5. Compare and contrast the First and Second Industrial Revolution.

6. What triggered the Industrial Revolution?

7. Why is the second Industrial Revolution the most significant era?

8. Differentiate science and technology.

9. In your opinion, what is the greatest technological invention in history? Explain.

10. Does modern technology always improve the quality of people's lives?

References:
https://www.hiig.de/en/science-and-society/
https://www.mext.go.jp/component/english/__icsFiles/afieldfile/2011/03/03/1302821_002.pdf
https://www.simplilearn.com/importance-of-technology-article
https://www.nowandnext.com/top-trends/science-technology-design/

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https://sustainability-success.com/industry-1-0-to-4-0-2-3-revolution/
https://www.britannica.com/money/topic/Industrial-Revolution/The-first-Industrial-Revolution
https://schoolshistory.org.uk/topics/british-history/industrial-revolution/before-the-industrial-revolution/
https://www.britannica.com/technology/history-of-technology/The-Industrial-Revolution-1750-1900
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Trevithick
https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/fords-assembly-line-starts-rolling

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 UNIT III: INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION

Objectives:
▪ Analyze and compare the significant contributions of various civilizations, such as African, Asian,
Mesoamerican, and Middle Eastern societies,
▪ Compile a comprehensive overview of pivotal cultural and intellectual milestones across
civilizations
▪ Answer the following questions regarding the lesson.

Our society has been facing a lot of problems for a while now, showing that maybe the ideas we've been
following aren't working so well. It's like a signal telling us to rethink those ideas. While our politicians deal
with urgent issues, there's this quiet revolution of new ways of thinking starting up. The future clashes
won't just be between political groups but also within them, between those who want to stick to the old
ways and those pushing for big changes.

AFRICAN
African civilization is considered the oldest
civilization on the earth. The African intellectual
revolution is known as the first societal intellectual
revolution. African development has vastly contributed to
the early knowledge used by humankind.

Chemistry
The early use of chemistry dates back to the ancient civilization of Egypt. The
Egyptians figured out the use of fire in extracting copper from their ores.

Metallurgy
The earliest ironworking site so far was discovered in Carthage, North Africa.
Archeological expeditions found iron production that dates around the middle of the 8th-
century BCE.

Engineering
African developed a unique architectural development. The stone architecture in
Zimbabwe is the largest stone structure south of the Sahara and was constructed
somewhere in the 11th century.

Astronomy
Dogon people of Mali understand the details of the star system of Sirius. They
figured out that Sirius is a binary star system composed of two-star, Sirius A and Sirius

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B. The Dogon people are also aware of the orbit system of the two stars, and they based
their rituals on it

ASIAN
Xia Dynasty
The Xia dynasty was overthrown in 1600
B.C.E. by the first Shang leader. Given that the
existence of the Xia dynasty is debated, the Shang
dynasty is sometimes seen as the first of the
China’s dynasties. The Shang rulers maintain
control for around 600 years, and during this
period of cultural and economic stability, Chinese
culture and innovations flourished. This period
saw the invention of writing, and many later
historians viewed it as a “Golden Age.” In 1046 B.C.E., the Shang king was overthrown
by the Zhou king, ending the Shang dynasty.
The Xia dynasty is said to be the first to irrigate, produce cast bronze, and build a
strong army. It used oracle bones and had a calendar. Xi Zhong is credited in legend with
inventing a wheeled vehicle. He used a compass, square, and rule.
According to Chinese folklore, the Xia Dynasty was ruled for almost 400 years by
17 emperors. The first capital was Yangcheng which later moved to Yangdi. During this
time, its people inhabited the western area of the province of Henan, while others lived in
the northern and southern part of the province of Shanxi.
Ancient civilization
Ancient China is responsible for a rich culture, still evident in modern China. From
small farming communities rose dynasties such as the Zhou (1046-256 B.C.E.), Qin (221-
206 B.C.E.), and Ming (1368-1644 C.E.). Each had its own contribution to the region.
The Indus civilization was the earliest known urban culture of the Indian
subcontinent—one of the world's three earliest civilizations, along with Mesopotamia and
ancient Egypt.

MESO-AMERICA
It refers to a geographical and cultural area
which extends from central Mexico down
through Central America, including the territory
which is now made up of the countries of
Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, and El Salvador.
It is therefore seen as partly in North America,
and encompassing a large part of Central
America.

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MESOAMERICAN CIVILIZATIONS

Geography and People

- The first great American civilization
- Region includes Central Mexico through Central America
- The people farmed and grew corn, beans, squash, sweet potatoes, peppers and
tomatoes
- Farmers also domesticated animals

The Olmec Empire (1400-500 BC)

-The first major Mesoamerican civilization
-Developed in the tropical rain forests of Mexico’ s gulf coast
-They invented a calendar and system of writing made up of carved inscriptions- Strongly
devoted to religion and priests were highly respected

Mayan Empire (AD 300-900)

-Complex agricultural society
- Established large city sales
- Farming and trade most people were farmers.
- Religion was very significant and priests were well respected.
- Mayan Social structure
~ Ruling Chief
~ Nobles (Military and Government Officials)
~ Merchants and Artisans
~ Farmers

Mayan Contributions
Architecture - built large pyramids and palaces
Agriculture - grew enough food to support large populations
Science - developed a hieroglyphic style of writing, an accurate calendar, number system,
and understood the concept of zero

Mayan Decline
Around 900AD, the Mayas abandoned their cities for unknown reasons. Historians
speculate that possible cause for the decline may have been warfare, overpopulation,
famine, or natural disaster

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 MIDDLE EAST
The earliest civilizations in history were
established in the region now known as the
Middle East around 3500 BC by the Sumerians,
in Mesopotamia (Iraq), widely regarded as the
cradle of civilization. The Sumerians and the
Akkadians (later known as Babylonians and
Assyrians) all flourished in this region.

"In the course of the fourth millennium BC, city-states developed in southern
Mesopotamia that were dominated by temples whose priests represented the cities'
patron deities. The most prominent of the city-states was Sumer, which gave its language
to the area, [presumably the first written language,] and became the first great civilization
of mankind. About 2340 BC, Sargon the Great (c. 2360–2305 BC) united the city-states
in the south and founded the Akkadian dynasty, the world's first empire.

"The Islamic Golden Age" (750-1258 C.Ε.)

From the 8th century to the 15th century CE, Islamic, Arab, and Middle Eastern
scientists and polymaths (including both Persian and Turkish scholars) propelled to new
heights the fields of astronomy, algebra and mathematics, cartography and
geography, alchemy and chemistry, anatomy and medicine, zoology and ethology
(animal behavior).

Noria (watermill)/ Saqiyah

The Arab applied the Romans principles and improved the watermill that they
called Noria or Saqiyah. The word "Noria" comes from the Arabic term, Na-urah, meaning
"water wheel" in Syria, and literally means "the wailer." It was the earliest mechanical
device propelled by means other than man or animal.

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Information technology is a new field combining information science, computing,
telecommunications and electronics. These century has been defined by application of
and advancement in information technology. Information technology has play an integral
part in our day today life. Information technology is also defined as the study, design,
development, application, implementation, support or management of computer-based
information systems.

Equity and access

The information revolution has been claimed to exacerbate inequalities in society,
such as racial, class and gender inequalities, and to create a new, digital divide, in which

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those that have the skills and opportunities to use information technology effectively reap
the benefits while others are left behind. In computer ethics, it is studied how both the
design of information technologies and their embedding in society could increase
inequalities, and how ethical policies may be developed that result in a fairer and more
just distribution of their benefits and disadvantages. This research includes ethical
analyses of the accessibility of computer systems and services for various social groups,
studies of social biases in software and systems design, normative studies of education
in the use of computers, and ethical studies of the digital gap between industrialized and
developing countries.

COPERNICAN
Nicolaus Copernicus[b] (19 February 1473 – 24
May 1543) was a Renaissance polymath, active as a
mathematician, astronomer, and Catholic canon, who
formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun
rather than Earth at its center. In all likelihood,
Copernicus developed his model independently
of Aristarchus of Samos, an ancient Greek astronomer
who had formulated such a model some eighteen
centuries earlier
Copernican Revolution, shift in the field of
astronomy from a geocentric understanding of the
universe, centered around Earth, to a heliocentric understanding, centered around the
Sun, as articulated by the Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus in the 16th century.
This shift marked the start of a broader Scientific Revolution that set the foundations of
modern science and allowed science to flourish as an autonomous discipline within its
own right.
Although heliocentric theories had been considered by philosophers as early as
Philolaus in the 5th century BCE, and while there had been earlier discussions of the
possibility of Earth’s motion, Copernicus was the first to propound a comprehensive
heliocentric theory equal in scope and predictive capability to Ptolemy’s geocentric
system. Motivated by the desire to satisfy Plato’s principle of uniform circular motion,
Copernicus was led to overthrow traditional astronomy because of its inability to be
reconciled with the Platonic dictum as well as its lack of unity and harmony as a system
of the world. Relying on virtually the same data as Ptolemy had possessed, Copernicus
turned the world inside out, putting the Sun at the centre and setting Earth into motion
around it. Copernicus’s theory, published in 1543, possessed a qualitative simplicity that
Ptolemaic astronomy appeared to lack. To achieve comparable levels of quantitative
precision, however, the new system became just as complex as the old. Perhaps the most
revolutionary aspect of Copernican astronomy lay in Copernicus’s attitude toward the

17
reality of his theory. In contrast to Platonic instrumentalism, Copernicus asserted that to
be satisfactory astronomy must describe the real, physical system of the world.

DARWINIANS
Darwinism is a theory of biological evolution
developed by the English naturalist Charles
Darwin (1809–1882) and others, stating that
all species of organisms arise and develop through
the natural selection of small, inherited variations
that increase the individual's ability to compete,
survive, and reproduce. Also called Darwinian
theory, it originally included the broad concepts
of transmutation of species or of evolution which
gained general scientific acceptance after Darwin published On the Origin of Species in
1859, including concepts which predated Darwin's theories. English biologist Thomas
Henry Huxley coined the term Darwinism in April 1860.

Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution through natural selection brought about one
of the greatest intellectual and cultural revolutions in the modern era. It profoundly altered
the way we think of science, religion, philosophy – our modern society. We will attempt to
integrate a study of evolution (science) with a study of society (humanities) to better
understand the social, cultural, and scientific contexts of Darwin’s theory. The first part of
the course will focus on Darwin’s ideas, the manner in which he came to them, and his
argument’s explanatory power and weaknesses. The second part of the course will
explore the diverse ramifications of Darwin’s theory, including the modern debates in
science and religion, biotechnology, sociobiology, and other tricky contemporary issues.
By studying Darwin’s ideas within their broader social, cultural, and scientific contexts,
you will learn a base of knowledge that will enable you to critically analyze science, and
enter, with an informed judgment, into the fascinating debate taking place today
concerning biology’s increasing role in our society.
Darwin's greatest contribution to science is that he completed the Copernican
Revolution by drawing out for biology the notion of nature as a system of matter in motion
governed by natural laws. With Darwin's discovery of natural selection, the origin and
adaptations of organisms were brought into the realm of science. The adaptive features
of organisms could now be explained, like the phenomena of the inanimate world, as the
result of natural processes, without recourse to an Intelligent Designer. The Copernican
and the Darwinian Revolutions may be seen as the two stages of the one Scientific
Revolution. They jointly ushered in the beginning of science in the modern sense of the
word: explanation through natural laws. Darwin's theory of natural selection accounts for
the “design” of organisms, and for their wondrous diversity, as the result of natural

18
processes, the gradual accumulation of spontaneously arisen variations (mutations)
sorted out by natural selection. Which characteristics will be selected depends on which
variations happen to be present at a given time in a given place. This in turn depends on
the random process of mutation as well as on the previous history of the organisms.
Mutation and selection have jointly driven the marvelous process that, starting from
microscopic organisms, has yielded orchids, birds, and humans. The theory of evolution
conveys chance and necessity, randomness and determinism, jointly enmeshed in the
stuff of life. This was Darwin's fundamental discovery, that there is a process that is
creative, although not conscious.
In natural selection, genetic mutations that are beneficial to an individual's survival
are passed on through reproduction. This results in a new generation of organisms that
are more likely to survive to reproduce.
For example
Evolving long necks has enabled giraffes to feed on leaves that others can't reach,
giving them a competitive advantage. Thanks to a better food source, those with longer
necks were able to survive to reproduce and so pass on the characteristic to the
succeeding generation. Those with shorter necks and access to less food would be less
likely to survive to pass on their genes.

FREUDIAN
Sigmund Freud, (born May 6, 1856,
Freiberg, Moravia, Austrian Empire [now
Příbor, Czech Republic]—died September
23, 1939, London, England), Austrian
neurologist and the founder
of psychoanalysis.
Freud may justly be called the most
influential intellectual legislator of his age. His creation of psychoanalysis was at once a
theory of the human psyche, a therapy for the relief of its ills, and an optic for the
interpretation of culture and society. Despite repeated criticisms, attempted refutations,
and qualifications of Freud’s work, its spell remained powerful well after his death and in
fields far removed from psychology as it is narrowly defined. If, as the American
sociologist Philip Rieff once contended, “psychological man” replaced such earlier
notions as political, religious, or economic man as the 20th century’s dominant self-image,
it is in no small measure due to the power of Freud’s vision and the seeming
inexhaustibility of the intellectual legacy he left behind.
Sigmund Freud’s Theories
Freud's theories were enormously influential but subject to considerable criticism
both now and during his life. However, his ideas have become interwoven into the fabric

19
of our culture, with terms such as "Freudian slip," "repression," and "denial" appearing
regularly in everyday language.
Freud's theories include:
Unconscious mind: This is one of his most enduring ideas, which is that the mind is a
reservoir of thoughts, memories, and emotions that lie outside the awareness of the
conscious mind.
Personality: Freud proposed that personality was made up of three key elements: the id,
the ego, and the superego. The ego is the conscious state, the id is the unconscious, and
the superego is the moral or ethical framework that regulates how the ego operates.
Life and death instincts: Freud claimed that two classes of instincts, life and death,
dictated human behavior. Life instincts include sexual procreation, survival and pleasure;
death instincts include aggression, self-harm, and destruction.
Psychosexual development: Freud's theory of psychosexual development posits that
there are five stages of growth in which people's personalities and sexual selves evolve.
These phases are the oral stage, anal stage, phallic stage, latent stage, and genital stage.
Mechanisms of defense: Freud suggested that people use defense mechanisms to
avoid anxiety. These mechanisms include displacement, repression, sublimation, and
regression.

Assessment
Direction: Read the questions carefully and answer them in your own words. Write your answer on the
space provided.
1. What is the impact of intellectual revolution on society?

2. What are the scientific revolutions that happened in Africa?

3. What is the first government in Asia?

4. What was the greatest contribution of Mesoamerican revolution?

5. What is the contribution of information technology in intellectual revolution?

6. Who is Claudius Ptolemy?

7. How did Copernicus debunked Ptolemy's Theory?

20
8. According to Charles Darwin, all life is related and descended from a common
ancestor. What is this Theory called?

9. Who is Sigmund Freud?

10. Freud believed that the human mind was composed of 3 conflicting elements.
What were those 3 elements?

21
 UNIT IV: KUHNIAN’S PERSPECTIVE

Objectives:
▪ Investigate historical and contemporary instances of technological and scientific paradigm shifts,
outlining their impact on societal structures, cultural norms, and economic systems.
▪ Expected to answer the following questions or activities.

Throughout our history, the development of scientific knowledge and technological advancements hasn't
been a straightforward, step-by-step process. Instead, it's been more like a series of loops and cycles. At
the core of understanding how this all works is something called the Kuhnian cycle. It's like a map that
shows how our understanding of science has grown over time, from the very beginning to those big
moments when everything changed.

Figure 1. The Kuhn Cycle

Pre-paradigm
a science at a primitive stage of development before it has achieved a paradigm and established a
consensus about the true nature of the subject matter and how to approach it.

Paradigm
a set of universally recognized principles, methodological processes and cultural concepts that refers to the
work of the "scientific community" of a certain era.

The Kuhnian cycle encompasses various phases in the development of scientific knowledge, including the
stages you mentioned:

1. Pre-Science:
Description: This is the stage before a scientific discipline has developed a widely accepted paradigm.
During pre-science, there is often confusion and competing theories as researchers attempt to understand
and explain phenomena.

2. Normal Science:
Description: Scientists work within an established paradigm, conducting routine research and solving
puzzles using accepted theories and methods. This phase is characterized by stability and incremental
progress.

3. Model Drift:

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 Description: Over time, as scientists engage in normal science, small anomalies and inconsistencies may
emerge. These anomalies, if ignored or explained away, can lead to a gradual "drift" or deviation from the
original paradigm.

4. Model Crisis:
Description: The accumulation of unresolved anomalies reaches a point where the existing paradigm
faces a crisis. Scientists encounter more significant challenges that the current model cannot adequately
explain, leading to a breakdown in confidence.

5. Model Revolution:
Description: In response to the crisis, a revolutionary shift occurs. This involves a radical change in the
fundamental assumptions, theories, and methods guiding scientific inquiry. The old model is overthrown,
and a new, more comprehensive model is embraced.

6. Paradigm Change:
Description: The model revolution marks a paradigm change, where the scientific community adopts a
new overarching framework. This shift is not just a modification of existing theories but a profound
transformation in how scientists perceive and approach their subject.

This full cycle, from pre-science to paradigm change, illustrates the dynamic and cyclical nature of scientific
development according to Thomas Kuhn. It emphasizes that scientific progress is not always a linear,
cumulative process but involves revolutionary shifts in understanding.

The Kuhnian perspective has implications for various aspects of the intersection between science,
technology, and society:

Technological Advancement:
Impact: Kuhn's perspective suggests that technological advancement is not just a gradual accumulation
of improvements but can be driven by revolutionary shifts in underlying technological paradigms. This can
result in leaps in innovation, such as the transition from one dominant technology to another, leading to
significant advancements.

1. Understanding Technological Paradigms:

Impact: Kuhn's idea of paradigms applies to technology as well. Technological paradigms represent the
dominant principles, methodologies, and designs guiding technological development. Understanding these
paradigms is crucial for predicting technological trajectories, as shifts in paradigms can significantly
influence the direction of innovation.

2. Technological Revolution:
Impact: Kuhn's concept of a paradigm shift aligns with the idea of technological revolutions. When a new
technological paradigm emerges, it can bring about a revolution in the way technology is developed and
applied. Examples include the shift from mechanical to digital technologies or the advent of the internet,
fundamentally changing how information is accessed and shared.

3. Societal Impact of Technology:

Impact: The societal impact of technology is profound, and Kuhn's perspective emphasizes that
technological change goes beyond incremental improvements. Technological revolutions driven by
paradigm shifts can have transformative effects on society, influencing economic systems, communication
patterns, and even social structures.

23
The Kuhnian perspective provides a lens through which we can understand the dynamics of technological
change. It highlights the discontinuous and revolutionary nature of advancements, the influence of
underlying paradigms, and the profound societal impacts that can result from technological innovation.

1. Societal Impact:
Kuhnian Perspective: According to Kuhn, when a new scientific or technological paradigm emerges, it
can lead to a shift in the way society perceives and interacts with the world. The societal impact of a
paradigm change is not only technological but also involves changes in social structures, cultural norms,
and economic systems. For example, the advent of the internet represented a technological paradigm shift
with profound societal implications, affecting communication, commerce, and social interactions.

2. Resistance to Change:
Kuhnian Perspective: Kuhn recognized that shifts in paradigms often face resistance from entrenched
scientific or technological communities. Similarly, in the context of societal change driven by technology,
there can be resistance from individuals, organizations, or established systems that are invested in the
existing paradigm. This resistance can stem from a reluctance to abandon familiar ways, economic
interests, or the fear of uncertainty associated with the new paradigm.

3. Interplay with Societal Forces:

Kuhnian Perspective: The interplay between scientific or technological paradigms and societal forces is
complex. Societal factors, such as economic, political, and cultural dynamics, can influence the acceptance
or rejection of new paradigms. Additionally, the success or failure of a technological paradigm shift may
depend on its alignment with societal needs, values, and institutions. The Kuhnian perspective underscores
the dynamic relationship between scientific/technological development and the broader societal context.

In essence, the Kuhnian perspective offers insights into the intricate connections between scientific or
technological change and its societal repercussions. It recognizes the challenges of overcoming resistance
to new paradigms and emphasizes the importance of understanding the broader societal context in which
these shifts occur.

Assessment
Direction: Read the questions carefully and answer them in your own words. Write your answer on the
space provided.

1) Who created the "The Structure of Scientific Revolution"?

2) What is the Pre-Paradigm?

3) What is the paradigm?

4) When the cycle release, what is the first cycle of the "Kuhn Cycle"?

5) What is the fifth cycle of the "Kuhn cycle"?

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6) When does the "Kuhn cycle" created?

7) What are the 4 phases of science according to Thomas Kuhn?

8) What does Thomas Kuhn mean by the term "Paradigm" in the context of scientific revolutions?

9) To what extent do you agree or disagree with Kuhn's view on scientific revolutions?

10) Is a "paradigm" in Kuhn's perspective a fundamental concept in understanding scientific revolution?

Explain why.

25
 UNIT V: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND NATION BUILDING

Objectives:
▪ Uncover how scientific discoveries and technological innovations have shaped societies across
history, showing how they've impacted our nations' growth and development.
▪ Answer the following questions regarding the lesson.

Science and technology have played a vital role in the development of the Philippines as a nation.
Throughout its history, the Philippines has been influenced by different cultures and colonial powers, each
leaving its mark on the country's scientific and technological development.

-The Department of Science and Technology (DOST) is a government agency responsible for managing
national technological and scientific research, advancing technology, and promoting public knowledge of
science and technology. DOST is responsible for creating, introducing, and implementing the Philippines'
science and technology policy, promoting the importance of science and technological advancement in a
progressive society. Notable Filipino scientists contribute to notable projects and developmental
reformations

DOST SECTORS AND AGENCIES

PAGASA- (PHILIPPINE ATMOSPHERIC, GEOPHYSICAL AND

ASTRONOMICAL SERVICES ADMINISTRATION) One of the Department of
Science and Technology's (DOST) attached agencies to "provide protection
against natural calamities and utilize scientific knowledge as an effective
instrument to ensure the safety, well-being, and economic security of all people,
as well as for the promotion of national progress.

PHIVOLCS- (PHILIPPINE INSTITUTE OF VOLCANOLOGY AND

SEISMOLOGY) A service institute of the Department of Science and
Technology (DOST) that is principally mandated to mitigate disasters that may
arise from volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunamis, and other related
geotectonic phenomena.

SEI- (SCIENCE EDUCATION INSTITUTE)- accelerating the development of S&T

human resources of the country by administering undergraduate and graduate
scholarships and advanced specialized training; promote S&T culture and develop
innovative science education innovative programs.

PSHS- (PHILIPPINE SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL SYSTEM) A research-oriented

and specialized public high school system in the Philippines that operates as an
attached agency of the Philippine Department of Science and Technology.

26
 STII- (SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY INFORMATION INSTITUTE) the lead agency in
Science, Technology, and Innovation information geared towards building a culture of
STI to accelerate the nation's socio-economic development.

TAPI- (TECHNOLOGY APPLICATION AND PROMOTION INSTITUTE) one of

DOST's service agencies whose primary responsibility is to promote the
commercialization of technologies and market the services of other operating units
of the Department.

TRC- (TECHONOLOGY RESOURCE CENTER) a role to play in promoting

innovations for commercial use, especially by technology-driven livelihood enterprises.

I CTO- (INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY OFFICE) In

charge of leading the government's implementation of the majority of its ICT-
related initiatives, including industry growth, policy formation, ICT infrastructure
development, R&D, ICT capacity building for the public sector, and management
of the E-Governance Fund, is the ICTO.

ASTII- (Advanced Science and Technology Institute) an agency of the dost mandated
to undertake research and development activities aimed to strengthen and modernize
information and communications technology and microelectronics. delivering
technology solutions with the support of a productive and resilient Filipino society.

FNRI- (Food and Nutrition Research Institute) one of the research and development
institute of the Department of Science and Technology (DOST). It was created under
Executive Order No. 128 signed on January 30, 1987. As such, the Institute is
committed to pursue the goals and objectives of the National Science and Technology
Plan (NSTP) and the Philippine Plan of Action for Nutrition (PPAN).

ITDI- (Industrial Technology Development Institute) one of the DOST's RDIs (research
and development institutes) and undertakes multidisciplinary industrial R&D, technical
services, and knowledge translation or technology transfer and commercialization.
ITDI harnesses know-how in new technology and product innovation, and through the
years, has emerged as a credible and reliable industry and government partner in
accelerating growth and development in the country.

PNRI- (Philippine Nuclear Research Institute) is the sole agency of the government
mandated to advance and regulate the safe and peaceful applications of nuclear
science and technology in the Philippines.

27
 PHILSA

Philippine Space Agency (PhilSA) is the central government agency addressing

all national issues and activities related to space science & technology and
applications. Created under Republic Act No. 11363, or the Philippine Space Act,
the PhilSA is an attached agency of the Office of the President for purposes of
policy and program coordination, and to ensure alignment in national policies and
priorities.

RITM

(Research Institute of Tropical Medicine Tropical) medicine deals with infectious and
noninfectious diseases geographically located between the tropics of Cancer and
Capricorn. It encompasses diseases that result from poverty, poor sanitation,
infrastructure, and inadequate health resources.

VIROLOGY INSTITUTE

An agency created during pandemic (COVID-19). DOST-ITDI proposed to establish an agency called
Virology Science and Technology Institute of the Philippines as it was called then. When established, ITDI
will conduct virology research for human, animal, and plant applications.

PHILIPPINE GENOME CENTER

The organization provides diverse bioinformatics services,

including scripting and DNA sequencing, to benefit Filipinos and
humanity by promoting advanced genomics and bioinformatics in
various sectors, including health, agriculture, and forensics.

UP RESILIENCE INTITUTE OF UP

The UP Resilience Institute was established as a proactive hub of benchmark

innovative information vital to the nation’s efforts in climate change mitigation and
adaptation.

Assessment
Direction: Read the questions carefully and answer them in your own words. Write your answer on the
space provided.

1. What does PAGASA means?

2. PHILVOCS is responsible for?

3. What agency of DOST is responsible for broadcasting the weather in our country?

28
4. An agency addressing all the national issues and activities related to space science & technology.

5. Agency where they help to accelerate the development by giving scholarships and advance training in
the field of science and technology.

6. An agency who regulate the safe and peaceful applications of nuclear science and technology in the
Philippines?

7. An institute focusing on developing tropical medicines that deals with infectious and non-infectious
diseases?

8. A specialized Public Highschool system in the Philippines and operates as an attached agency of the
DOST.

9. An agency whose primary responsibility is to promote the commercialization of technologies and services
units of the department.

10. An agency in charge of leading the government's implementation of ICT-related initiatives, including the
ICT infrastructure development and industry growth, policy formation, research & development (R&D)

29
 UNIT VI: FILIPINO SCIENTIST

Objectives:
▪ Understand the educational programs and materials aimed at highlighting the achievements of
Filipino scientists to inspire and motivate the younger generation to pursue careers in science and
technology.
▪ Answer the following questions regarding the lesson.

The world of science is full of incredible minds, and among them are Filipino scientists whose achievements
have been truly outstanding. These individuals have made big contributions to different fields like marine
biology, healthcare, and engineering, leaving a lasting mark on both science and our society.

FILIPINO SCIENTIST

What do you know about Filipino scientists?

First let’s have a fun fact about where the word Scientist has been taken from.

In 1834, Cambridge University historian and philosopher of science William Whewell coined the term
"scientist" to replace such terms as "cultivators of science."

If we're talking about “the first scientist” many would say it’s Aristotle.

Let’s test your knowledge about scientists.

Can you name who these people are?

If you guess that the right pic is Isaac Newton then you're right. Then what about the person on the
right? Do you know who she is?

She’s Fe Del Mundo the inventor of the bamboo incubator, a well-known scientist here in the
Philippines.

Before we proceed on our topic let’s talk about a program that was established in 1975 to stop the
brain drain that has worsened in the Philippines. In an effort to counter this phenomenon and to capitalize

30
on the Filipino emigrants’ expertise, the Balik Scientist Program (BSP), through the Presidential Decree
819, was established in October p1975.

The Balik Scientist Program

During the past two (2) decades, the brain drain has worsened in the Philippines. In an effort to
counter this phenomenon and to capitalize on the Filipino emigrants’ expertise, the Balik Scientist Program
(BSP), through the Presidential Decree 819, was established in October 1975. It was revitalized in 2007,
with the necessary policies and funding support.

The Balik Scientist Program (BSP) aims to promote information exchange and accelerate the flow
of new technology into the country through strengthening the scientific and technological manpower of the
academe and public and private institutions. The program’s objective is to encourage Filipino scientists and
technologists to return and reside in the Philippines and share their expertise for the development of the
country.

The transfer of the Balik-Scientist Program (BSP) from the DOST Central Office to the three
sectoral councils of DOST in May 2013 aims to strengthen, institutionalize and give more focus on each of
the Council’s priority programs. The Philippine Council for Health Research and Development (PCHRD)
focuses on evaluating BSP Applicants for the health R&D sector. This move aims to strengthen the
implementation of the priority programs identified in the DOST-PCHRD’s National Unified Health Research
Agenda (NUHRA) for the health R&D sector through the provision of expertise by the Balik Scientists.

For the past six (6) years (2007 to present), there were a total of approximately thirty-eight (38)
BSP awardees in the health sector.

***

Now that The Balik Scientist has been discussed let's now move on to the next topic which is OYS
or the Outstanding Young Scientist which is an award that are given that the requirements are either you
made a great impact in the science and technology and made contributions to it and the nominees are
supposed to be no older than 41 years old.

Outstanding Youth Scientist

The Outstanding Young Scientist (OYS) Awards are given to young Filipino scientists (must not be
41 years old within January to December in the year of the awarding) who have made significant
contributions to science and technology.

A total of twelve (12) OYS Awards are available annually, split among the following divisions:
• Agricultural Sciences
• Biological Sciences
• Chemical, Mathematical and Physical Sciences
• Engineering Sciences and Technology
• Health Sciences
Social Sciences
The award consists of a trophy and a cash prize.

31
 A nominee must be:
• (a) A Filipino citizen;
• (b) Must NOT be forty-one (41) years old or older within January to December in the year
of the awarding
• (c) Of exceptional ability to undertake scientific research as evidenced by papers published
in reputable scientific journals; and
• (d) Of good moral character.
Judging is based on:
• (a) Quality and number of scientific works and publications
• (b) Contributions to the advancement of science in general and science in the Philippines,
in particular; and
• (c) Contributions to the well-being of the Philippine economy and culture.

Nominations for these awards may be made by heads of government or private research
institutions, departments of colleges or universities, or academic or professional scientific organizations or
societies.

The deadline for submission of nominations is every last working day of November.

Checklist of Requirements:
• Accomplished nomination form
• College-level, higher degree and graduate level, undergraduate diplomas and transcripts
of records
• PSA Birth Certificate
• Three (3) most important research publications
• Two-minute video explaining the importance of S&T contributions of the nominee to society
• Article about the nominee and his/her scientific and technical contributions to society in not
more than 1,000 words
• Five (5) high resolution photographs with captions depicting the nominee’s present
scientific work

***

Let's go on the main event or topic today which is Filipino Scientists. There are only 10 people here
in the ppt but these people are the top 10 scientists from our country that made remarkable contributions.

FILIPINO SCIENTIST

When it comes to science stuff, the Philippines has provided significant contributions to both local
and global areas. The discovery of several remarkable innovations and inventions was due to the brilliant
scientists behind them all. Moreover, they can conduct more studies and research to develop solutions and
exciting discoveries. DOSTv presents some of the known Filipino scientists and their remarkable scientific
contributions so you can get familiar with them.

Filipino scientists and their contribution

Here are the ten Filipino scientists who have significantly contributed to the science field.

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 Alfredo Lagmay

Alfredo Mahar Francisco Lagmay was a National Research Council

member. He specialized in experimental psychology and was notable for
introducing behavioral studies and hypnosis techniques for relaxation. And
among his many contributions, the most significant one was his research on
how specific changes happen in human behavior and how that particular
behavior could treat mental illnesses in the long run. With this, he helped many
people establish behavior therapy as another effective treatment option for
specific conditions.

Angel Alcala

Have you ever heard of the artificial coral reefs used for fisheries in
Southeast Asia? Well, Angel Alcala was the one who invented it. With his
notable contribution to biological sciences, his research on the Philippine
amphibians and reptiles was honored, making his name appear in the Asian
Scientists 100 by The Asian Scientist Magazine (ASM). Also, his fieldwork in
building sanctuaries and promoting biodiversity in the Philippines' aquatic
system has made him one of the outstanding National Scientists in the
Philippines.

Edgardo Gomez

Marine biology was the field of specialization of Edgardo Gomez. He

led the first-ever national-scale assessment of damage to coral reefs
worldwide, placing him in 9th place for the Asian Scientists 100 magazine.
With this excellent initiative in protecting and replanting the corals in the sea,
he was awarded the National Scientist in 2014 and received a fantastic
package, like a lifetime pension.

33
 Fe del Mundo

Regarding the child healthcare system, Fe del Mundo was a notable Pediatrics
pioneer. She founded the first pediatric Philippine hospital and focused on addressing
what the country lacked regarding medical equipment in specific communities like rural
areas. And among her remarkable contributions to the Filipino people, an incubator
made out of bamboo is her most famous invention. She has specifically designed the
equipment so people who live in places without electrical power can regulate the
temperature of their infants well.

Gavino Trono

Just like Gomez, Gavino also specializes in Marine Biology. He was

even known as the "Father of Seaweed Diversity" or the "Father of
Kappaphycus Farming." So it is because he made a significant contribution to
tropical marine psychology through his thorough research of seaweed
biodiversity. Through his research, we can increase our knowledge of the
diversity of seaweed plants all over Asia and their role in the marine
ecosystem.

Geminiano de Ocampo

Geminiano de Ocampo is the only National Scientist in the Philippines

specializing in ophthalmology. With his knowledge of eye care, he was the first
person to diagnose and treat specific eye problems in the country. He was the one
who established the very first Philippine eye hospital to help Filipinos get quality eye
care. His corneal dissector is one of the essential innovations, revolutionizing
corneal transplant surgery.’

Gregorio Velasquez

When we talk about phycology in the country, one

name is linked to it, and it is Gregorio Velasquez. He is one of the many Filipinos
who received the title of National Scientist due to his remarkable contributions to
the field of
Science. Regarding his research, Velasquez extensively
focuses on marine algae, where he has devised a way
to tell which is which through their unique characteristics.

34
 Gregorio Zara

Engineering and inventions that is what Gregorio Zara is known for. He

was a scientist and engineer in the country, passionate about science and
technology. His most significant invention was the videophone, which he
patented together with 30 other devices for better and more convenient
communication among people.

Julian Banzon

As a pioneer in renewable energy, Julian Banzon uses his skill in producing

alternative fuels through his research methods. As he specialized in chemistry, it
was easy for him to do this incredible innovation, and he was even known for
extracting resident coconut oil from the fruit. With his outstanding research, he was
able to help people not solely to rely on fossil fuels.

Ramon Barba

Horticulture is what Ramon Barba is best

recognized for. He even led the Filipino scientists as he
ranked third on the Asian Scientists 100 list. Barba
developed technology for inducing mangoes to flower
out of season and all year round. Aside from mangoes, Barba does other
research on fruits and vegetables
such as sugarcane, bananas, calamansi, etc.

***
Assessment
Direction: Fill in the blanks.

1. Julian Banzon is a pioneer in __________.

Answer: Renewable Energy
2. Gregorio Velasquez is the one name linked to it.
Answer: Phycology
3. He is known as a scientist and engineer.
Answer: Gregorio Zara
4. Geminiano de Ocampo is the only national scientist in the Philippines that is specializing in
_______.
Answer: ophthalmology
5. He's called the father of seaweed diversity.
Answer: Gavino Trono
6. She founded the first pediatric Philippine hospital.
Answer: Fe Del Mundo

35
 7. He placed 9th for Asian Scientists 100 magazine.
Answer: Edgardo Gomez
8. Alfredo Lagmay specialize in __________.
Answer: Experimental Psychology
9. Angel Alcala invented ______.
Answer: Artificial Coral Reefs
10. What year did the Balik Scientist Program was revitalized?
Answer: 2007

References:

https://www.pchrd.dost.gov.ph/news_and_updates/balik-scientist-program/
https://nast.dost.gov.ph/index.php/about-nast/functions/recognition?id=95
https://www.dostv.ph/blog/top-10-filipino-scientists-who-made-a-remarkable-contribution-to-the-field-of-
science

36
 UNIT I: BIODIVERSITY AND ENVIRONMENT

Objectives:
▪ Understand the context of Biodiversity and Environment
▪ Expected to answer the following questions or activities.

In our world, biodiversity paints a beautiful picture of life's variety. It's like a vibrant symphony that keeps
nature in perfect harmony. From tiny organisms to vast forests, every living thing is connected, working
together to keep our planet healthy.

Biodiversity
Biodiversity refers to the variety of living organisms that exist on Earth,
including plants, animals, and microorganisms. It encompasses the
diversity of species, their genetic variation, and the ecosystems in which
they live.

Biodiversity is important because it provides numerous benefits, such as

supporting the food chain, maintaining ecological balance, and providing
ecosystem services like pollination, water purification, and climate
regulation. It also has cultural and aesthetic value, providing inspiration for
art, music, and literature.

However, human activities such as deforestation, pollution, and climate change are causing a decline in
biodiversity, which can have negative consequences for the environment and human well-being. Therefore,
it's important to protect and conserve biodiversity for the benefit of all living organisms on Earth.

Figure 1. Types of Diversity

1. Genetic Diversity - Genetic diversity refers to the variety of genetic information within and among
populations of a species. This includes the differences in DNA sequences, genes, and alleles that
exist among individuals.

Genetic diversity is important because it provides the basis for adaptation and evolution. Genetic
variation allows populations to adapt to changing environmental conditions and to evolve over time.

37
 It also provides the raw material for natural selection, which drives the evolution of new traits and
species.

However, human activities such as habitat destruction, overhunting, and pollution can reduce
genetic diversity by causing populations to become small and isolated, which can increase the risk
of inbreeding and reduce genetic variation. Therefore, it's important to protect and conserve genetic
diversity for the benefit of all living organisms on Earth.

2. Species Diversity - Species diversity refers to the variety of species that exist in a particular
ecosystem or on Earth as a whole. It encompasses the number of different species, their relative
abundance, and their distribution within an ecosystem.

Species diversity is important because it contributes to the stability and resilience of ecosystems.
A greater number of species within an ecosystem can increase its productivity, nutrient cycling, and
resistance to disturbances like climate change and habitat destruction.

However, human activities such as deforestation, pollution, and climate change are causing a
decline in species diversity, which can have negative consequences for the environment and
human well-being. Therefore, it's important to protect and conserve species diversity for the benefit
of all living organisms on Earth.

Species richness and evenness are two measures of species diversity within an ecosystem.
• Species richness refers to the number of different species that are present in an ecosystem. The
greater the number of species, the greater the species richness. For example, a forest that contains
10 different tree species has a greater species richness than a forest that contains only 5 different
tree species.

• Species evenness, on the other hand, refers to the relative abundance of each species within an
ecosystem. The greater the similarity in the abundance of different species, the greater the species
evenness. For example, a forest that contains 10 different tree species, each with approximately
the same number of individuals, has a greater species evenness than a forest that contains 10
different tree species, but with one species dominating the ecosystem and the rest being rare.

Both species richness and evenness are important measures of species diversity. High species
richness can indicate a healthy and diverse ecosystem, while low species richness can indicate a
damaged or degraded ecosystem. High species evenness can indicate a balanced and stable
ecosystem, while low species evenness can indicate a disturbed or unstable ecosystem.

3. Ecosystem diversity - and ecological diversity are similar concepts, but they are not exactly the
same.
Ecosystem diversity refers to the variety of ecosystems that exist in a particular region or on Earth
as a whole. This includes the different types of terrestrial, aquatic, and marine ecosystems, such
as forests, grasslands, wetlands, coral reefs, and oceans.

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Ecological diversity, on the other hand, refers to the variety of ecological communities that exist within
ecosystems. This includes the different types of plants, animals, and microorganisms that interact with each
other and with their environment within an ecosystem.

While both concepts are related to the variety of life on Earth, they differ in their scope and focus. Ecosystem
diversity is concerned with the variety of ecosystems, while ecological diversity is concerned with the variety
of species and interactions within those ecosystems.

Both ecosystem diversity and ecological diversity are important for maintaining the health and functioning
of the planet's ecosystems. They provide numerous benefits, such as supporting the food chain,
maintaining ecological balance, and providing ecosystem services like pollination, water purification, and
climate regulation.

Generalist species: A generalist species is a species that can survive in a wide range of environmental
conditions and can eat a variety of different foods. Examples of generalist species include raccoons,
coyotes, and humans.

Specialist species: A specialist species is a species that has specific habitat requirements and can only
survive in a narrow range of environmental conditions. Examples of specialist species include koalas, which
only eat eucalyptus leaves, and giant pandas, which only eat bamboo.

Native species: A native species is a species that naturally occurs in a particular ecosystem or geographic
region. For example, bald eagles are native to North America.

Indicator species: An indicator species is a species whose presence or absence can indicate the health
or condition of an ecosystem. For example, the presence of certain bird species can indicate the quality of
a wetland ecosystem.

Keystone species: A keystone species is a species that has a disproportionately large effect on the
structure and function of an ecosystem relative to its abundance. For example, sea otters are a keystone
species in kelp forest ecosystems, as they help to control the population of sea urchins, which can
overgraze the kelp.

Foundation species: A foundation species is a species that plays a critical role in creating or maintaining
an ecosystem. For example, coral reefs are a foundation species in tropical marine ecosystems, as they
provide habitat for a wide range of marine organisms.

Status of the Philippines' Biodiversity

The foundation of the Philippines' biodiversity is its unique geography and climate, which have created a
wide range of habitats and ecosystems that support a high level of species diversity. The Philippines is an
archipelago of over 7,000 islands located in the western Pacific Ocean, which has resulted in a diverse
range of terrestrial, freshwater, and marine ecosystems.

The Philippines is considered one of the world's biodiversity hotspots, with high levels of endemism,
meaning that many species found in the Philippines are not found anywhere else in the world. The country

39
is home to a wide range of plant and animal species, including over 6,000 species of flowering plants, over
200 species of mammals, over 600 species of birds, and over 400 species of reptiles and amphibians.

The Philippines' biodiversity is also supported by a variety of ecosystem types, including tropical rainforests,
mangrove forests, coral reefs, and seagrass beds. These ecosystems provide habitat for a wide range of
plant and animal species and support important ecosystem services, such as carbon storage, water
regulation, and fisheries production.

However, the Philippines' biodiversity is threatened by a range of human activities, such as deforestation,
overfishing, and pollution. Therefore, it's important to protect and conserve the country's biodiversity for the
benefit of all living organisms on Earth.

The status of the Philippines' biodiversity is considered to be under threat due to a range of human activities
and environmental challenges. The country is one of the world's biodiversity hotspots, with high levels of
endemism, meaning that many species found in the Philippines are not found anywhere else in the world.
However, the Philippines' biodiversity is facing a number of challenges, including:

1. Habitat loss and degradation: Deforestation, land conversion, and urbanization are leading to the loss
and degradation of natural habitats in the Philippines, which can have negative impacts on plant and animal
species.

2. Overexploitation: Overfishing, hunting, and harvesting of wild species for food, medicine, and other
purposes can lead to declines in populations and even extinction of certain species.

3. Invasive species: The introduction of non-native species can disrupt ecosystems and displace native
species, leading to declines in biodiversity.

4. Climate change: Rising temperatures, changing rainfall patterns, and sea level rise can have significant
impacts on the Philippines' biodiversity, including changes in the distribution and abundance of species and
the loss of important habitats like coral reefs.

5. Pollution: Pollution from industrial and agricultural activities, as well as from urban areas, can have
negative impacts on the health of plant and animal species, as well as on human health.

Despite these challenges, there are efforts underway in the Philippines to protect and conserve biodiversity,
including the establishment of protected areas, the development of sustainable management practices, and
the promotion of public awareness and education.

Importance of Biodiversity

1. Supporting human well-being: Biodiversity provides a wide range of ecosystem services that are
essential for human well-being, such as food, clean air and water, and medicines.

2. Maintaining ecosystem function: Biodiversity is essential for maintaining the function of ecosystems,
including nutrient cycling, pollination, and pest control.

40
3. Providing resilience to environmental change: Biodiversity provides resilience to environmental
change by allowing ecosystems to adapt to changing conditions and maintain their function.

4. Supporting cultural and recreational values: Biodiversity has cultural and recreational value, providing
opportunities for activities like hiking, bird watching, and nature photography.

5. Supporting economic development: Biodiversity can support economic development through

industries like ecotourism and the sustainable use of natural resources.

6. Aesthetic value: Biodiversity has aesthetic value, providing beauty and inspiration to people.

7. Scientific and educational value: Biodiversity provides scientific and educational value, allowing us to
study and learn about the natural world.

In summary, biodiversity is essential for the health and well-being of the planet and all living organisms,
including humans. Protecting and conserving biodiversity is important for ensuring a sustainable future for
all.

Threats to Biodiversity

1. Habitat loss and degradation: Human activities such as deforestation, urbanization, and agriculture
can lead to the loss and degradation of natural habitats, which can have negative impacts on plant and
animal species.

2. Climate change: Rising temperatures, changing rainfall patterns, and sea level rise can have significant
impacts on biodiversity, including changes in the distribution and abundance of species and the loss of
important habitats like coral reefs.

3. Overexploitation: Overfishing, hunting, and harvesting of wild species for food, medicine, and other
purposes can lead to the decline and even extinction of certain species.

4. Invasive species: The introduction of non-native species can disrupt ecosystems and displace native
species, leading to declines in biodiversity.

5. Pollution: Pollution from industrial and agricultural activities, as well as from urban areas, can have
negative impacts on the health of plant and animal species, as well as on human health.

6. Climate change: Rising temperatures, changing rainfall patterns, and sea level rise can have significant
impacts on biodiversity, including changes in the distribution and abundance of species and the loss of
important habitats like coral reefs.

7. Disease: The spread of diseases among plant and animal populations can have significant impacts on
biodiversity, particularly when combined with other stressors like habitat loss and climate change.

41
8. Human population growth: The growing human population and associated activities, such as
urbanization, industrialization, and resource consumption, can lead to increased pressure on natural
resources and ecosystems, further threatening biodiversity.

Addressing these threats to biodiversity requires a combination of conservation and management

strategies, including protecting and restoring natural habitats, reducing greenhouse gas emissions to
mitigate climate change, regulating the harvest of wild species, controlling the spread of invasive species,
reducing pollution, and managing human population growth and associated activities.

Additional: While technology can be used to help protect and conserve biodiversity, there are also some
technologies that have become a threat to biodiversity. Some examples include:

1. Habitat destruction technologies: Technologies like bulldozers, chainsaws, and other heavy machinery
can be used to clear forests and other natural habitats, leading to the loss of biodiversity.

2. Overfishing technologies: Modern fishing technologies like trawlers, longlines, and gillnets can lead to
overfishing and the depletion of fish populations, which can have negative impacts on marine biodiversity.

3. Pollution-causing technologies: Technologies like industrial manufacturing, transportation, and energy

production can lead to pollution that can have negative impacts on biodiversity.

4. Invasive species introduction technologies: Technologies like shipping and transportation can
inadvertently introduce non-native species into new environments, leading to the displacement of native
species and declines in biodiversity.

5. Climate change-causing technologies: Technologies like the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation can
contribute to climate change, which can have significant impacts on biodiversity, including changes in the
distribution and abundance of species and the loss of important habitats like coral reefs.

It's important to develop and use technologies that are sustainable and minimize negative impacts on
biodiversity. This can be achieved through the development and implementation of policies and regulations
that promote sustainable technologies, as well as through public education and awareness-raising about
the importance of biodiversity conservation.

Additional: As human impacts on the environment and biodiversity have been occurring for thousands of
years. However, the scale and intensity of these impacts have increased significantly in recent centuries,
particularly since the Industrial Revolution in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.

During this time, human populations and associated activities like agriculture, industry, and transportation
began to grow rapidly, leading to increased pressure on natural resources and ecosystems. This has
resulted in widespread habitat destruction, overexploitation of natural resources, pollution, and the
introduction of non-native species, all of which have contributed to declines in biodiversity.

In more recent decades, concerns about the impact of human activities on biodiversity have led to increased
efforts to protect and conserve biodiversity, including the establishment of protected areas, the development
of sustainable management practices, and the promotion of public awareness and education. However, the

42
threat to biodiversity remains significant, and continued efforts are needed to address the underlying drivers
of biodiversity loss and promote sustainable development.

Environmental Science and Climatic Science

Environmental science is the study of the natural world and the interactions between humans and the
environment. It encompasses a wide range of topics, including ecology, geology, atmospheric science, and
social sciences. Environmental scientists study the impacts of human activities on the environment, as well
as the ways in which natural systems can be managed and protected.

Examples of environmental science research include:

- Studying the effects of air pollution on human health and the environment

- Investigating the impacts of climate change on ecosystems and natural resources

- Developing sustainable management practices for natural resources like forests and fisheries

- Analyzing the social and economic factors that influence environmental decision-making

Climatic science, also known as climate science, is a branch of environmental science that focuses
specifically on the study of climate and climate change. Climatic scientists study the physical, chemical,
and biological processes that influence the Earth's climate, as well as the ways in which climate is changing
over time.

Examples of climatic science research include:

- Analyzing historical climate data to understand long-term climate trends

- Studying the impacts of greenhouse gas emissions on the Earth's climate

- Developing climate models to predict future climate change scenarios

- Investigating the impacts of climate change on natural systems like oceans, forests, and wildlife

In summary, environmental science and climatic science are two related fields that study the natural world
and the impacts of human activities on the environment. Environmental science encompasses a wide range
of topics, while climatic science specifically focuses on the study of climate and climate change.

43
 Environmentalism Movement

The environmentalism movement is a social and political

movement that advocates for the protection and
conservation of the natural environment.
Environmentalism emerged in the mid-20th century in
response to concerns about the impacts of human
activities on the environment, including pollution,
deforestation, and habitat destruction.

Environmentalists advocate for a wide range of policies and practices aimed at protecting the environment,
including:

- Reducing greenhouse gas emissions to mitigate climate change

- Protecting and restoring natural habitats and ecosystems

- Promoting sustainable management practices for natural resources like forests and fisheries

- Reducing pollution from industrial and agricultural activities

- Promoting renewable energy sources like wind and solar power

- Encouraging the use of public transportation and other low-carbon transportation options

- Supporting environmental education and awareness-raising

Environmentalism has become a global movement, with organizations and activists working to protect the
environment in countries around the world. The environmentalism movement has been successful in raising
public awareness about environmental issues and advocating for policies and practices that support the
protection and conservation of the natural environment.

Environmentalism Movement in Philippines

1. World Wide Fund for Nature
The WWF is a non-governmental organization that works to protect and conserve the natural environment
and biodiversity around the world. The WWF has been active in the Philippines since the early 1990s and
has worked on a range of conservation projects in the country.

Some of the WWF's work in the Philippines includes:

- Supporting the establishment of marine protected areas to protect coral reefs and other marine
ecosystems

- Promoting sustainable fisheries management practices to support the livelihoods of fishing communities
while protecting marine biodiversity

44
- Working to conserve and protect critical habitats for endangered species like the Philippine eagle and the
tamaraw (a type of water buffalo)

- Promoting sustainable tourism practices that support local communities and protect natural resources

- Supporting the development and implementation of policies and regulations that promote sustainable
development and protect the environment

The WWF has also worked with local communities, businesses, and government agencies in the Philippines
to raise awareness about environmental issues and promote sustainable practices.

2. Waves for Water

Waves for Water is a non-profit organization that works to provide access to clean water in communities
around the world, including in the Philippines. The organization was founded in 2009 and has since worked
on projects in over 40 countries.

In the Philippines, Waves for Water has worked on a number of clean water projects, including:

- Providing water filters to communities affected by natural disasters like Typhoon Haiyan in 2013

- Installing rainwater harvesting systems in schools and communities to provide access to clean water

- Supporting the development of sustainable water management practices in rural communities

- Providing education and training on water filtration and sanitation practices to local communities

Waves for Water has partnered with local organizations and communities in the Philippines to implement
these projects and promote sustainable water management practices. The organization's work has helped
to improve access to clean water and sanitation for thousands of people in the country, particularly in rural
and underserved communities.

3. Save Philippine Seas

Save Philippine Seas is a movement of individuals and organizations working to protect the Philippines'
marine environment. The movement's work includes beach cleanups, coral reef restoration, and advocacy
for policies and regulations that promote marine conservation.

Save Philippine Seas is a movement of individuals and organizations working to protect and conserve the
Philippines' marine environment. The movement was founded in 2011 and has since grown to include a
network of volunteers, advocates, and partner organizations working on marine conservation issues in the
Philippines.

The Save Philippine Seas movement's work includes:

1. Beach cleanups: The movement organizes regular beach cleanups to remove trash and debris from the
country's beaches and shorelines.

45
2. Coral reef conservation: The movement works to protect and restore coral reefs in the Philippines through
initiatives like coral reef monitoring, restoration, and education.

3. Sustainable seafood: The movement promotes sustainable seafood practices by raising awareness
about the importance of choosing sustainably sourced seafood and supporting local fishing communities.

4. Advocacy and policy: The movement advocates for policies and regulations that promote marine
conservation and sustainable development in the Philippines.

5. Education and awareness-raising: The movement provides education and awareness-raising programs
to schools and communities to promote the importance of marine conservation and sustainable practices.

The Save Philippine Seas movement has been successful in raising public awareness about marine
conservation issues in the Philippines and advocating for policies and practices that support the protection
and conservation of the country's marine environment.

4. Earth Island Institute

The Earth Island Institute has a presence in the Philippines through its Philippines Biodiversity Conservation
Program. The program works to protect and conserve the Philippines' biodiversity and natural resources
through a range of initiatives, including:

1. Sea turtle conservation: The program works to protect sea turtles in the Philippines through initiatives
like beach patrols, community education, and advocacy for policies and regulations that support sea turtle
conservation.

2. Biodiversity conservation: The program works to protect and conserve the Philippines' biodiversity
through initiatives like habitat restoration, species monitoring, and education and awareness-raising.

3. Sustainable agriculture: The program promotes sustainable agriculture practices in the Philippines
through initiatives like organic farming, agroforestry, and community-based seed banks.

4. Climate change adaptation: The program works to support climate change adaptation in the Philippines
through initiatives like community-based disaster risk reduction and management, and sustainable
livelihood programs.

The Earth Island Institute's Philippines Biodiversity Conservation Program has been successful in
promoting the protection and conservation of the Philippines' natural resources and biodiversity, and in
supporting sustainable development practices in the country.

5. Greenpeace Philippines
Greenpeace is an international environmental organization that has an office in the Philippines. The
organization works on a range of environmental issues, including climate change, deforestation, and marine
conservation.

46
Greenpeace Philippines is the Philippine branch of the international environmental organization
Greenpeace. The organization works on a range of environmental issues in the country, including climate
change, deforestation, and marine conservation.

Some of Greenpeace Philippines' work includes:

1. Climate change: Greenpeace Philippines works to raise awareness about the impacts of climate change
in the country and advocates for policies and practices that support the transition to renewable energy and
sustainable development.

2. Deforestation: The organization works to protect the Philippines' forests and biodiversity through
initiatives like forest monitoring, community-based conservation, and advocacy for policies and regulations
that support sustainable forest management.

3. Marine conservation: Greenpeace Philippines works to protect the country's marine environment through
initiatives like campaigning against destructive fishing practices, advocating for the establishment of marine
protected areas, and promoting sustainable seafood practices.

4. Renewable energy: The organization promotes the development and use of renewable energy sources
in the Philippines, including solar and wind power, and advocates for policies and regulations that support
the transition to a low-carbon economy.

Greenpeace Philippines has been successful in raising public awareness about environmental issues in
the country and advocating for policies and practices that support sustainable development and the
protection of the natural environment.

6. Haribon Foundation
The Haribon Foundation is a non-governmental organization that works to protect and conserve the
Philippines' biodiversity and natural resources. The organization's work includes habitat restoration,
conservation education, and advocacy for sustainable development.

The Haribon Foundation for the Conservation of Natural Resources, commonly known as the Haribon
Foundation, is a non-governmental organization based in the Philippines that works to protect and conserve
the country's biodiversity and natural resources. The organization was founded in 1972 and has since grown
to become one of the leading conservation organizations in the Philippines.

The Haribon Foundation's work includes:

1. Habitat restoration: The organization works to restore degraded habitats in the Philippines, including
forests, wetlands, and coastal areas, through initiatives like reforestation, mangrove planting, and coral reef
restoration.

2. Species conservation: The Haribon Foundation works to protect and conserve endangered species in
the Philippines, including the Philippine eagle, tamaraw, and Visayan warty pig, through initiatives like
habitat protection, research, and education.

47
3. Conservation education: The organization provides education and awareness-raising programs to
schools and communities to promote the importance of conservation and sustainable development.

4. Advocacy and policy: The Haribon Foundation advocates for policies and regulations that support
sustainable development and the protection of the natural environment in the Philippines.

The Haribon Foundation has been successful in promoting the protection and conservation of the
Philippines' natural resources and biodiversity, and in supporting sustainable development practices in the
country. The organization's work has helped to raise public awareness about environmental issues in the
Philippines and to promote policies and practices that support the protection of the natural environment.
7. RARE
RARE is a non-profit organization that works to promote the conservation of natural resources and
biodiversity around the world, including in the Philippines. The organization works with local communities,
governments, and partner organizations to develop and implement conservation programs that support
sustainable development and the protection of the natural environment.

In the Philippines, RARE has worked on a number of conservation initiatives, including:

1. Coastal conservation: RARE has worked with coastal communities in the Philippines to promote
sustainable fishing practices, protect marine habitats, and develop alternative livelihoods that support
conservation.

2. Sustainable tourism: The organization has worked to promote sustainable tourism practices in the
Philippines, including through initiatives like ecotourism and community-based tourism.

3. Watershed conservation: RARE has worked to protect and conserve watersheds in the Philippines
through initiatives like reforestation, soil conservation, and community-based watershed management.

4. Biodiversity conservation: The organization has worked to protect and conserve biodiversity in the
Philippines through initiatives like habitat restoration, species monitoring, and education and awareness-
raising.

RARE's work in the Philippines has been successful in promoting sustainable development practices and
the protection of the natural environment, and in supporting local communities and livelihoods. The
organization's approach of working closely with local communities and partners has helped to ensure the
long-term sustainability and effectiveness of its conservation programs.

8. Mother Earth Foundation

Mother Earth Foundation is a non-profit organization based in the Philippines that works to promote
environmental sustainability and waste management practices in the country. The organization was
founded in 2010 and has since grown to become a leading voice in the Philippines' environmental
movement.

Mother Earth Foundation's work includes:

48
1. Zero waste advocacy: The organization advocates for zero waste practices in the Philippines, including
through initiatives like waste segregation, composting, and recycling.

2. Community-based waste management: Mother Earth Foundation works with local communities in the
Philippines to develop and implement sustainable waste management practices that support environmental
sustainability and public health.

3. Education and awareness-raising: The organization provides education and awareness-raising programs
to schools and communities to promote the importance of environmental sustainability and waste
management practices.

4. Advocacy and policy: Mother Earth Foundation advocates for policies and regulations that support
sustainable waste management practices and environmental sustainability in the Philippines.

Mother Earth Foundation's work has been successful in promoting sustainable waste management
practices and environmental sustainability in the Philippines. The organization's approach of working
closely with local communities and partners has helped to ensure the long-term sustainability and
effectiveness of its programs, and has helped to promote a culture of environmental awareness and
responsibility in the country.

9. Philippine Biodiversity Conservation Foundation

The Philippines Biodiversity Conservation Foundation, also known as the PBCFI, is a non-profit
organization based in the Philippines that works to protect and conserve the country's biodiversity and
natural resources. The organization was founded in 1990 and has since grown to become a leading
conservation organization in the Philippines.

The PBCFI's work includes:

1. Species conservation: The organization works to protect and conserve endangered species in the
Philippines, including the Philippine eagle, tamaraw, and Visayan warty pig, through initiatives like habitat
protection, research, and education.

2. Habitat conservation: The PBCFI works to protect and conserve critical habitats in the Philippines,
including forests, wetlands, and coastal areas, through initiatives like reforestation, mangrove planting, and
coral reef restoration.

3. Conservation education: The organization provides education and awareness-raising programs to

schools and communities to promote the importance of conservation and sustainable development.

4. Advocacy and policy: The PBCFI advocates for policies and regulations that support sustainable
development and the protection of the natural environment in the Philippines.

The Philippines Biodiversity Conservation Foundation has been successful in promoting the protection and
conservation of the Philippines' natural resources and biodiversity, and in supporting sustainable
development practices in the country. The organization's work has helped to raise public awareness about

49
environmental issues in the Philippines and to promote policies and practices that support the protection of
the natural environment.

10. Marine Wildlife Watch of the Philippines

Marine Wildlife Watch of the Philippines (MWWP) is a non-profit organization based in the Philippines that
works to protect and conserve the country's marine wildlife and their habitats. The organization was founded
in 1995 and has since grown to become a leading voice in marine conservation in the Philippines.

MWWP's work includes:

1. Marine wildlife conservation: The organization works to protect and conserve marine wildlife in the
Philippines, including marine mammals, sea turtles, and sharks, through initiatives like research, education,
and advocacy.

2. Marine protected areas: MWWP works to establish and manage marine protected areas in the
Philippines to protect critical habitats and marine wildlife.

3. Sustainable fisheries: The organization promotes sustainable fishing practices in the Philippines through
initiatives like capacity building, policy advocacy, and community-based conservation.

4. Education and awareness-raising: MWWP provides education and awareness-raising programs to

schools and communities to promote the importance of marine conservation and sustainable development.

MWWP's work has been successful in promoting the protection and conservation of the Philippines' marine
wildlife and their habitats. The organization's approach of working closely with local communities and
partners has helped to ensure the long-term sustainability and effectiveness of its conservation programs,
and has helped to promote a culture of environmental awareness and responsibility in the country.

Additional: The first environmentalism movement began in the mid-19th century in response to the negative
impacts of the Industrial Revolution on the natural environment.

People noticed that pollution and deforestation were harming the environment and causing health problems.

This led to the creation of organizations like the Sierra Club and the Audubon Society in the United States,
which worked to protect natural areas and wildlife.

The movement grew in the 1960s and 1970s with the publication of Rachel Carson's book "Silent Spring,"
which highlighted the dangers of pesticides.

This led to the creation of the Environmental Protection Agency and the passage of laws like the Clean Air
Act and Clean Water Act in the United States.

Today, the environmental movement continues to work to protect the natural environment and promote
sustainable development practices around the world.

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Additional: The Industrial Revolution, which began in the late 18th century, was a period of significant
technological advancements that led to the development of new machines and manufacturing processes.
While these advancements brought about many benefits, they also had negative impacts on the natural
environment and biodiversity.

One of the key inventions of the Industrial Revolution that had a significant impact on biodiversity was the
steam engine. The steam engine was a new source of power that allowed for the mechanization of many
industries, including textiles, transportation, and agriculture. This led to increased production and economic
growth, but also led to deforestation, pollution, and habitat destruction as natural resources were exploited
to fuel the growing industrial economy.

Other industrial inventions that had negative impacts on biodiversity included the spinning jenny, which led
to increased production of textiles and the expansion of cotton plantations, and the steam-powered
locomotive, which led to the development of transportation networks that opened up new areas for resource
extraction and settlement.

Overall, the Industrial Revolution had significant impacts on the natural environment and biodiversity, and
many of the negative impacts are still being felt today.

• The spinning jenny was a spinning machine invented by James Hargreaves in 1764 during the
Industrial Revolution. It allowed multiple spindles of thread to be spun at the same time, increasing
the productivity of the textile industry. The spinning jenny was one of the key inventions that helped
to mechanize the textile industry and led to the growth of cotton plantations, but it also had negative
impacts on the natural environment and biodiversity, as it led to the expansion of cotton farming
and deforestation.
• The steam-powered locomotive was a type of train that was powered by steam engines during the
Industrial Revolution. It was first developed by George Stephenson in the early 19th century and
revolutionized transportation by allowing goods and people to be transported quickly and efficiently
over long distances. While the steam-powered locomotive helped to fuel economic growth and
development, it also had negative impacts on the natural environment and biodiversity, as it led to
the expansion of transportation networks and the opening up of new areas for resource extraction
and settlement.

Activity
Direction: Read the questions carefully and encircle the letter of your answer for each of the following
questions.
1. What is the term used to describe the variety of genes within a species?
a) Genetic diversity
b) Species diversity
c) Ecosystem diversity
d) Habitat diversity
ANSWER: A. GENETIC DIVERSITY

2. What is the primary cause of habitat destruction?

a) Urbanization

51
b) Pollution
c) Climate change
d) Deforestation
ANSWER: D. DEFORESTRATION

3. Which of the following is NOT a threat to biodiversity?

a) Overexploitation
b) Pollution
c) Habitat preservation
d) Invasive species
ANSWER: C. HABITAT PRESERVATION

4. What is the main driver of species extinction?

a) Natural disasters
b) Climate change
c) Human activities
d) Genetic mutations
ANSWER: C. HUMAN ACTIVITY

5. What is the process by which organisms with traits that help them survive in their environment are more
likely to reproduce and pass on their genes?
a) Natural selection
b) Genetic drift
c) Evolution
d) Adaptation
ANSWER: A. NATURAL SELECTION

6. Which of the following is an example of a keystone species?

a) Bald eagle
b) Gray wolf
c) Honeybee
d) Polar bear
ANSWER: C. HONEYBEE

7. What is the main factor contributing to global warming?

a) Deforestation
b) Greenhouse gas emissions
c) Natural fluctuations in temperature
d) Volcanic eruptions
ANSWER: B. GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS

8. How does climate change impact ecosystems?

a) It disrupts food chains and leads to species extinction
b) It promotes the growth of invasive species
c) It reduces genetic diversity within populations
d) All of the above
ANSWER: D. ALL OF THE ABOVE

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9. What is the term used to describe the variety of different habitats within an area?
a) Genetic diversity
b) Species diversity
c) Ecosystem diversity
d) Habitat diversity
ANSWER: D. HABITAT DIVERSITY

10. Which of the following is an example of genetic biodiversity?

a) The variety of ecosystems in a region
b) The number of different species in an area
c) The genetic variation within a species
d) The diversity of habitats in an ecosystem
ANSWER: C. THE DIVERSITY OF HABITATS IN AN ECOSYSTEM

References:
https://www.unep.org/resources/biodiversity-0
https://www.cbd.int/convention/biodiversity/
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/biodiversity/
https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/biodiversity-loss
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/genetic-diversity/
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/species-diversity/
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/ecosystem-diversity/
https://www.worldwildlife.org/pages/types-of-biodiversity
https://www.unep.org/explore-topics/environmental-law-and-governance/what-we-do/environmentalism
https://www.edf.org/history-environmental-movement
https://www.sierraclub.org/environmentalism
https://www.worldwildlife.org/pages/why-environmentalism-matters
https://bmb.gov.ph/biodiversity
https://www.worldwildlife.org/places/philippines
https://psa.gov.ph/content/biodiversity
http://pbcfi.org.ph/philippine-biodiversity/

53
 UNIT II: ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

Objectives:
▪ Understand how nanotechnology works and its applications in fields like medicine, electronics,
energy, and the environment.
▪ Expected to answer the following questions or activities.

Although engineering may be seen as a bridge between society and technology, there are engineers who
are dissatisfied with their social contribution, as they feel that their knowledge is shared inequitably, as they
cannot provide it to the less economically advantaged (Baillie, 2022)

ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
• is a field of study that focuses on the practical application of engineering principles and techniques.

NANOTECHNOLOGY
NANOTECHNOLOGY IS THE MANIPULATION OF MATTER ON A NEAR-ATOMIC SCALE TO PRODUCE
NEW STRUCTURES, MATERIALS AND DEVICES.

Figure 1. Methods of Nanomaterial’s Synthesis

Nanoparticles can be formed through these procedures:

TOP-DOWN METHODS:
- breaking down larger structure or materials into smaller particles using physical process

BOTTOM-UP METHODS:
-building up nanoparticles from smaller components by using chemical process
NATURAL METHODS:
-This method involves the formation of nanoparticles by natural process

APPLICATIONS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY:
* MEDICINE -Nanotechnology has enabled the development of nee-diagnostic tools and treatments for
various diseases
* ELECTRONICS - Nanotechnology has enabled the development of faster, smaller and more powerful
electronics devices
* ENERGY - Nanotechnology is used to develop more efficient and cost-effective solar cells, batteries and
fuels cells.

54
* ENVIRONMENT - Nanotechnology can be used to develop new materials and processes for cleaning
environmental pollutants.

QR CODE / NON- CONTACT FLIGHT

A QR CODE IS A TYPE OF BARCODE THAT CAN BE READ EASILY BY A DIGITAL
DEVICE AND WHICH STORES INFORMATION AS A SERIES OF PIXELS IN A
SQUARE-SHAPED GRID.

NUCLEAR FUSION TECHNOLOGY

NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY - is technology that involves the nuclear reactions of atomic nuclei.
FUSION TECHNOLOGY - multi-disciplinary field focused on the science needed to develop an energy
source based on a controlled thermonuclear fusion reaction.

Activity 1.
Direction: Read the questions carefully and answer them in your own words. Write your answer on the
space provided.
1. How do nanoparticles differ from larger particles in terms of size and properties?

2. give an example of a daily product that benefits from nanotechnology?

3.What is a QR code, and how does it differ from a traditional barcode?

4. What is the difference of Nuclear fusion technology to nuclear fission?

5.Give an example of a situation wherein using a QR code is more convenient than traditional methods.

Activity 2.
Direction: Fill in the blanks.
6. It is the manipulation of matter on a near-atomic scale
Answer: Nanotechnology
7. Technology that involves the nuclear reactions of atomic-nuclei
Answer: Nuclear Technology
8. It focuses on practical application of engineering principles and techniques
Answer: Engineering Technology
9. Nanoparticles can be formed through these methods
Answer: Top-down methods/ Bottom-up methods/ Natural methods
10.It is a series of pixels in a square-shape grid
Answer: QR Code
REFERENCES:
[1] https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/nanotech/default.html
[2] https://www.avast.com/c-what-is-qr-code-how-to-
scan#:~:text=A%20QR%20code%20(short%20for,to%20store%20and%20access%20data.
[3] https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/what-is-nuclear-fusion

55
 UNIT III: BUSINESS AND COMMERCE

Objectives:
▪ Define the purpose of a business and its role in economic production.
▪ Examine the technologies and systems underpinning modern e-commerce.
▪ Understand the principles and techniques of quantitative financial analysis.
▪ Expected to answer the following questions or activities.

BUSINESS
Business as we know it can be traced back 3,000 years to
India and China
The term business refers to an organization or
enterprising entity engaged in commercial, industrial, or
professional activities. The purpose of a business is to
organize some sort of economic production of goods or
services.
If you say that someone means business, you mean
they are serious and determined about what they are doing.
[informal] Now people are starting to realize that he means
business. Synonyms: be serious, be determined, be resolute,
be set on something More Synonyms of to mean business.
Financial risk. The financial resources needed to start and grow a business can be extensive. You
may need to commit most of your savings or even go into debt to get started. If things don't go well, you
may face substantial financial loss. In addition, there's no guaranteed income.
COMMERCE
The Greek God, Poseidon is referred to as the Father of Commerce because as the God of the
Sea, he governed the primary trade routes of ancient civilization, which were mainly via the sea
Commerce is the exchange of goods or services among two or more parties. It is the subset of
business that focuses on the sale of finished or unfinished products rather than their sourcing,
manufacturing, transportation, or marketing.
One federal statute defines commerce as: “the exchanging, buying, or selling of things having
economic value between two or more entities, for example goods, services, and money. Commerce is often
done on a large scale, typically between individuals, businesses, or nations.
Commerce is important because it helps satisfy the wants and needs of people. It does this by
simply making more goods available to more people, or by creating jobs in order for those goods to be
transported, advertised and sold. Through this, the nation that these people live in can enjoy a higher
standard of living.

Business-to-business - is a situation where one business makes a commercial transaction with another.
This typically occurs when: A business is sourcing materials for their production process for output, i.e.
providing raw material to the other company that will produce output.
Direct-to-consumer or business-to-consumer - is the business model of selling products directly to
customers and thereby bypassing any third-party retailers, wholesalers, or middlemen.
Consumer-to-consumer - eCommerce, which is when one consumer sells goods or services to other
consumers online—similarly to how eBay, Etsy, or Craigslist works. It is a type of trade relationship where
both the sellers and buyers are consumers instead of businesses.

56
Consumer-to-business - is a business model in which consumers create value and businesses consume
that value. For example, when a consumer writes reviews or when a consumer gives a useful idea for new
product development then that consumer is creating value for the business if the business adopts the input

E-COMMERCE
Michael Aldrich
was an English inventor, innovator and entrepreneur. In 1979
he invented online shopping to enable online transaction processing
between consumer and business, or between one business and
another, a technique known later as ‘E-commerce’
E-commerce is the activity of buying or selling of products on
online services or over the Internet. Electronic commerce draws
on technologies such as mobile commerce, electronic funds transfer,
supply chain management, Internet marketing, online transaction
processing, electronic data interchange (EDI), inventory management
systems, and automated data collection systems.
Modern electronic commerce typically uses the World Wide Web for at least one part of the
transaction's life cycle although it may also use other technologies such as e-mail. Typical e-commerce
transactions include the purchase of online books (such as Amazon) and music purchases (music
download in the form of digital distribution such as iTunes Store), and to a lesser extent,
customized/personalized online liquor store inventory services. There are three areas of e-
commerce: online retailing, electric markets, and online auctions. E-commerce is supported by electronic
businesses.
1. Ecommerce Disadvantage #1 – Technical Implications.
2. Ecommerce Disadvantage #2 – competition within the ecommerce industry.
3. Ecommerce Disadvantage #3 – missing personal touch and instore engagement.
4. Ecommerce Disadvantage #4 – customers can't try before they buy.
5. Disadvantage #5 – shipping times.

FINANCIAL TECHNOLOGY
Fintech is a portmanteau of the words “financial” and “technology”. It refers to any app, software,
or technology that allows people or businesses to digitally access, manage, or gain insights into their
finances or make financial transactions.
Most importantly, it helps in managing resources efficiently and find effective ways to utilize
financial accounting information. Fintech is a boon for banks and other financial institutions that are often
required to maintain high operational efficiency across multiple industries.
Financial technology (better known as fintech) is used to describe new technology that seeks to
improve and automate the delivery and use of financial services. At its core, fintech is utilized to help
companies, business owners, and consumers better manage their financial operations, processes, and
lives. It is composed of specialized software and algorithms that are used on computers and smartphones.
Fintech, the word, is a shortened combination of “financial technology.”
When fintech emerged in the 21st century, the term was initially applied to the technology
employed at the backend systems of established financial institutions, such as banks. From 2018 or so to
2022, there was a shift to consumer-oriented services. Fintech now includes different sectors and industries
such as education, retail banking, fundraising and nonprofit, and investment management, to name a few.
Fintech also includes the development and use of cryptocurrencies, such as Bitcoin. While that
segment of fintech may see the most headlines, the big money still lies in the traditional
global banking industry and its multi trillion-dollar market capitalization.

57
 However, there are also disadvantages to digital banking. It can lead to an increase in information
risks, including cyber security attacks and fraud. The increasing reliance on digital services may also lead
to a decrease in the number of bank personnel

Quantitative financial analysis

Quantitative analysis is a branch of financial analysis that focuses on using data and mathematical
techniques to inform investment decisions. Harry Markowitz pioneered modern quantitative analysis with
his introduction of Modern Portfolio Theory in the early 1950s.
is a research method in business that uses mathematics and statistical software in order to
determine the value of specific financial items in a company
a branch of investment management that employs mathematical and statistical methos to analyze
investment opportunities across a range of asset classes.
This volume aggregates a set of notions which introduce the fundamentals of quantitative financial
analysis in a clear and concise way, providing a very practical approach, as demonstrated by the discussion
of numerous case studies. The work has an unconventional structure, presenting a reasoned collection of
slides, which can be used by the reader immediately and easily, even for arranging a presentation for
educational purposes. All material can be freely used, quoting the source. The codes, if not protected by
copyright, are available upon request. A specific background is not strictly required for the reader, although
basic notions of economics and statistics would be recommended. The book is divided into seven sections
and each of them has a chapter structure.
Lack of Subjectivity: Quantitative analysis often overlooks qualitative factors like management
quality, brand reputation, and other subjective factors that can significantly affect a company's performance
or a financial instrument's value.

Assessment
Direction: Read the questions carefully and answer them in your own words. Write your answer on the
space provided.
1. What is business?

2. Who is the father of commerce?

3. How do barter or trade do?

4. How to resolve the disadvantages of online shopping?

5. Why did Michael Aldrich invent e-commerce?

6. What is the example app in Financial Analysis?

7. Why is Quantitative Financial Analysis important?

8. What is the different of Business and Commerce?

58
 9. What are the similarities of Business and Commerce

10. If you want to start online business, what are the requirements you nedd to study or learn before
starting a business?

REFERENCE:
[1]
https://www.google.com/search?q=what+is+e+commerce+disadvantages&sca_esv=589734753&rlz=1C1
GCEA_enPH1070PH1070&sxsrf=AM9HkKnfk6l4Q0uIh9zd9OdYhXLkB9ZvYA%3A1702289895745&ei=5
-
F2ZaT_LMWsseMPpYiNoAc&oq=what+is+e+commerce+&gs_lp=Egxnd3Mtd2l6LXNlcnAiE3doYXQgaXM
gZSBjb21tZXJjZSAqAggAMgoQIxiABBiKBRgnMgoQIxiABBiKBRgnMgoQIxiABBiKBRgnMgUQABiABDIF
EAAYgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABEjaVVD-
CVjMNXAAeAKQAQCYAdoBoAGhBKoBBTEuMi4xuAEByAEA-
AEBwgIEEAAYR8ICChAAGIAEGIoFGEPCAgoQABiABBgUGIcCwgIGEAAYBxge4gMEGAAgQYgGAZA
GCA&sclient=gws-wiz-serp
[2] https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330496230_Ecommerce?fbclid=IwAR0V9OJyqUasRc6-m4d-
vdk_DCxUKR5FMIb3y_HsWHxF5Y3kYD__VHpX1h4

59
 UNIT IV: HEALTH AND MEDICINE

Objectives:
▪ Explore the distinction between pandemics and epidemics, highlighting their impact, spread, and
implications for public health.
▪ Examine the significance of vaccines in preventing infectious diseases.
▪ Expected to answer the following questions or activities.

FIGURE 1. PANDEMIC VS EPIDEMIC

PANDEMIC AND EPIDEMIC

Pandemic occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a high proportion of the population.
Epidemic occurs when the communicable disease spreads from person to person and affects a large
number of people.

EFFECTS ON MENTAL AND PHYSICAL HEALTH

Mental Health during a pandemic is critical for individuals' overall well-being. Accessible support,
Destigmatization of seeking help, and proactive interventions are essential components of a comprehensive
response to mitigate the psychological impact and foster resilience in communities.
The pandemic has had profound effects on physical health. Increased stress, disrupted routines, and
social isolation have led to challenges in mental health, potentially impacting sleep and immune function.

VACCINE
Vaccines play a crucial role in preventing illness, reducing the severity of symptoms, and curbing the
transmission of the infectious agent within the population. By fostering herd immunity, vaccines protect not
only those who receive them but also individuals who may be more vulnerable, such as the elderly or those
with compromised immune systems.

PREVENTION
- WEARING FACE MASK - QUARANTINE
- SOCIAL DISTANCING - SELF-HYGIENE

60
VACCINE TECHNOLOGY
Vaccine technologies refer to the various scientific approaches and methodologies used to develop
vaccines. Vaccines are biological products that stimulate the immune system to recognize and fight specific
pathogens, such as viruses or bacteria.

6 Main Types of Vaccine technologies

*mRNA Vaccines *Toxoid Vaccines
*Viral Vector Vaccines *Protein Subunit Vaccines
*Live Attenuated Vaccines *Conjugate Vaccines

mRNA:
These vaccines use messenger RNA (mRNA) to instruct cells to produce a viral or bacterial protein,
triggering an immune response. Examples include the Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna COVID-19 vaccines.
Viral Vector Vaccines:
Viral vector vaccines use a modified virus (not the pathogen causing the disease) to deliver genetic material
into cells, instructing them to produce a specific viral protein. Examples include the Oxford-AstraZeneca
and Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 vaccines.
Live Attenuated Vaccines:
Inactivated vaccines use killed versions of the virus or bacteria, while live attenuated vaccines use
weakened forms of the pathogen. Examples include the inactivated polio vaccine and the measles, mumps,
and rubella (MMR) vaccine.
Toxoid Vaccines:
Toxoid vaccines target toxins produced by bacteria. The toxins are chemically treated to inactivate their
harmful effects while retaining their ability to stimulate an immune response. An example is the diphtheria
toxoid component in DTaP or Tdap vaccines.
Protein Subunit Vaccines:
Protein subunit vaccines use purified pieces of the virus or bacteria, such as proteins or sugars, to stimulate
an immune response. Examples include the Novavax COVID-19 vaccine.
Conjugate Vaccines:
Conjugate vaccines link pieces of the pathogen (usually sugars) to a carrier protein, enhancing the immune
response. Examples include the Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine and the meningococcal
conjugate vaccine.

BIOWEAPON
short for “biological weapon”, is a type of weapon that uses biological agents to cause harm or death to
humans, animals, or plants. Biological agents can include bacteria, viruses, fungi, or toxins derived from
living organisms. The use of bioweapons is generally considered a form of biological warfare.

4 ways to deploy Bioweapons

*Aerosol Dissemination *Direct Injection

*Water Contamination *Vector Transmission

Aerosol Dissemination:
The agents are released into the air as fine particles or droplets, allowing them to be inhaled by the target
population.
Water Contamination:
Biological agents may be introduced into water sources to affect individuals who consume the contaminated
water.

61
Direct Injection:
The agents may be injected directly into individuals or animals.
Vector Transmission:
Some bioweapons use vectors, such as insects, to transmit the biological agents to the target population.

ZOONOTIC
"Zoonotic" refers to diseases that can be transmitted between animals and humans. These diseases can
be caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi.
Some well-known zoonotic diseases include:
HIV/AIDS Ebola Avian Influenza (Bird Flu)
Lyme Disease COVID-19
HIV/AIDS:
Initially transmitted to humans from non-human primates.
Avian Influenza (Bird Flu):
Often transmitted from birds to humans.
Ebola
Believed to be transmitted to humans from wild animals.
Lyme Disease
Transmitted to humans through the bite of infected ticks.
COVID-19
Initially transmitted from animals (possibly bats) to humans, leading to a global pandemic.

Assessment
Direction: Read the questions carefully and answer them in your own words. Write your answer on the
space provided.

1. What are the problems with bioweapons?

2. How many pandemics happen throughout our history?

3. What have biological weapons been used most commonly for?

4. What does mRNA mean?

5. What is the difference between epidemic and pandemic?

6. What zoonotic disease is 100% fatal when the symptom is shown?

7. What is the difference between vaccine and vaccine technology?

62
8. What are the problems with bioweapons?

9. What are the two vaccine technologies used in making Covid-19 vaccines?

10. What have biological weapons been used most commonly for?

Reference:
[1] https://www.oxfordreference.com/page/145
[2] https://www.gale.com/health-and-medicine
[3] https://www.sciencenews.org/topic/health-medicine

63
 UNIT V: DIGITAL REVOLUTION

Objectives:
▪ Investigate the multifaceted influence of the digital revolution on economies, industries, and
global connectivity.
▪ Understand cybernetics as a multidisciplinary field and its role in comprehending complex
systems across biology, engineering, psychology, and artificial intelligence.
▪ Expected to answer the following questions or activities.

Until the late 20th century, the graphic-design discipline had been based on handicraft processes: layouts
were drawn by hand in order to visualize a design; type was specified and ordered from a typesetter; and
type proofs and photostats of images were assembled in position on heavy paper or board for photographic
reproduction and platemaking. Over the course of the 1980s and early ’90s, however, rapid advances in
digital computer hardware and software radically altered graphic design.

Digital Revolution
The Digital Revolution, emerging in the latter half of the 20th century, marked a transformative shift from
analog to digital technology, primarily through the widespread adoption of digital computers and information
storage. This transition revolutionized industries, paving the way for advanced computer systems capable
of automating previously manual mathematical processes. Often considered the third industrial revolution,
this era encompassed the rise of electronics, telecommunications, and computers, heralding the
Information Age.

Figure 1. History of the Digital Revolution

History
The digital revolution sparked in the mid-20th century with the emergence of early digital computers like the
ENIAC, laying the foundation for transformative technological advancements. Through the 1950s and
1960s, the proliferation of digital technology saw the rise of more sophisticated computers and digital
storage systems, driving innovation across industries. The invention of integrated circuits and
microprocessors in the late 1960s and early 1970s revolutionized computing by enabling smaller, more
powerful, and cost-effective machines. The advent of personal computers in the 1970s and 1980s, such as
the Apple II and IBM PCs, democratized computing, putting powerful tools into the hands of individuals and
businesses. The late 20th century witnessed monumental developments like the internet and the World
Wide Web, transforming communication, information access, and societal connectivity on a global scale,
marking the pinnacle of the digital revolution's impact.

64
Significance
The digital revolution represents a seismic shift in how information is processed, accessed, and shared
globally, revolutionizing industries, economies, and societies. It has democratized access to knowledge,
transformed communication, and driven unprecedented technological innovation, shaping the modern
world's foundations and fostering interconnectedness on an unprecedented scale. Ultimately, it stands as
a catalyst for immense societal and economic transformation, redefining how humans interact, work, and
navigate the complexities of the contemporary era.

Cybernetics
A multidisciplinary field that focuses on understanding systems,
particularly those involving communication and control in
machines and living organisms. It explores the principles of
feedback, control, and communication within complex systems,
aiming to create models and theories that explain how systems
work and interact. This field delves into various domains such
as biology, engineering, mathematics, computer science, and
psychology, seeking to understand and develop methods for
regulating, controlling, and analyzing systems to achieve
specific goals or behaviors. Cybernetics plays a crucial role in
fields like robotics, artificial intelligence, control systems, and
the study of complex systems across numerous disciplines.

History
Cybernetics emerged in the mid-20th century, notably through the work of Norbert Wiener, who coined the
term in the late 1940s. Its roots trace back to diverse fields like mathematics, engineering, biology, and
psychology, aiming to understand systems' control, communication, and feedback mechanisms. Initially
focused on understanding the nervous system and technology's role in imitating cognitive processes,
cybernetics expanded to encompass various complex systems, influencing fields from artificial intelligence
to organizational theory.

Significance
Cybernetics holds significance for its interdisciplinary approach, providing a framework to study and
understand diverse systems across fields like biology, engineering, psychology, and more. It introduced the
concept of feedback loops and control mechanisms, crucial in designing and managing complex systems
in various industries, from technology to organizational management. Its principles have influenced the
development of artificial intelligence, robotics, and systems theory, shaping the foundation of modern
computing and control systems. Moreover, cybernetics' focus on understanding how systems communicate
and regulate themselves has fostered advancements in fields like machine learning and adaptive systems.

Augmented Reality
Augmented Reality (AR) refers to a technology that
overlays digital information, such as images, videos, or
3D models, onto the real-world environment. It
enhances the user's perception of reality by blending
digital elements with the physical world. AR is often
experienced through devices like smartphones, tablets,
smart glasses, or specialized AR headsets. It enables

65
users to interact with both real and computer-generated elements in real-time, offering a wide range of
applications across industries, including gaming, education, healthcare, retail, navigation, and more.

History
Traces its roots back to the 1960s and 1970s with early experiments in head-mounted displays. The term
"Augmented Reality" was coined in the early 1990s by Tom Caudell at Boeing. AR gained traction in the
2000s with entertainment-focused projects like ARQuake, evolving further with the advent of smartphones
and mobile applications, leading to widespread adoption across diverse industries in the 2010s and beyond.

Significance
Augmented Reality (AR) holds immense significance by seamlessly merging digital information with the
physical world, offering immersive and interactive experiences. Its applications span various industries,
transforming education, healthcare, retail, and entertainment by enhancing user engagement and providing
innovative ways to visualize information and products. AR's potential lies in its ability to revolutionize how
we interact with technology, fostering new forms of communication, learning, and exploration.

Virtual Technology
Virtual technology refers to computer-generated
simulations or environments that simulate physical
presence in real or imagined worlds. It creates a virtual
reality (VR) that immerses users in a computer-
generated environment, often through the use of
specialized equipment like VR headsets or goggles. This
technology can replicate sensory experiences, including
sight, sound, and sometimes touch, to create an
interactive and immersive digital environment where
users can explore, interact with objects, or engage in
activities as if they were physically present within that simulated space. Virtual technology finds applications
in gaming, entertainment, training, education, simulation, and various industries where immersive
experiences and simulations are beneficial.

History
The history of virtual technology traces back to the mid-20th century, with early developments in simulation
and immersive experiences. In the 1960s and 1970s, pioneering work by Ivan Sutherland and others led to
the creation of the first head-mounted displays and immersive environments, laying the groundwork for
virtual reality (VR). By the 1990s, VR gained attention in gaming and entertainment, notably with devices
like the Virtual Boy from Nintendo. Advancements in hardware, software, and computing power in the 21st
century propelled VR into various industries, including healthcare, education, training, and design,
expanding its applications beyond entertainment.

Significance
Virtual technology holds immense significance by offering immersive, simulated experiences that transcend
physical limitations, enabling users to explore, learn, and interact in new and innovative ways. Its
applications span various industries, including gaming, education, healthcare, architecture, and training,
providing realistic simulations, training environments, and experiential learning opportunities. The
significance lies in its capacity to revolutionize how we perceive, interact with, and learn from digital
environments, shaping the future of entertainment, education, and numerous professional fields.

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 Python Programming
Python is a high-level, versatile programming
language known for its simplicity and readability. It
was created in the late 1980s by Guido van Rossum
and has since gained popularity due to its ease of
learning and wide range of applications. Python
supports multiple programming paradigms and has a
comprehensive standard library, making it suitable for
various tasks such as web development, data
analysis, artificial intelligence, scientific computing,
automation, and more. Its clean syntax and extensive community support make Python a preferred
language for both beginners and experienced developers.

History
Python was conceptualized in the late 1980s by Guido van Rossum, aiming for a language that emphasized
simplicity and readability. It was first released in 1991 as Python 0.9.0, evolving gradually with major
releases like Python 2.0 in 2000 and Python 3.0 in 2008, which introduced significant changes to the
language. Python's popularity surged in the 2000s and 2010s due to its versatility, ease of learning,
extensive libraries, and adoption in various domains, including web development, data science, artificial
intelligence, and more. Today, Python stands as one of the most widely used programming languages,
supported by a vibrant community and a rich ecosystem of libraries and frameworks.

Significance
Python's significance lies in its versatility, fostering innovation across diverse fields due to its simplicity,
readability, and extensive libraries. Its ease of learning and clear syntax make it an ideal language for both
beginners and experienced developers, contributing to its widespread adoption in web development, data
analysis, scientific computing, machine learning, and artificial intelligence. Python's rich ecosystem of
frameworks like Django, Flask, NumPy, and TensorFlow empowers developers to create powerful and
scalable applications rapidly. Its open-source nature and strong community support drive continuous
evolution, cementing Python as a cornerstone in modern programming and a go-to language for various
industries and cutting-edge technologies.

Assessment
Direction: Read the questions carefully and answer them in your own words. Write your answer on the
space provided.
1. How has the digital revolution changed the way people access and share information compared to
earlier times?

2. What are some key technologies or devices that emerged during the digital revolution and how
have they influenced daily life?

3. What is the primary focus of cybernetics, and how does it aim to understand systems?

4. How has cybernetics influenced technological advancements and the study of complex systems in
various fields?

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 5. What is augmented reality, and how does it blend digital information with the real world?

6. In what ways can augmented reality be used in everyday life or various industries to enhance
experiences?

7. What is virtual technology, and how does it create immersive experiences?

8. How is virtual technology applied in different fields like education, gaming, or training to provide
simulated environments or experiences?

9. What makes Python a popular programming language, and what are some of its key features?

10. How is Python used in various fields like web development, data analysis, or artificial intelligence,
and why is it favored in these areas?

REFERENCES:
[1] https://www.britannica.com/science/cybernetics
[2] https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/what-digital-revolution-history-significance-muhammad-ismail
[3] https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-was-the-digital-revolution.html
[4] https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/definition/augmented-reality-AR
[5] https://opensource.com/resources/python
[6] https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/computer-science/virtual-technology

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 UNIT VI: BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY
Objectives:
▪ Understand how to create a decentralized, secure, and transparent system for recording and
verifying transactions or data.
▪ Learn why Blockchain is a secure, transparent, and efficient way to share data across multiple
parties.
▪ Answer the following questions regarding the lesson.

HISTORY OF BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY

Most people know blockchain as the technology behind Bitcoin – and this was indeed its first
application – but since then, several innovations in the system have allowed blockchain to spread far and
wide. The blockchain system is now democratizing and transforming all kinds of industries, from healthcare
to trade finance.

But before we try to predict the future of blockchain, it’s important to first delve into it’s past. Below,
TFG has prepared a timeline of all the major events in the history of blockchain to enable you to learn more
about how this revolutionary system has developed over time

The 5 Major Blockchain Innovations

In just 10 years, there have been five major innovations in the blockchain system that have created huge
breakthroughs. These are:
▪ The invention of Bitcoin
▪ The separation of blockchain from Bitcoin
▪ The invention of Smart Contracts
▪ The transition to Proof-of-Stake mining
▪ The focus on blockchain scaling solutions

BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY

THE INVENTION OF BITCOIN

Blockchain began with a man named Satoshi Nakamoto, who invented Bitcoin and brought
blockchain technology to the world back in 2009. Bitcoin aimed to be a viable alternative to fiat currency. A
secure, decentralised, global currency that could be used as a medium of exchange. In the first year, the
currency was worth $0. Now, it has a total market capitalization of $126 million.

Nakamoto built on the foundations laid by those who came before him. In the pre-bitcoin years,
Stuart Haber and W. Scott Stornetta had already begun work on a cryptographically secured chain of
blocks but the first blockchain wouldn’t be truly conceptualised until Nakamoto’s invention in 2008.

Following the release of the Bitcoin whitepaper, it was made open source, which allowed anyone
with an interest to build on the existing code. This lead to the release of many so-called ‘altcoins’ –
cryptocurrencies which sought to improve on Bitcoin. Some notable early adopters of the Bitcoin code were
Litecoin and Namecoin.

WHAT IS BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY?

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 Blockchain is a method of recording information that makes it impossible or difficult for the system
to be changed, hacked, or manipulated. A blockchain is a distributed ledger that duplicates and distributes
transactions across the network of computers participating in the blockchain.

Blockchain technology is a structure that stores transactional records, also known as the block, of
the public in several databases, known as the “chain,” in a network connected through peer-to-peer nodes.
Typically, this storage is referred to as a ‘digital ledger.’

Every transaction in this ledger is authorized by the digital signature of the owner, which
authenticates the transaction and safeguards it from tampering. Hence, the information the digital ledger
contains is highly secure.

In simpler words, the digital ledger is like a Google spreadsheet shared among numerous
computers in a network, in which, the transactional records are stored based on actual purchases. The
fascinating angle is that anybody can see the data, but they can’t corrupt it.

WHY IS BLOCKCHAIN POPULAR?

Suppose you are transferring money to your family or friends from your bank account. You would
log in to online banking and transfer the amount to the other person using their account number. When the
transaction is done, your bank updates the transaction records. It seems simple enough, right? There is a
potential issue which most of us neglect.

These types of transactions can be tampered with very quickly. People who are familiar with this
truth are often wary of using these types of transactions, hence the evolution of third-party payment
applications in recent years. But this vulnerability is essentially why Blockchain technology was created.
Technologically, Blockchain is a digital ledger that is gaining a lot of attention and traction recently. But why
has it become so popular? Well, let’s dig into it to fathom the whole concept.

Record keeping of data and transactions are a crucial part of the business. Often, this information
is handled in house or passed through a third party like brokers, bankers, or lawyers increasing time, cost,
or both on the business. Fortunately, Blockchain avoids this long process and facilitates the faster
movement of the transaction, thereby saving both time and money.

Most people assume Blockchain and Bitcoin can be used interchangeably, but in reality, that’s not
the case. Blockchain is the technology capable of supporting various applications related to multiple
industries like finance, supply chain, manufacturing, etc., but Bitcoin is a currency that relies on Blockchain
technology to be secure.
Blockchain is an emerging technology with many advantages in an increasingly digital world:
• Highly Secure
It uses a digital signature feature to conduct fraud-free transactions making it impossible to corrupt or
change the data of an individual by the other users without a specific digital signature.
• Decentralized System
Conventionally, you need the approval of regulatory authorities like a government or bank for transactions;
however, with Blockchain, transactions are done with the mutual consensus of users resulting in smoother,
safer, and faster transactions.
• Automation Capability

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It is programmable and can generate systematic actions, events, and payments automatically when the
criteria of the trigger are met.

Structure and Design of Blockchain

A blockchain is a distributed, immutable, and decentralized ledger at its core that consists of a chain
of blocks and each block contains a set of data. The blocks are linked together using cryptographic
techniques and form a chronological chain of information. The structure of a blockchain is designed to
ensure the security of data through its consensus mechanism which has a network of nodes that agree on
the validity of transactions before adding them to the blockchain.
Blocks:

A block in a blockchain is a combination of three main components:

1. The header contains metadata such as a timestamp which has a random number used in the mining
process and the previous block's hash.
2. The data section contains the main and actual information like transactions and smart contracts
which are stored in the block.
3. Lastly, the hash is a unique cryptographic value that works as a representative of the entire block
which is used for verification purposes.

Block Time:
Block time refers to the time taken to generate a new block in a blockchain. Different blockchains
have different block times, which can vary from a few seconds to minutes or may be in hours too. Shorter
block times can give faster transaction confirmations but the result has higher chances of conflicts but the
longer block times may increase the timing for transaction confirmations but reduce the chances of conflicts
.
Hard Forks:
A hard fork in a blockchain refers to a permanent divergence in the blockchain's history that results
in two separate chains. It can happen due to a fundamental change in the protocol of a blockchain and all
nodes do not agree on the update. Hard forks can create new cryptocurrencies or the splitting of existing
ones and It requires consensus among the network participants to resolve.

Decentralization:
Decentralization is the key feature of blockchain technology. In a decentralized blockchain, there is
no single central authority that can control the network. In decentralization,the decision-making power is
distributed among a network of nodes that collectively validate and agree on the transactions to be added
to the blockchain. This decentralized nature of blockchain technology helps to promote transparency, trust,
and security. It also reduces the risk to rely on a single point of failure and minimizes the risks of data
manipulation.

Finality:
Finality refers to the irreversible confirmation of transactions in a blockchain. If and when a
transaction is added to a block and the block is confirmed by the network, it becomes immutable and cannot
be reversed. This feature ensures the integrity of the data and prevents double spending, providing a high
level of security and trust in Blockchain Types & Sustainability

Openness:
Openness in blockchain technology makes the blockchain accessible to anyone who intends to
participate in the network. This implies that it is open for all and anyone can join the network, validate

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transactions, and can add new blocks to the blockchain, so long as they know the consensus rules.
Openness promotes inclusivity, transparency, and innovation, as it allows for participation from various
stakeholders.

Public Blockchain:
It is a kind of blockchain which is open for the public and allows everyone to join the network to
perform transactions and to participate in the consensus process. Public blockchains are transparent,
because all transactions are publicly recorded.

HOW DOES BLOCK TECHNOLOGY WORK?

In recent years, you may have noticed many businesses around the world integrating Blockchain
technology. But how exactly does Blockchain technology work? Is this a significant change or a simple
addition? The advancements of Blockchain are still young and have the potential to be revolutionary in the
future; so, let’s begin demystifying this technology.
Blockchain is a combination of three leading technologies:
1. Cryptographic keys
2. A peer-to-peer network containing a shared ledger
3. A means of computing, to store the transactions and records of the network

Cryptography keys consist of two keys – Private key and Public key. These keys help in performing
successful transactions between two parties. Each individual has these two keys, which they use to produce
a secure digital identity reference. This secured identity is the most important aspect of Blockchain
technology. In the world of cryptocurrency, this identity is referred to as ‘digital signature’ and is used for
authorizing and controlling transactions.

The digital signature is merged with the peer-to-peer network; a large number of individuals who
act as authorities use the digital signature in order to reach a consensus on transactions, among other
issues. When they authorize a deal, it is certified by a mathematical verification, which results in a
successful secured transaction between the two network-connected parties. So to sum it up, Blockchain
users employ cryptography keys to perform different types of digital interactions over the peer-to-peer
network.

TYPES OF BLOCKCHAIN
There are different types of blockchains. They are as follows:
Private Blockchain Networks
Private blockchains operate on closed networks, and tend to work well for private businesses and
organizations.
Companies can use private blockchains to customize their accessibility and authorization
preferences, parameters to the network, and other important security options. Only one authority manages
a private blockchain network.

Public Blockchain Networks

Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies originated from public blockchains, which also played a role in
popularizing distributed ledger technology (DLT). Public blockchains also help to eliminate certain
challenges and issues, such as security flaws and centralization. With DLT, data is distributed across a
peer-to-peer network, rather than being stored in a single location. A consensus algorithm is used for
verifying information authenticity; proof of stake (PoS) and proof of work (PoW) are two frequently used
consensus methods.

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Permissioned Blockchain Networks
Also sometimes known as hybrid blockchains, permissioned blockchain networks are private
blockchains that allow special access for authorized individuals. Organizations typically set up these types
of blockchains to get the best of both worlds, and it enables better structure when assigning who can
participate in the network and in what transactions.

Consortium Blockchains
Similar to permissioned blockchains, consortium blockchains have both public and private
components, except multiple organizations will manage a single consortium blockchain network. Although
these types of blockchains can initially be more complex to set up, once they are running, they can offer
better security. Additionally, consortium blockchains are optimal for collaboration with multiple
organizations.

Hybrid Blockchains
Hybrid blockchains are the combination of both public and private blockchains. In a hybrid
blockchain, some parts of the blockchain are public and transparent, while others are private and accessible
only to authorized and specific participants. This makes hybrid blockchains ideal for use in those cases
where a balance is required between transparency and privacy. For example, in supply chain management
multiple parties can access certain information, but sensitive data can be kept private.

Sidechains
Sidechains are different blockchains that run parallel to the main blockchain, allowing for additional
functionality and scalability. Sidechains enable developers to experiment with new features and applications
without affecting the main blockchain's integrity. For example, sidechains can be used for creating
decentralized applications and to implement specific consensus mechanisms. Sidechains can also be used
to handle transactions of the main blockchain to reduce congestion and increase scalability.

Blockchain Layers
Blockchain layers refer to the concept of building multiple layers of blockchains on top of each
other. Each layer can have its own consensus mechanism, rules, and functionality which can interact with
other layers. This ensures greater scalability, as transactions can be processed in parallel across different
layers. For example, the Lightning Network, built on top of the Bitcoin blockchain, is a second layer solution
that enables faster and cheaper transactions by creating payment channels between users.

The Process of Transaction

One of Blockchain technology’s cardinal features is the way it confirms and authorizes transactions.
For example, if two individuals wish to perform a transaction with a private and public key, respectively, the
first person party would attach the transaction information to the public key of the second party. This total
information is gathered together into a block.

The block contains a digital signature, a timestamp, and other important, relevant information. It
should be noted that the block doesn’t include the identities of the individuals involved in the transaction.
This block is then transmitted across all of the network's nodes, and when the right individual uses
his private key and matches it with the block, the transaction gets completed successfully.
In addition to conducting financial transactions, the Blockchain can also hold transactional details of
properties, vehicles, etc.

Here’s a use case that illustrates how Blockchain works:

• Hash Encryptions

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blockchain technology uses hashing and encryption to secure the data, relying mainly on the SHA256
algorithm to secure the information. The address of the sender (public key), the receiver’s address, the
transaction, and his/her private key details are transmitted via the SHA256 algorithm. The encrypted
information, called hash encryption, is transmitted across the world and added to the blockchain after
verification. The SHA256 algorithm makes it almost impossible to hack the hash encryption, which in turn
simplifies the sender and receiver’s authentication.
• Proof of Work
In a Blockchain, each block consists of 4 main headers.
• Previous Hash: This hash address locates the previous block.
• Transaction Details: Details of all the transactions that need to occur.
• Nonce: An arbitrary number given in cryptography to differentiate the block’s hash address.
• Hash Address of the Block: All of the above (i.e., preceding hash, transaction details, and
nonce) are transmitted through a hashing algorithm. This gives an output containing a 256-
bit, 64 characters length value, which is called the unique ‘hash address.’ Consequently, it
is referred to as the hash of the block.
• Numerous people around the world try to figure out the right hash value to meet a pre-
determined condition using computational algorithms. The transaction completes when the
predetermined condition is met. To put it more plainly, Blockchain miners attempt to solve
a mathematical puzzle, which is referred to as a proof of work problem. Whoever solves it
first gets a reward.

• Mining
In Blockchain technology, the process of adding transactional details to the present digital/public ledger is
called ‘mining.’ Though the term is associated with Bitcoin, it is used to refer to other Blockchain
technologies as well. Mining involves generating the hash of a block transaction, which is tough to forge,
thereby ensuring the safety of the entire Blockchain without needing a central system.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADDVANTAGES OF BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY

Like all forms of technology, blockchain has several advantages and disadvantages to consider.

ADVANTAGES
One major advantage of blockchains is the level of security it can provide, and this also means that
blockchains can protect and secure sensitive data from online transactions. For anyone looking for speedy
and convenient transactions, blockchain technology offers this as well. In fact, it only takes a few minutes,

74
whereas other transaction methods can take several days to complete. There is also no third-party
interference from financial institutions or government organizations, which many users look at as an
advantage.

DISADVANTAGES
Blockchain and cryptography involves the use of public and private keys, and reportedly, there have
been problems with private keys. If a user loses their private key, they face numerous challenges, making
this one disadvantage of blockchains. Another disadvantage is the scalability restrictions, as the number of
transactions per node is limited. Because of this, it can take several hours to finish multiple transactions
and other tasks. It can also be difficult to change or add information after it is recorded, which is another
significant disadvantage of blockchain.

Assessment
Direction: Fill in the blanks.

1. It stores transactional records

Answer: Blockchain
2. It function as currency and virtual accounting system
Answer: Cryptocurrency
3. Also known as digital currency
Answer: Cryptocurrency
4. It allows customers to shop and purchase through online portal
Answer: Cryptocurrency
5. It is free of any central control or the oversight of the banks or government.
Answer: Cryptocurrency
6. Who invented blockchain?
Answer: Satoshi Nakamoto
7. In what year it was invented?
Answer: 2008
8.A real time gross settlement system
Answer: ripple (XPR ledger)
9. The second largest blockchain implementation after bitcoin
Answer: Ethereum
10. Other blockchain include those that run the several hundred "altcoins"
Answer: Various cryptocurrency blockchains

REFERENCES:
[1] https://www.icaew.com/technical/technology/blockchain-and-cryptoassets/blockchain-articles/what-is-
blockchain/history
[2] https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/feature/A-timeline-and-history-of-blockchain-
technology#:~:text=2008,develop%20the%20first%20Bitcoin%20software.
[3] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockchain
[4] https://www.oswego.edu/cts/basics-about-
cryptocurrency#:~:text=A%20cryptocurrency%20is%20a%20digital,you%20need%20a%20cryptocurrenc
y%20wallet.
[5] https://bitcoin.org/en/
[6] https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/virtual-retail

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 UNIT VII: BIOTECHNOLOGY
Objectives:
• To provides breakthrough products and technologies to combat debilitating and rare diseases,
reduce our environmental footprint, feed the hungry, use less and cleaner energy, and have safer,
cleaner and more efficient industrial manufacturing processes.
▪ To develop students' ability to apply knowledge and skills to solve theoretical and practical problems
in biology and biotechnology
▪ Answer the following questions regarding the lesson.

What comes to your mind when you think about "biotechnology"? Maybe it’s the buzz of news
stories featuring Dolly the cloned sheep, genetically modified organisms, or revolutionary gene
therapy. If those examples spring to mind, you're spot on—these represent facets of
biotechnology. Yet, have you considered the realms of beer brewing, crop cultivation, or the
creation of antibiotics like penicillin? Surprisingly, these practices, which have existed for
millennia, also fall within the sphere of biotechnology.

Definition of Biotechnology
Biotechnology encompasses "any technical application that harnesses biological systems, living
organisms, or their derivatives to produce or modify products or processes for specific
purposes." This broad definition spans both cutting-edge laboratory methodologies and age-old
agricultural and culinary practices. Three instances illustrate this definition:

Beer brewing involves introducing tiny fungi (yeasts) into a solution of malted barley sugar,
kickstarting a fermentation process that yields alcohol—a biotechnological use of organisms to
create a consumable product.
Penicillin, an antibiotic, is generated by certain molds. Initially, researchers had to cultivate large
quantities of "mold juice" to produce small amounts of penicillin for trials. Over time,
advancements improved industrial production by utilizing higher-yield mold strains and
optimizing culture conditions—a case of using organisms to create a product, in this instance,
an antibiotic to combat bacterial infections.
Gene therapy, an emerging technique, targets genetic disorders caused by malfunctioning
genes. For example, in cystic fibrosis, a gene vital for lung function is defective. In recent trials,
functional genes were introduced into patients' lung cells via a circular DNA molecule (plasmid)
delivered as a spray—showcasing the use of biological systems to address medical conditions.
These examples illustrate how biotechnology isn't just limited to everyday consumables like
alcohol or vital medicines like penicillin; it's also a frontier for pioneering medical treatments like
gene therapy.

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 mRNA - An Overview
mRNA, a single-stranded molecule, acts as a courier, ferrying
genetic instructions from the cell's DNA to the ribosomes, where
proteins are synthesized. During transcription, a segment of DNA
is transcribed into mRNA, which, through translation, produces
proteins. The sequence of nucleotides in mRNA, read in codons
(groups of three), corresponds to specific amino acids, the
building blocks of proteins.

mRNA Vaccines and Their Applications

Healthcare providers offer two types of mRNA vaccines in the United States: Comirnaty®
(formerly known as the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine) for individuals over 12 and the Moderna
vaccine for those over 18. Researchers have studied mRNA vaccines for over three decades,
aiming to prevent diseases like cytomegalovirus, influenza, rabies, and Zika virus. These
vaccines are also being investigated for treating conditions such as multiple sclerosis and
cancer, although they're still undergoing clinical trials.
The current mRNA vaccines aim to prevent severe COVID-19 illness. While these vaccines are
novel for COVID-19, the underlying technology has been studied extensively for various
diseases. Both mRNA vaccines received emergency use authorization in the US. One of them,
previously known as the Pfizer-BioNTech Covid-19 Vaccine, has gained full approval under the
name Comirnaty®. These vaccines significantly reduce severe complications, hospitalizations,
and deaths from COVID-19, although no vaccine offers absolute protection against the virus.

Applications of mRNA Technologies

mRNA's adaptability finds utility in diverse therapeutic areas like protein replacement, gene
editing, cell therapy, vaccines, and beyond. Its versatility allows for the introduction of almost
any protein via mRNA, facilitating gene editing tools or antigens' cellular expression as needed.
Sequence engineering and chemical modifications provide precise control mechanisms for
mRNA performance. Rapid development and scalable manufacturing make mRNA an appealing
solution for various therapeutic applications.
Current mRNA therapeutic methods operate via direct in vivo mRNA introduction into patients or
ex vivo modification of cells before injection. When introduced directly, mRNA is encapsulated in
delivery vessels like lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) to ensure successful uptake by host cells.
Ongoing research explores organ-targeting delivery methods.

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 1. Cell Therapy
Cell therapy harnesses "trained" immune cells to combat
disease within patients. Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells
(CAR-T) represent a prominent example. T cell progenitors are
isolated from the patient and, through in vitro translated
mRNA, modified to express chimeric antigen receptors
targeting specific proteins in the patient's cancer cells, thus
promoting the patient's survival.
1. Gene Editing
mRNA serves as a vehicle to introduce non-native proteins, including
gene-editing tools like the CRISPR-Cas family of nucleases. This
facilitates precise genomic changes in living cells. Innovations such as
DNA Base Editors enhance gene editing precision.
2. Protein Replacement
Many human diseases arise from the absence or reduced
function of specific proteins. Delivering mRNA encoding the
affected protein can restore or bolster its function to healthy
levels. Compared to traditional protein therapy, mRNA therapy
offers longevity and native processing advantages. While
protein therapy mainly addresses secreted proteins, mRNA
therapy extends to intracellular and transmembrane proteins,
broadening treatable disease spectra.
3. Antibodies
Traditionally, antibody therapy involves infusing
monoclonal antibodies from hybridomas. However,
mRNA's scalable and relatively inexpensive
manufacturing makes mRNA antibody therapy an
appealing alternative. Administering an mRNA
transcript encoding an antibody enables sustained
patient expression, unlike the limited duration of
protein therapy.
4. Personalized Cancer Vaccines
For personalized cancer vaccines, mRNA expresses tumor-
associated epitopes (neoantigens) in host cells. This
presentation triggers the patient's immune system to
recognize the antigen and mount a response against the
cancer.

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 5. mRNA Vaccines
Effective vaccines induce an immune response yielding antigen-
specific B and T cells without causing dangerous infections.
mRNA vaccines introduce pathogen-associated epitopes,
prompting the immune system to form a response and memory.
Unlike traditional vaccines, mRNA vaccines offer rapid
development timelines and reduced risks.
6. Self-Amplifying mRNA Vaccines
Self-amplifying mRNA (SAM) vaccines leverage alphavirus genetic
replication to amplify mRNA messages within cells, requiring lower
doses for similar expression levels. Optimized manufacturing with
reagents like CleanCap® AU enhances SAM vaccine production
efficiency.

What is Crispr-Cas9?
CRISPR-Cas9 is a genome editing tool that is creating a buzz in the science world. It is faster,
cheaper and more accurate than previous techniques of editing DNA and has a wide range of
potential applications.
How was it developed?
The development of CRISPR-Cas9 stemmed from the discovery of a gene editing system in
certain bacteria, akin to an immune system, allowing them to respond to invasive viruses. These
bacteria utilize CRISPR to excise portions of viral DNA, retaining fragments for future
recognition and defense against subsequent attacks. Scientists adapted this system for use in
various animal cells, including those of mice and humans.
Applications and Implications:
CRISPR-Cas9 shows promise in treating numerous medical conditions influenced by genetics,
encompassing cancer, hepatitis B, and even high cholesterol. While many proposed
applications focus on editing non-reproductive cells, considerable interest and debate exist
regarding the potential to edit reproductive cells. Alterations in germline cells carry significant
ethical implications as any changes made would transmit across generations.
Current Applications:
1. Gene Editing for Therapeutics: - Understanding Gene Function
- Treating Genetic Disorders 4. Agriculture:
- Cancer Treatment - Crop Improvement
2. Disease Modeling: - Livestock Modification
- Creating Disease Models 5. Biotechnology:
3. Functional Genomics: - Creating Engineered Microorganisms

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Future Potential Applications:
1. Antibiotic Resistance: 4. Neurological Disorders:
- Combatting Drug-Resistant Bacteria - Treating Neurological Conditions
2. Environmental Applications: 5. Organ Transplantation:
- Bioremediation - Xenotransplantation
3. Human Enhancement: 6. Virology:
- Designer Babies - Antiviral Strategies
- Longevity
While the potential of CRISPR is immense, ethical considerations, safety concerns, and
regulatory frameworks demand careful attention as these applications are developed and put
into practice. It's crucial to navigate these technological advancements responsibly and ethically.

What is GMO?
GMO or Genetically Modified Organism is a plant, animal or microbe in which one or more
changes have been made to the genome, typically using high-tech genetic engineering, in an
attempt to alter the characteristics of an organism. Genes can be introduced, enhanced or
deleted within a species, across species or even across kingdoms. GMOs may be used for a
variety of purposes, such as making human insulin, producing fermented beverages and
developing pesticide resistance in crop plants.

Role of GMOs in environmental management

In environmental management, GMOs offer diverse applications. For instance, certain bacteria
produce biodegradable plastics; transferring this ability to lab-grown microbes could
revolutionize the plastics industry. Early on, Zeneca developed Biopol, a biodegradable plastic
using a GM bacterium, Ralstonia eutropha, to convert glucose and organic acids into a flexible
polymer. GMOs equipped with the ability to metabolize oil and heavy metals might offer efficient
bioremediation.

Sociopolitical relevance of GMOs

The sociopolitical implications of GMOs spark heated debates. While they promise societal
benefits, concerns about potential risks, especially in food, raise skepticism. Alterations in GM
crops might affect human health, potentially altering allergenic properties. The performance of
certain GM crops, like golden rice, in delivering health benefits remains unclear. The release of
GM organisms, such as mosquitoes, stirs environmental concerns, including the spread of
modified genes to native flora and the evolution of insecticide-resistant species.

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The EU responded by implementing strict GMO labeling laws in the late '90s, requiring labels for
GM foods containing over 0.9% GM products. Contrastingly, the US didn't mandate special
labeling for foods with GM ingredients, despite intense national debates. Though some groups
cited unknown food safety risks, scientific panels, including the FDA, deemed GM foods safe,
even with genetic material from distant organisms.
The use of GMOs in medicine and research sparks philosophical debates. While researchers
aim to cure diseases, concerns arise about potential misuse, envisioning "designer" children or
extending human lifespans. Just like other technologies, GMOs and gene therapy offer solutions
but require thoughtful use to navigate complex scientific, medical, and environmental issues.

How do GMOs affect farmers?

GMOs significantly impact farmers' lives. Patents on GM seeds by biotech companies control
distribution, eroding farmers' seed-saving rights. Depending on third-party corporations for both
GMO seeds and chemical inputs threatens farmer autonomy and national food security.

What are the impacts of GMOs on the environment?

Environmental impacts of GMOs, especially herbicide-tolerant crops, are profound. Their
cultivation led to a fifteenfold increase in toxic herbicide use, affecting native plants and
biodiversity. Overuse spawned pesticide-resistant "superweeds" and "superbugs," necessitating
more toxic chemical sprays. Most GMOs extend chemical agriculture and are sold by major
chemical companies, with unknown long-term environmental consequences once released.
Assessment
Direction: Read the questions carefully and answer them in your own words. Write your answer
on the space provided.
1. Considering the rapid progress of mRNA technology in biotechnology, what
considerations must be addressed to ensure its safe and ethical use across various
applications, including gene editing, therapeutic treatments, and environmental
interventions?

2. What potential challenges or limitations might arise with the widespread use of mRNA in
biotechnological applications, considering its current advancements and future
prospects?

3. What are the potential future applications of mRNA technology in biotechnology,

considering its versatility and adaptability?

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4. How does mRNA play a pivotal role in modern biotechnology, particularly in the
development of vaccines and therapeutic applications?

5. What are the ethical implications associated with editing germline cells using CRISPR
technology, and why is this a topic of significant debate?

6. How do bacteria naturally use CRISPR-Cas9, and how has this system been adapted for
use in other organisms?

7. Traditional crossbreeding methods?

8. In what ways does the use of GMOs in medicine and research spark philosophical
debates, and what are some concerns related to gene therapy and the creation of GMOs
in these fields?

9. How do GMOs affect farmers, particularly in terms of seed control, farmer sovereignty,
and national food security?

10. What defines a GMO, and how does genetic modification in organisms differ from
traditional crossbreeding methods?

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References:
[1] https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/gene-expression-and-
regulation/biotechnology/a/intro-to-biotechnology
[2] https://www.eib.org/attachments/pj/pjbio_en.pdf
[3] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9123296/
[4] https://www.trilinkbiotech.com/applications-for-mrna
[5] https://www.yourgenome.org/facts/what-is-crispr-
cas9/#:~:text=CRISPR%2DCas9%20is%20a%20unique,buzz%20in%20the%20science%20wor
ld.
[6] https://www.nongmoproject.org/gmo-facts/what-is-gmo/'
[7] https://www.nongmoproject.org/gmo-facts

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 UNIT VIII: ARTTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Objectives:
▪ To develop systems that can analyze large datasets, identify patterns, and make data-driven
decisions.
▪ To develop students' ability to apply knowledge and skills to solve theoretical and practical problems
in AI.
▪ Answer the following questions regarding the lesson.

According to Copeland, B. (2021) An artificial intelligence is the ability of a digital computer or

computer-controlled robot to perform tasks commonly associated with intelligent beings. The term is
frequently applied to the project of developing systems endowed with the intellectual processes
characteristic of humans, such as the ability to reason, discover meaning, generalize, or learn from past
experience. Since the development of the digital computer in the 1940s, it has been demonstrated that
computers can be programmed to carry out very complex tasks—as, for example, discovering proofs for
mathematical theorems or playing chess—with great proficiency. Still, despite continuing advances in
computer processing speed and memory capacity, there are as yet no programs that can match human
flexibility over wider domains or in tasks requiring much everyday knowledge. On the other hand, some
programs have attained the performance levels of human experts and professionals in performing certain
specific tasks, so that artificial intelligence in this limited sense is found in applications as diverse as medical
diagnosis, computer search engines, and voice or handwriting recognition.

There are a number of different forms of learning as applied to artificial intelligence. The simplest
is learning by trial and error. For example, a simple computer program for solving mate-in-one chess
problems might try moves at random until mate is found. The program might then store the solution with
the position so that the next time the computer encountered the same position it would recall the solution.
This simple memorizing of individual items and procedures—known as rote learning—is relatively easy to
implement on a computer. More challenging is the problem of implementing what is called generalization.
Generalization involves applying past experience to analogous new situations. For example, a program that
learns the past tense of regular English verbs by rote will not be able to produce the past tense of a word
such as jump unless it previously had been presented with jumped, whereas a program that is able to
generalize can learn the “add ed” rule and so form the past tense of jump based on experience with similar
verbs. (Copeland, B. (2021)

ASSISTANCE TECHNOLOGY
Assistive technology is technology used by individuals with
disabilities in order to perform functions that might otherwise be
difficult or impossible. Assistive technology can include mobility
devices such as walkers and wheelchairs, as well as hardware,
software, and peripherals that assist people with disabilities in
accessing computers or other information technologies. For
example, people with limited hand function may use a keyboard
with large keys or a special mouse to operate a computer, people
who are blind may use software that reads text on the screen in a
computer-generated voice, people with low vision may use
software that enlarges screen content, people who are deaf may
use a TTY (text telephone), or people with speech impairments
may use a device that speaks out loud as they enter text via a keyboard.

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 AUTOMATION
application of machines to tasks once
performed by human beings or, increasingly, to
tasks that would otherwise be impossible.
Although the term mechanization is often used to
refer to the simple replacement of human labor by
machines, automation generally implies the
integration of machines into a self-governing
system. Automation has revolutionized those
areas in which it has been introduced, and there
is scarcely an aspect of modern life that has been
unaffected by it.

The term automation was coined in the automobile industry in 1946 to describe the increased use
of automatic devices and controls in mechanized production lines. The origin of the word is attributed to
D.S. Harder, an engineering manager at the Ford Motor Company at the time. The term is used widely in a
manufacturing context, but it is also applied outside manufacturing in connection with a variety of systems
in which there is a significant substitution of mechanical, electrical, or computerized action for human effort
and intelligence.

A wide range of technologies reduces human intervention in processes, namely by

predetermining decision criteria, subprocess relationships, and related actions, as well as embodying
those predeterminations in machines.

What is AI?

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 Types of AI

Impacts of AI to us

Branches of AI
Machine Learning
- Using sample data to train computer programs to recognize patterns based on algorithms.
Neural Network
-Computer systems are designed to imitate the neurons in a brain.
Neural Language Processing
- Enables computers to comprehend, generate, and manipulate human language. Natural language
processing can interrogate the data with natural language text or voice.
Robotics
-Machines that can assist people without involvement.

Artificial Intelligence Examples

• Manufacturing robots

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 • Self-driving cars
• Smart assistants
• Proactive healthcare management
• Disease mapping
• Automated financial investing
• Virtual travel booking agent
• Social media monitoring
• Inter-team chat tool
• Conversational marketing bot
• Natural Language Processing (NLP) tools

Reference
[1] https://www.techtarget.com/searchenterpriseai/definition/AI-Artificial-Intelligence
[2] https://www.britannica.com/technology/automation
[3] https://www.washington.edu/accesscomputing/what-assistive-technology

Assessment
Direction: Fill in the blanks

1. What is AI?

2. Give one impact of AI.

3. It is a type of AI that is more intelligent than humans.

4. What is a “Narrow AI”

5. It can perform like human. (Type of AI)

6. It is a computer system that is designed to imitate the neurons in a brain.

7. This is a branch of AI that uses sample data to train computer programs to recognize patterns
based on algorithms.

8. Enables computers to comprehend, generate, and manipulate human language. Natural language
processing can interrogate the data with natural language text or voice.

9. Machines that can assist people without involvement.

10. Give at least one example of AI

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 UNIT IX: CITIZEN SCIENCE
Objectives:
• Students must understand who can be citizen Scientist.
▪ To learn about different things Citizen Scientist, do.
▪ Answer the following questions regarding the lesson.

CITIZEN SCIENCE

Citizen Science is a group or community of scientists who want to make a difference. A group who's
concerned about our world, using their creativity to innovative technology. People that are collaborating with
each other to gather more information data or with the same goal to achieve.

Who can be a citizen scientist?

Citizen scientists typically are not professional scientists. Rather, they are curious or concerned people who
collaborate with professional scientists in ways that advance scientific research on topics they care about.

How will citizen science affect the future of scientific research?

•Bridging gaps

Citizen science bridges gaps by harnessing the power of people who are motivated by curiosity or concern
or a desire to advance research in their communities, then connecting them to projects that benefit from
their energy and dedication.

•Scope

In the past, collecting or analyzing large samples of data or research was time-consuming and expensive.
However, with today's interconnected world, millions of people from around the world remotely contribute
to studies and provide, analyze or report data researchers and policymakers use. Public participation
enables investigations that would not otherwise be possible, ones that push new frontiers in our
understanding of our world.

•Policy

Increased public participation in scientific research cultivates a citizenry that is knowledgeable about the
scientific enterprise. Citizen science encourages people to take a stake in the world around them. As a
result, the hope is that this informed public will play a valuable role in influencing larger decisions about
science policy.

HOW IS CITIZEN SCIENCE BEING FORMALIZED?

Science and citizen science have the same historic roots that link it to people who sought discovery in their
leisure time. When science became a profession in the 1800s, contributions from non-professionals
continued. Yet, only recently has the profession of science reunited with leisure participation. Many recent
studies have shown data from volunteers are as reliable as from professionals. For more challenging areas,

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many new statistical techniques have been developed to address data quality and other aspects of "big
data" The number of research studies benefitting from science is growing every year.

ROBOTICS

(01)

• In the late 1960s, businessman/engineer Joseph Engleberger acquired Devol's robot patent and was able
to modify it into an industrial robot and form a company called Unimation to produce and market the robots.
For his efforts and successes, Engleberger is known in the industry as "the Father of Robotics."

(02)

• Robots are widely used in manufacturing, assembly, packing and packaging, mining, transport, earth and
space exploration, surgery, weaponry, laboratory research, safety, and the mass production of consumer
and industrial goods.

03

• The first electronic autonomous robots with complex behaviors were created by William Grey Walter of
the Burden Neurological Institute in Bristol, England, in 1948 and 1949. The first digitally operated and
programmable robot was invented by George Devol in 1954 and was ultimately called the Unimate.

DIFFERENCE OF AR AND VR

AR (Augmented reality)

It co-exists the virtual world with the real world

VR (Virtual reality)

It is mostly used in gaming, simulation, etc. VR on the other hand is a make-up reality. You can do anything
in this world as much as you want

For the Future of these two is that you can visualize the dangerous activities to reduce the casualties.

Assessment
Direction: Read the questions carefully and answer them in your own words. Write your answer on the
space provided.

1. What is Citizen Science?

2. When was Citizen Science founded?

3. Who created the first automated robot?

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4. What's the name of the very first automated robot?

5. What is robotics?

6. When does the robotics started?

7. How does robotics help us?

8. Is robotics good?

9. Is robotics bad?

10. What is the importance of Citizen Science and Robotics?

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 UNIT X: DIGITAL MARKETING
Objectives:
▪ Understand what is Digital Marketing
▪ To learn different kinds of Digital Marketing.
▪ Answer the following questions regarding the lesson.

Digital marketing has erupted into the marketing landscape in recent years, and its consequences have not
been negligible. While consumers, prospects, and clients have grown more savvy in this new environment,
traditional marketers and established businesses have found it difficult to stay up with the rapidly evolving
world of online marketing. However, corporations have adapted to the new marketing landscape because
they cannot afford to ignore shifts in consumer behavior.

What is Digital Marketing?

Any type of marketing that takes place online using a

computer, smartphone, internet, etc. is called digital
marketing. Alongside technologies that might not be internet-
connected and digital visual cues. It might be as complicated
as automated email marketing campaigns or as simple as the
blog post selections on your website.

Types of Digital Marketing

Digital marketing encompasses a wide range of strategies and channels to promote products, services, or
brands using digital technologies. Some common types of digital marketing include:

1. Search Engine Optimization (SEO)

SEO involves meticulously organizing and refining your website's pages to secure top positions
on search engine result pages (SERPs) when users search for topics relevant to your business
on platforms like Google.

2. Search Engine Marketing (SEM)

SEM offers advertisers the opportunity to put their ads in front of motivated customers who are ready to buy
at the precise moment they’re ready to make a purchase.

These sponsored advertisements are made by advertisers who bid against one another for space on the
social media network of their choice or on the search engine result page.

3. Email Marketing
Any marketing that occurs through email is known as email marketing, and it’s not just for
newsletters and coupons. All marketing-related interaction over email fits into this category

4. Content Marketing

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 Content marketing encompasses all online content marketing endeavors, which frequently
involve sponsored search, paid social media advertising, and SEO. For example, all these
content types (and more) are grouped under the content marketing category:
• Blog posts • eBooks
• Infographics • White papers
• Videos

5. Affiliate Marketing
Affiliate marketing is a type of digital marketing in which companies reach out to third party
websites to advertise their products and services. These are also known as referrals. The
target audience of the affiliate website becomes important in this aspect of digital marketing.
Some of the ways that affiliates are incentivized are based on:
• Registrations • Sales and Subscriptions
• Email sign-ups

6. Mobile Marketing
Mobile Marketing is a type of digital marketing focused on reaching the target audience via
mobile devices.

We all are excessive users of mobile devices and there is a good chance of tapping on to their
attention by following simple marketing strategies. Push notifications, emailers, social media
posts, MMS, SMS, newsletters are a part of Mobile Marketing.

7. Social Media Marketing

Social Media Marketing is a practice that increases brand awareness, and helps brands
achieve their marketing objectives. A wide range of content buckets are available for social
media marketing like videos, memes, static posts, trending posts, testimonials, stories, reels,
etc.

If you perform SMM properly, there is a high chance that your conversion rates will increase,
you will be able to build a good top-funnel traffic, and your paid marketing cost will go down.

Other types of digital marketing include marketing automation, design, apps, and SMS, web
analytics, and growth hacking.

What is E-commerce?

E-commerce is the buying and selling of goods or services via the

internet, and the transfer of money and data to complete the sales.
It’s also known as electronic commerce or internet commerce.

Online selling has changed tremendously since it began; the

evolution and history of e-commerce is fascinating – and it’s
advancing at an even quicker pace today.

Types of e-Commerce

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 1. Business to Consumer(B2C)
B2C e-commerce is the most popular e-commerce model. Business to consumer means
that the sale is taking place between a business and a consumer, like when you buy something
from an online retailer.

2. Business to Business (B2B)

B2B e-commerce refers to a business selling a good or service to another business, like a
manufacturer and wholesaler, or a wholesaler and a retailer.

Business to business e-commerce isn’t consumer-facing, and usually involves products like
raw materials, software, or products that are combined. Manufacturers also sell directly to
retailers via B2B ecommerce.

3. Direct to Consumer (D2C)

Direct to consumer e-commerce is the newest model of ecommerce, and trends within this
category are continually changing.

D2C means that a brand is selling directly to their end customer without going through a retailer,
distributor, or wholesaler. Subscriptions are a popular D2C item, and social selling via platforms
like Instagram, Pinterest, TikTok, Facebook, Snapchat, etc. are popular platforms for direct to
consumers sales.

4. Consumer to Consumer (C2C)

C2C e-commerce refers to the sale of a good or service to another consumer. Consumer to
consumer sales take place on platforms like eBay, Etsy, and Fiverr.

5. Consumer to Business (C2B)

Consumer to business is when an individual sells their services or products to a business
organization. C2B encompasses influencers offering exposure, photographers, consultants,
freelance writers, etc.

6. Business to Government (B2G)

Also known as business-to-administration (B2A), business to government involves the sale of
goods and services between the business sector as a supplier and a government entity as a
customer.

For example, government agencies may order goods or services from external third-party
contractors for cleaning and maintaining of public spaces like parks.

7. Consumer to Government (C2G)

Also called consumer-to-administration (C2A), consumer to government enables consumers to
provide feedback or request information regarding public agencies directly to the government
administration or authorities.
Examples include paying an electricity bill or taxes through a government website.

Assessment

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Direction: Read the questions carefully and answer them in your own words. Write your answer on the
space provided.

1. What is the main goal of SEO, and how does it differ from paid advertising in online marketing?

2. How do social media platforms help businesses promote their products or services, and what
makes this form of advertising effective?

3. What role does engaging content play in digital marketing, and how does it influence customer
behavior?

4. How does partnering with influencers contribute to a company's marketing strategy, and what
advantages does it offer?

5. What are the main differences between selling to businesses (B2B) and selling directly to
consumers (B2C) online

6. Why is it crucial for e-commerce websites to have an easy-to-navigate design, and how does it
impact customer satisfaction?

7. What is mobile commerce, and why is it becoming increasingly significant in the world of online
shopping?

8. Explain the concept of email marketing and its benefits for businesses trying to connect with
customers.

9. Explain the idea behind social media advertising and its impact on reaching customers.

10. Explain the concept of social media advertising

References:

[1] https://www.simplilearn.com/history-and-evolution-of-digital-marketing-article

[2] https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/digital-marketing-tutorial/what-is-digital-marketing

[3] https://www.the-future-of-commerce.com/2020/01/19/what-is-e-commerce-definition-examples/

94
 UNIT I: INTELLECTUAL PROPERTIES
Objectives:
▪ To know what is Intellectual Propertied
▪ To understand more how Intellectual properties work.
▪ Answer the following questions regarding the lesson.

What is Intellectual property?

Intellectual property is generally characterized as non-physical property that is the product of

original thought. Typically, rights do not surround the abstract non-physical entity; rather,
intellectual property rights surround the control of physical manifestations or expressions of
ideas. Intellectual property law protects a content-creator’s interest in their ideas by assigning
and enforcing legal rights to produce and control physical instantiations of those ideas.

HISTORY OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

One of the earliest known references

to intellectual property protection
dates back to 500 B.C.E. when the
state of Sybaris in Greece granted
one-year monopolies to chefs for
culinary inventions. In his work, The
Genesis of American Patent and
Copyright Law (Bugbee 1967) Bruce
Bugbee cites at least three notable
references to intellectual property
protection in ancient times. In one of
such instances, Vitruvius (257 – 180
B.C.E.) who was a judge at a literary
contest in Alexandria exposed some
competing poets for stealing the
words and phrases of others. The false poets were then tried, convicted and disgraced for
intellectual property theft.

Types of Intellectual property:

- Patents
- Copyright
- Trademarks

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 PATENTS
The domain or subject matter of patent law is the invention and
discovery of new and useful processes, machines, articles of
manufacture, or compositions of matter. There are three types
of patents recognized by US patent law: utility patents, design
patents, and plant patents. Utility patents protect any new,
useful, and nonobvious process, machine, article of
manufacture, or composition of matter, as well as any new and
useful improvement thereof. Design patents protect any new,
original, and ornamental design for an article of manufacture.

COPYRIGHT
The domain of copyright protection is original works of authorship fixed in
any tangible medium of expression (17 U.S.C. §102 (1988)). Works that
may be copyrighted include literary, musical, artistic, photographic,
architectural, and cinematographic works; maps; and computer software.
First, for something to be protected, it must be fixed in a permanent or
tangible medium of
expression. For example, an expression could be chiseled into stone,
printed in a book, or saved on a hard drive. Second, the work must be
“original”—the work must be the author’s own production; it cannot be the
result of copying (Bleistein v. Donaldson Lithographing Co., 188 U.S. 239
(1903)). Third, copyright does not extend to short phrases, titles, or names
as these do not contain the minimum amount of authorship required by
copyright. A fourth requirement that limits the domain of what can be copyrighted is that the
expression must be “non-utilitarian” or “non-functional” in nature.

TRADEMARKS
The domain or subject matter of a trademark is, generally
speaking, the good will or good name of a company. A
trademark is any word, name, symbol, or device, or any
combination thereof, adopted by a manufacturer or
merchant to identify her goods and distinguish them from
goods produced by others (15 U.S.C. §1127 (1988)). Some
marks identify services rather than products.

A major restriction on what can count as a trademark is whether or not the symbol is used in
everyday language. In this respect, owners of trademarks do not want their symbols to become

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too widely used because once this occurs, the trademark lapses. An example of this restriction
eliminating a word from trademark protection is “aspirin”—as the word became a part of the
common culture, rights to exclusively use the trademark lapsed.

Ownership of a trademark confers upon the property holder the right to use a particular mark or
symbol and the right to exclude others from using the same (or similar) mark or symbol. The
duration of these rights is limited only in cases where the mark or symbol ceases to represent a
company or interest, or becomes entrenched as part of the common language or culture.

Assessment
Direction: Read the questions carefully and answer them in your own words. Write your answer on the
space provided.

1. What is Intellectual property?

2. What is the main purpose of Intellectual property?

3. What will happen if there's no intellectual property?

4. What protects the intellectual property created by artists?

5. What protects the intellectual property created by designers?

6. What protects the intellectual property created by inventors?

7. What is the difference between a patent, copyright, trademark, and trade secret?

8. What is the importance of knowing the intellectual property as a student?

9. What can I do if someone infringes on my intellectual property rights?

10. What do ™, ® and © mean?

REFERENCES:
[1] https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/brief-history-intellectual-property-rights-imoter-kpengwa
[2] https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/intellectual-property/#Trad

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 UNIT II: Ethical and Philosophical Perspective
Objectives:
▪ Explore and compare Aristotle's Virtue Theory, Theoretical Anarchism, and Heideggerian
Philosophy.
▪ Study the role of Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics, Theoretical Anarchism, and Heideggerian thought
in in addressing modern ethical dilemmas.
▪ Answer the following questions regarding the lesson.

Introduction

From Socrates to Kant, Aristotle to Rawls, the discourse on ethics and philosophy has evolved through
the ages, shaping societal norms, legal systems, and personal belief systems. These perspectives
explore the complexities of morality, justice, free will, and the nature of reality, seeking to unravel the
intricacies of human existence and the principles that underpin our ethical frameworks. At its core, the
study of ethics and philosophy challenges us to question, analyze, and contemplate the ethical dilemmas
we face, encouraging a deeper understanding of ourselves, our societies, and the world we inhabit.

Aristotle and Virtue Theory

• Aristotle conceives of ethical theory as a field distinct from the theoretical sciences. Its methodology
must match its subject matter—good action—and must respect the fact that in this field many
generalizations hold only for the most part. We study ethics in order to improve our lives, and
therefore its principal concern is the nature of human well-being. Aristotle follows Socrates and
Plato in taking the virtues to be central to a well-lived life. Like Plato, he regards the ethical virtues
(justice, courage, temperance and so on) as complex rational, emotional and social skills. But he
rejects Plato’s idea that to be completely virtuous one must acquire, through a training in the
sciences, mathematics, and philosophy, an understanding of what goodness is. What we need, in
order to live well, is a proper appreciation of the way in which such goods as friendship, pleasure,
virtue, honor and wealth fit together as a whole. In order to apply that general understanding to
particular cases, we must acquire, through proper upbringing and habits, the ability to see, on each
occasion, which course of action is best supported by reasons. Therefore, practical wisdom, as he
conceives it, cannot be acquired solely by learning general rules. We must also acquire, through
practice, those deliberative, emotional, and social skills that enable us to put our general
understanding of well-being into practice in ways that are suitable to each occasion.

Nicomachean Ethics: Book I, III, X

Book I

• Every human activity aims at some end that we consider good. The highest
ends are ends in themselves, while subordinate ends may only be means to
higher ends. Those highest ends, which we pursue for their own sake, must
be the supreme God. The study of the Good is part of political science,
because politics concerns itself with securing the highest ends for human life.
Politics is not a precise science, since what is best for one person may not be
best for another. Consequently, we can aim at only a rough outline of the
Good.

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 • Everyone agrees that the supreme Good is happiness, but people disagree over what constitutes
happiness. Common people equate happiness with sensual pleasure: this may be sufficient for
animals, but human life has higher ends. Others say that receiving honors is the greatest good, but
honors are conferred as recognition of goodness, so there must be a greater good that these honors
reward. Plato’s Theory of Forms suggests that there is a single Form of Good and that all good
things are good in the same way. This theory seems flawed when we consider the diversity of things
we call “good” and the diversity of ways in which we consider goodness. Even if there were a single
unifying Form of Good, our interest is in the practical question of how to be good, so we should
concern ourselves not with this abstract concept but with the practical ends we can actually pursue
in everyday life.

Book III

• Our evaluation of a person’s actions depends to some extent on whether those actions are
voluntary, involuntary, or nonvoluntary. An action is involuntary when it is performed under
compulsion and causes pain to the person acting. There are borderline cases, as when someone
is compelled to do something dishonorable under threat, but we should generally consider such
cases voluntary, since the person is still in control of his or her actions. Something done in
ignorance may be called involuntary if the person later recognizes that ignorance, but it is non
voluntary if the person does not recognize or suffer for such ignorance. However, ignorance can
excuse only particular cases, and not general behavior, since general ignorance of what is good is
precisely what makes a person bad.

• It seems the best measure of moral goodness is choice, because unlike actions, choices are always
made voluntarily. We make choices about the means we use to achieve a desired end. Deliberation,
which precedes choice, is directed only toward those means over which we have some control and
only when the correct manner of proceeding is not immediately obvious.

• Deliberation proceeds according to the analytical method. We consider first what end we wish to
achieve, and then reason backward to the means we might implement to bring about this end.

• In choosing, those of good character will always aim for the good. However, those who are not of
good character may understand things incorrectly and may wish for only the apparent good. Both
virtue and vice, therefore, lie within human power, because they are related to choices that we
make voluntarily and deliberately. This conclusion is borne out by the fact that rewards and
punishments are only conferred on those actions that we are thought to have done voluntarily.
People who behave badly form bad habits that are difficult to change, but their lack of self-control
is hardly an excuse for their badness.

Book X

• Eudoxus, a member of Plato’s Academy, argues that pleasure is the supreme good because we
desire it as an end in itself and it makes other good things more desirable. However, this only shows
that pleasure is good. Further, Plato argues that other things, like intelligence, make pleasure more

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 desirable, so it cannot be the supreme good. There are also flaws in the arguments that all, or even
some, pleasures are bad. These arguments rely on the mistaken notion that pleasure is an
incomplete process of replenishment.

• We cannot say that pleasure is desirable without qualification: for instance, we would not choose
to live with the mentality of a child even if that life were pleasant. There are also other goods, like
intelligence or good eyesight, which are desirable without necessarily being pleasant. It seems
clear that not all pleasures are desirable and that pleasure is not the supreme Good.

• Pleasure is not a process, since it is not a movement from incompleteness to completeness and
does not necessarily take place over an extended period of time. Rather, pleasure accompanies
the activity of any of our faculties, like the senses or the mind, when they are working at their best.
Pleasure perfects our activities, and since life itself is an activity, pleasure is essential to life. Only
those pleasures enjoyed by a good person and for the right reasons are good.

• Happiness, as an activity that serves as an end in itself, is our highest goal in life. We should not
confuse happiness with pleasant amusement, though.

• The highest form of happiness is contemplation. Contemplation is an activity of our highest rational
faculties, and it is an end in itself, unlike many of our practical activities. Only a god could spend
an entire lifetime occupied with nothing but contemplation, but we should try to approximate this
godlike activity as best we can. All the moral virtues deal with the human aspects of life, which are
necessary but secondary to the divine activity of contemplation.

Theoretical anarchism

• Anarchism is a political theory that is skeptical of the justification of authority and

power. Anarchism is usually grounded in moral claims about the importance of
individual liberty, often conceived as freedom from domination. Anarchists also offer
a positive theory of human flourishing, based upon an ideal of equality, community,
and non-coercive consensus building. Anarchism has inspired practical efforts at
establishing utopian communities, radical and revolutionary political agendas, and various forms of
direct action. This entry primarily describes “philosophical anarchism”: it focuses on anarchism as
a theoretical idea and not as a form of political activism. While philosophical anarchism describes
a skeptical theory of political legitimation, anarchism is also a concept that has been employed in
philosophical and literary theory to describe a sort of anti-foundationalism. Philosophical anarchism
can mean either a theory of political life that is skeptical of attempts to justify state authority or a
philosophical theory that is skeptical of the attempt to assert firm foundations for knowledge.

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 Heideggerian Theory

• Martin Heidegger (1889–1976) was a German philosopher whose work is

perhaps most readily associated with phenomenology and existentialism,
although his thinking should be identified as part of such philosophical
movements only with extreme care and qualification. His ideas have exerted
a seminal influence on the development of contemporary European
philosophy. They have also had an impact far beyond philosophy, for example
in architectural theory (see e.g., Sharr 2007), literary criticism (see e.g., Ziarek
1989), theology (see e.g., Caputo 1993), psychotherapy (see e.g.,
Binswanger 1943/1964, Guignon 1993) and cognitive science (see e.g.,
Dreyfus 1992, 2008; Wheeler 2005; Kiverstein and Wheeler 2012).

Assessment
Direction: Read the questions carefully and answer them in your own words. Write your answer on the
space provided.

1. What role does virtue play in achieving eudaimonia (flourishing or living a good life), and how does
he distinguish between moral virtues and intellectual virtues in the context of his ethical theory?

2. How does the concept of the "golden mean" apply to his understanding of virtue?

3. How does Aristotle define virtue, and why does he believe that virtue is essential for living a good
life?

4. What is the central question or theme that Aristotle explores in Book I of the "Nicomachean Ethics,"
and why is it significant to his ethical inquiry?

5. What role do habits play in Aristotle's discussion of virtue in Book III of the "Nicomachean Ethics,"?

6. What is the significance of Aristotle's discussion on pleasure and its relationship to virtue in Book
X of the "Nicomachean Ethics"?

7. What is the central idea of theoretical anarchism?

8. What role does the concept of voluntary cooperation play in shaping the ideal society?

9. What is Heidegger's concept of "Dasein," and how does it contribute to his overall philosophical
framework?

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 10. What is the significance of the term "Being-in-the-world,"?

REFERENCES:

[1] https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-
ethics/?fbclid=IwAR0ORTsomooEnBTR78oZhZmUOwe8osKh9wf45PuStlhkhHUd1oZ9CGD5leg
[2]
https://www.sparknotes.com/philosophy/ethics/section1/?fbclid=IwAR376qvd6ehZXQJIgltKwI9hTYL9TxY
G8oOlyWndiv7Vvkd2Ieujj7SGVZo
[3] https://www.sparknotes.com/philosophy/ethics/section3/?fbclid=IwAR3n9zKZ68jn-
6vPWQNaPM71ivtotg9QQuHtVHebGvAXjj4MNfYYf_Y_Gsg
[4]
https://www.sparknotes.com/philosophy/ethics/section10/?fbclid=IwAR2EzzDXYYSmDvjVFE5x7jaIldoRL-
NOwUoLGfWlKu04AinqwZhNN7QM5KQ
[5] https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/anarchism/?fbclid=IwAR1Y83Q7p2swPAdIs3qHCn8C2GmK-
F15y5JF9HTpza0igNlt-AMoLU1gwwQ
[6]
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/heidegger/?fbclid=IwAR0SOTbfXbEN1jCyj_pVlM_XRpevqi9TTsEi3Yxvy
S04SrpQJEqL3hW0mdY

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 UNIT III: Digital Culture and Divide
Objectives:
▪ Understand how our dependence on technology shapes how we live, communicate, and even think.
▪ Discuss the ethical challenges technology brings, especially in healthcare and our daily choices.
▪ Answer the following questions regarding the lesson.

Technology plays a crucial role in our everyday lives, influencing how we connect, communicate, and work
with others and the world at large. Although there are unquestionably many advantages to technological
breakthroughs, there is growing concern regarding the degree of our dependence on technology. This paper
investigates the several facets of technology dependence and looks at how it affects people, communities,
and the environment globally.

Technology Dependence
-Technology dependency refers to the extent to which individuals, organizations, and societies rely on, and
are interconnected with technology for various aspects of life. It encompasses the reliance on technological
tools, systems, and infrastructure for communication, work, education, healthcare, entertainment, and
more.

Importance of Technology in the Contemporary World

-Technology plays a crucial role in modern society due to its influence on various aspects of human life.
Key points highlighting the importance include:
• Communication • Healthcare
• Economic Growth. • Entertainment
• Education • Work and Productivity.

Types of Technology Dependency

1. Personal Devices
This includes devices like: Smartphones, Laptop, Computers, Smart Watches, Airpods and etc.

2. Internet Applications and Connectivity

Typically used in work, entertainment, online services and information
Ex. Google, Instagram, Youtube, Britannica, Lazada and etc.

3. Automation and Artificial Intelligence

Automated machines for various tasks and systems capable of self-operation.
-Used in manufacturing industries, data collection, healthcare, etc.

Positive Aspects of Technology Dependency

1. Efficiency and Convenience\

• Automation in Daily Tasks: Technology streamlines routine tasks, reducing manual effort
and saving time.
• Productivity Enhancements: Tools and software improve work efficiency, contributing to
increased productivity.

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 • E-commerce and Online Services: Convenient access to goods and services, offering a
wide array of choices and personalized options.
2. Communication and Connectivity
• Global Communication: Technology facilitates instant communication across the globe,
fostering global connectivity.
• Social Networking: Social media platforms connect individuals, allowing for real-time
interaction and information sharing.
• Remote Collaboration: Tools like video conferencing enhance collaboration, making it
easier for people to work together regardless of geographical distances.
3. Advancement in Science and Medicine
• Medical Diagnostics: Technology enables precise diagnostics through advanced
imaging, laboratory techniques, and data analysis.
• Telemedicine: Remote healthcare services improve accessibility to medical consultations
and advice.
• Scientific Research: High-performance computing and advanced technologies accelerate
scientific research, leading to breakthroughs in various fields.

Negative Aspects of Technology Dependency

1. Social Isolation
• Reduced Face-to-Face Interaction: Overreliance on digital communication may lead to
a decline in in-person interactions, affecting social bonds.
• Social Media and Superficial Connections: Social media interactions can sometimes be
superficial, potentially leading to a sense of isolation despite digital connectivity.
• Digital Addiction: Excessive use of technology, particularly social media, can contribute
to addiction and withdrawal from real-world social activities.
2. Health Concerns
• Physical Health Issues: Prolonged use of technology can contribute to sedentary
lifestyles, leading to health problems like obesity and musculoskeletal issues.
• Digital Eye Strain: Extended screen time may result in eye discomfort, fatigue, and other
vision-related issues.
• Sleep Disruption: The use of electronic devices before bedtime can interfere with sleep
patterns, impacting overall well-being.
3. Job Displacement and Economic Impact
• Automation and Job Loss: Increased automation and artificial intelligence may lead to
job displacement in certain industries.
• Economic Inequality: The benefits of technological advancements are not always
distributed evenly, contributing to economic disparities.
• Dependency on Technology Sectors: Economic reliance on technology sectors can
make economies vulnerable to downturns in those industries.

Strategies for Healthy and Balanced Technology Habits

3. Notification Control
1. Time Management 4. Device-Free Zones
2. Scheduled Breaks 5. Digital Sabbaticals

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 6. Unplugging Periods 8. Nature and Outdoor Activities
7. Mindful Technology Use 9. Digital Declutter

Promoting Digital Literacy

3. Privacy Awareness
1. Educational Programs 4. Cybersecurity Awareness
2. Critical Thinking 5. Parental Controls

Digital Technology and Issue of Power and Control

What is Digital Technology?

• Digital technology refers to the use of electronic devices, systems, and resources that
operate on digital signals, manipulating and processing data in various forms, including
binary code. It encompasses a wide range of technologies, such as computers,
smartphones, the internet, software applications, and digital communication platforms.

Importance of Digital Technology in the Contemporary Society?

• The significance of digital technology in contemporary society refers to the profound impact
and transformative role that technological advancements have on various aspects of
modern life.

What is Issue of Power and Control?

• examines how the deployment and use of technology influence the distribution of power and control
within society. It deals into how individuals, organizations, and governments exert influence or face
challenges related to information, resources, and decision-making in the digital realm.
• This includes exploring issues of privacy, surveillance, regulation, and the potential for technology
to empower or restrict individuals and groups.

Digital Technology and Political Power

A. Government Surveillance
1. Mass Surveillance
• Definition: Mass surveillance programs involve the systematic collection, monitoring, and analysis
of large-scale data, often conducted by governments or intelligence agencies. These programs aim
to gather information on a broad scale, encompassing communication, online activities, and other
data sources.
• Example: Programs that monitor telecommunications metadata or internet communications on a
national or international level.
2. Privacy Concerns
• Definition: Privacy concerns in the context of government surveillance refer to the ethical and legal
questions surrounding the collection of personal data, often without individuals' explicit consent. It
involves considerations of civil liberties, individual rights, and the potential for abuse of surveillance
powers.
• Example: Controversies surrounding the collection of citizens' data without proper safeguards in
place.

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B. Cybersecurity Threats

1. Hacking and Cyber Attacks

• Definition: Hacking and cyberattacks involve unauthorized access to computer systems, networks,
or data with the intent to manipulate, steal, or disrupt information. These threats can be executed
by individuals, criminal groups, or state-sponsored actors.
• Example: Malware attacks, ransomware incidents, or hacking attempts targeting government
systems.
2. National Security Implications
• Definition: National security implications in the realm of cybersecurity refer to the potential impact
of cyber threats on a country's security and stability. Cyberattacks may target critical infrastructure,
defense systems, or sensitive information with the aim of causing harm to a nation's interests.
• Example: A cyberattack targeting a country's power grid or defense systems with the intention of
disrupting its capabilities.

C. Digital Influence on Political Campaigns

1. Social Media Manipulation

• Definition: Hacking and cyberattacks involve unauthorized access to computer systems, networks,
or data with the intent to manipulate, steal, or disrupt information. These threats can be executed
by individuals, criminal groups, or state-sponsored actors.
• Example: Malware attacks, ransomware incidents, or hacking attempts targeting government
systems.
2. Fake News and Disinformation
• Definition: Fake news and disinformation involve the deliberate spread of false or misleading
information with the intention of deceiving the public. In the political context, this can be used to
shape narratives, influence voter opinions, and create confusion.
• Example: False stories circulated online to discredit a political candidate or manipulate public
perception of an issue.

Corporate Control in the Digital Age

A. Tech Giants and Market Dominance

1. Monopoly Concerns
• Definition: Monopoly concerns arise when a single company or a small group of companies gain
significant control or dominance in a specific market, limiting competition.
• Example: Tech giants holding a dominant position in online search, social media, or e-commerce,
potentially stifling competition.
2. Influence on Consumer Behavior
• Definition: The impact that large technology companies have on shaping and influencing the
choices and behavior of consumers through their products, services, and platforms.
• Example: The way social media algorithms curate content to keep users engaged and influence
their preferences.

B. Data Collection and Monetization

1. Personalized Advertising

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 • Definition: Personalized advertising involves the use of consumer data to tailor advertisements to
specific individuals based on their preferences, behavior, and demographics.
• Example: Targeted ads on social media platforms that are customized for users based on their
online activity.
2. Privacy Violations
• Definition: The impact that large technology companies have on shaping and influencing the
choices and behavior of consumers through their products, services, and platforms.
• Example: The way social media algorithms curate content to keep users engaged and influence
their preferences.

C. Algorithmic Bias

1. Discrimination in Technology
• Definition: Discrimination in technology occurs when algorithms, systems, or artificial intelligence
display biased behavior that disproportionately impacts certain groups based on factors like race,
gender, or socioeconomic status.
• Example: Facial recognition systems showing higher error rates for certain ethnic groups.
2. Implications for Social Equality
• Definition: The consequences of algorithmic bias and discriminatory technology on societal
fairness, contributing to social inequality and reinforcing existing disparities.
• Example: Biased algorithms in hiring processes that disadvantage certain demographic groups,
exacerbating employment inequalities.

Social Media and Cultural Influence

A. Impacts on Public Opinion

1. Viral Trends and Movements

• Definition: Viral trends and movements refer to the rapid and widespread dissemination of content
or ideas across social media platforms, often fueled by user engagement, sharing, and
participation.
• Example: Hashtags, challenges, or online movements that gain immense popularity and attention
within a short period.
2. Filter Bubbles and Echo Chambers
• Definition: Filter bubbles and echo chambers describe the phenomenon where social media
algorithms personalize content, showing users information that aligns with their existing beliefs or
preferences, potentially creating isolated online communities.
• Example: Users consistently exposed to content that reinforces their existing opinions, limiting
exposure to diverse perspectives.

B. Digital Activism

1. Social Media as a Platform for Activism

• Definition: Social media as a platform for activism involves the use of digital tools and online
platforms to promote social or political causes, engage with a broader audience, and mobilize
support for various issues.

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 • Example: Activists using social media to organize protests, share information, and raise awareness
about social justice issues.

2. Challenges and Criticisms

• Definition: Challenges and criticisms in digital activism pertain to the limitations, ethical concerns,
or potential drawbacks associated with using social media for activism, such as issues related to
misinformation, surveillance, or performative activism.
• Example: Debates about the effectiveness of hashtag activism and concerns about the role of
social media in amplifying certain voices while silencing others.

Ethical Considerations

A. Digital Ethics

1. Responsible AI Development
• Definition: Responsible AI development involves ensuring that artificial intelligence (AI) systems
are created and deployed in ways that align with ethical principles. This includes transparency,
fairness, accountability, and minimizing potential biases in AI algorithms.
• Example: Implementing ethical guidelines during the creation of AI systems to prevent
discriminatory outcomes and ensuring responsible use of AI technologies

2. Ethical Data Use

• Definition: Ethical data use pertains to the responsible handling and management of data, including
obtaining informed consent, protecting privacy, and ensuring data security. It involves using data in
ways that respect individuals' rights and adhere to ethical standards.
• Example: Companies adopting transparent data policies and obtaining clear consent before
collecting and using personal information.

B. Digital Divide

1. Accessibility and Inclusivity

• Definition: Accessibility and inclusivity in the context of the digital divide involve ensuring that
everyone, regardless of socio-economic status, geographical location, or physical abilities, has
equal access to digital technologies and online resources.
• Example: Providing internet access, digital devices, and technology education to underserved
communities to bridge the digital divide.

2. Global Disparities in Technology Access

• Definition: Global disparities in technology access refer to the uneven distribution of technological
resources and opportunities on a global scale. This includes differences in access to the internet,
digital devices, and the benefits of technology.
• Example: Contrasts between developed and developing countries in terms of internet
infrastructure, availability of advanced technologies, and the impact on economic development.

Bioethics

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 • is a branch of ethics that explores the moral and philosophical implications of developments in the
field of biology and medicine. It involves the examination of ethical issues and dilemmas arising
from advancements in areas such as genetics, reproductive technologies, medical research, and
healthcare practices.

Key Aspects of Bioethics

• Autonomy: Respecting individuals' rights to make informed decisions about their own bodies and
medical treatments.
• Beneficence: Promoting actions that benefit individuals and society, focusing on the well-being of
patients and research subjects.
• Non-maleficence: Avoiding harm and preventing negative outcomes in medical practices and
research.
• Justice: Ensuring fairness and equity in the distribution of healthcare resources, access to medical
treatments, and participation in research.
• Informed Consent: Obtaining voluntary and well-informed consent from individuals before medical
procedures or participation in research.
• Privacy: Safeguarding the confidentiality and privacy of individuals' medical information.
• End-of-life Issues: Addressing ethical concerns related to decisions about patient care, treatment
withdrawal, and end-of-life choices.

Significance of Bioethics

• Advancements in Medical Technology

• Genetic and Reproductive Technologies
• Clinical Research and Trials
• End-of-Life Decision-Making
• Global Health and Equity
• Organ Transplantation and Allocation
• Emerging Biotechnologies
• Patient Rights and Autonomy
• Public Health Crises

Ethical Issues in Reproductive Medicine

In Vitro Fertilization

• works by using a combination of medicines and surgical procedures to help sperm fertilize an egg,
and help the fertilized egg implant in the uterus.

Surrogacy

• Examining the ethical implications of surrogacy arrangements, including the rights and well-being
of surrogate mothers.

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Genetic Testing and Screening

• Discussing the ethical concerns related to genetic testing, including issues of consent, privacy, and
potential societal impacts.

Abortion

• -Addressing the ethical complexities surrounding abortion, including considerations of fetal rights,
maternal autonomy, and societal values.

Biomedical Research Ethics

A. Human Experimentation

1. Clinical Traits
• Exploring the ethical principles governing the conduct of clinical trials, including the protection of
research subjects.
2. Informed Consent in Research
• Refers to the ethical principle and process of obtaining voluntary and well-informed agreement from
individuals before they participate in a research study.

B. Animal Testing

1. Ethical Treatment of Animal

• Discussing the importance of informed consent in research and its role in ensuring ethical practices.
2. Alternative to Animal Testing
• Examining the ethical considerations in the use of animals in research and the promotion of
humane treatment.

End-of-Life Issues

1. Euthanasia Physician-Assisted Suicide

• The intentional act of ending a person's life to relieve their suffering, typically performed by a
healthcare professional.
2. Informed Consent in Research
• Is a medical practice where a qualified healthcare professional, typically a physician, provides
assistance to a terminally ill or suffering individual in intentionally ending their own life.

Caregiving

1. Palliative Care
• Palliative care is specialized medical care focused on providing relief from the symptoms and stress
of a serious illness. The goal is to improve the quality of life for both the patient and their family.
Palliative care can be integrated into the treatment plan for individuals with serious or life-
threatening conditions, regardless of the prognosis.

2. Hospice
• Is a specific type of palliative care that is usually provided in the final stages of a terminal illness,
typically during the last six months of life.

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Directives

1. Advance Directives
• Are legal documents that allow individuals to express their preferences regarding medical treatment
in case they become unable to make their own decisions. This can include specifying the use or
refusal of certain medical interventions, the designation of a healthcare proxy, and other instructions
related to end-of-life care.

2. Living Wills
• Is a specific type of advance directive that focuses on an individual's preferences for medical
treatment and care, particularly in the context of end-of-life decisions. It outlines the individual's
wishes regarding life-sustaining treatments, resuscitation, and other medical interventions.

Politics and Science

- The relationship between politics and science is complex and multifaceted. Both fields play crucial roles
in shaping society, but they operate according to different principles and objectives.

Policy Making

-Scientific research can inform and shape public policy decisions. Policymakers often rely on scientific
evidence to formulate effective and evidence-based policies. Sometimes, political ideologies or interests
can influence the interpretation or use of scientific findings. Politicians may cherry-pick or distort scientific
evidence to support their agendas.

Funding and Priorities

-Political decisions determine the allocation of funding to scientific research. The priorities of a government
may influence which scientific projects receive financial support. Maintaining the independence of scientific
research from political pressure is essential for unbiased and objective inquiry.

Ethical Considerations

-Scientific advancements, especially in fields like biotechnology and medicine, often raise ethical questions.
Political bodies are responsible for creating policies that balance scientific progress with ethical
considerations.

Global Challenges

-The intersection of science and politics is particularly evident in addressing global challenges such as
climate change. International cooperation and political agreements are necessary to implement solutions
based on scientific consensus.

Regulation and Legislation

-Governments enact laws and regulations based on scientific understanding to protect public health, safety,
and the environment. The process involves negotiation between scientific experts and policymakers.

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Technological Development

-The development of certain scientific and technological advancements can have implications for national
security. Governments may regulate or support specific areas of research based on security considerations.

Global Collaboration

-Political relations between countries can facilitate or hinder international scientific collaboration. Scientific
breakthroughs often require global cooperation.

Societal Inequality and Resistance

- Societal inequality and resistance are interconnected concepts that often arise in the context of social,
economic, and political disparities within a community or society.

Societal Inequality

- Societal inequality refers to the unequal distribution of resources, opportunities, and privileges among
individuals or groups within a society. This inequality can manifest in various forms, including economic,
educational, racial, gender, and social inequality.

Forms of Inequality

Causes:

Inequality can arise from historical legacies, discriminatory policies, systemic biases, and unequal access
to resources. Economic systems, political structures, and cultural norms can contribute to and perpetuate
inequality.

Economic Inequality

• Disparities in income and wealth distribution.

Educational Inequality

• Unequal access to quality education and educational resources.

Racial and Ethnic Inequality

• Discrimination based on race, ethnicity, or nationality.

Gender Inequality

• Differences in opportunities, rights, and treatment based on gender.nationality.

Resistance to Societal Inequality

Social Movements

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 • Resistance often takes the form of social movements advocating for change. Examples include
civil rights movements, feminist movements, and labor movements.

Activism

• Individuals and groups engage in activism to raise awareness, challenge discriminatory practices,
and demand social justice.

Policy Advocacy

• Advocacy for policy changes that address systemic issues contributing to inequality.

Community Organizing

• Grassroots efforts to empower communities and address local disparities.

Challenges and Impact

Resistance Challenges

• Those resisting societal inequality may face opposition, backlash, and systemic barriers.
Overcoming these challenges requires sustained effort and resilience.

Impact on society

• Successful resistance efforts can lead to positive social change, greater inclusion, and the
dismantling of discriminatory structures. However, the process is often gradual and may face
setbacks.

Role of Communication

Media and Narratives

• The media plays a crucial role in shaping public perceptions of inequality and resistance. Narratives
that challenge stereotypes and highlight injustices can contribute to social change.

Social Media

• Online platforms provide spaces for marginalized voices, facilitating the spread of information and
organizing of resistance movements.

Global Perspective

Intersectionality

• Recognizing that individuals may experience multiple forms of oppression simultaneously

(intersectionality) is essential for understanding and addressing societal inequality

International Solidarity

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 • Global movements and alliances contribute to a broader understanding of inequality and the
development of strategies for resistance.

Assessment
Direction: Read the questions carefully and answer them in your own words. Write your answer on the
space provided.

1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of being technologically dependent?

2. What are the common devices that are frequently used in your daily lives?

3. What are the significant effects or changes of technology in politics, business, healthcare, science,
social issues, etc.?

4. In what ways has digital technology influenced the education sector, and what challenges and
opportunities does it present for students and educators?

5. How do you define and understand the concept of informed consent in healthcare, and why is it a
critical ethical consideration?

6. In what ways do cultural and religious beliefs influence ethical perspectives on issues like end-of-
life care and medical interventions?

7. In what ways can political decisions impact the funding and direction of scientific research?

8. How can scientists effectively engage with policymakers to ensure that evidence-based research
informs legislative decisions?

9. How can education and awareness contribute to challenging and reducing societal inequality?

10. How does societal inequality manifest in other aspects of daily life, and what impact does it have
on individuals and society?

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UNIT IV: Technology and Privacy
Objectives:
▪ Understand and control online info.
▪ Answer the following questions regarding the lesson.

In today's world, technology is everywhere, making our lives more connected and convenient. From
smartphones to smart homes, we rely on technology for almost everything. But as we embrace these
advancements, a crucial concern arises: our privacy. Technology has the power to gather vast amounts of
information about us, often without us even realizing it. Every click, tap, or search leaves a digital footprint
that companies and even governments can track.

Unclear distinction between human and technology.

The unclear distinction between human and technology refers to the increasingly complex and
integrated relationship between human and technological advancements. As technology involves, it
becomes more ingrained in daily life, challenging traditional boundaries and prompting discussions about
the merging of human and technological aspect.

VIRTUAL REALITY
Integration of digital information into the physical word challenges our
perception of reality.

HUMANOID ROBOTS
Advanced robots with human-like features and AI capabilities mimic human
interaction.

Individual legal and ethical right and societal needs.

-In the realm of technology and privacy, the tension between individual rights and societal needs Is
pronounced. Individual have a right to privacy, and legal and ethical frameworks aim to protect personal
information. However, societal needs for security and public welfare may Necessitate some limitations on
privacy.

INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS
Privacy concerns individuals have the right to privacy in public spaces without unwarranted surveillance

SOCIETAL NEEDS
Surveillance system can contribute to crime prevention, public safety, and response to emergency.

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National security and the freedom of speech.

In the context of technology and privacy, the collision of freedom of speech and national security presents
difficult issues.

NATIONAL SECURITY
Concerns: Governments may argue for surveillance and monitoring to identify and mitigate potential threats
to national security.

FREEDOM OF SPEECH
Individual rights: Upholding the right to free speech is crucial for fostering open discourse and democratic
values.

Assessment
Direction: Read the questions carefully and answer them in your own words. Write your answer on the
space provided.

1.In the digital age, how concerned are you about your privacy?

2.What effects do you think technology has had on individuals' privacy in the last ten years?

3.Do you know what information technology businesses have about you? To what extent do you feel at
ease with this kind of data collection?

4.To what extent do you understand the privacy consequences of utilizing technology in your day-to-day
life?

5.Do you make use of smart gadgets, connected TVs, or home assistants? How do you use these gadgets
to protect the privacy of your data?

6.How do you protect your personal information both online and off? Are there any particular instruments
or methods that you find useful?
7.How should individuals and businesses safeguard personal information in the event of a data breach, in
your opinion?

8.Which particular technology give you concern about privacy? Why not, and why not?

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9.How can the requirement for security and the right to privacy be reconciled?

10.Regarding biometric data security and privacy, what are your thoughts?

REFERENCE:
[1]
https://books.google.com.ph/books?hl=en&lr=&id=H2KB2DK4w78C&oi=fnd&pg=PP11&dq=technology+a
nd+privacy&ots=1ZTgu8ZqPn&sig=Tnd3rMSeSagbOVNFVAidJDdkQqE&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=tec
hnology%20and%20privacy&f=false

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