Artificial Intelligence Driven Circuits and Systems: Select Proceedings of ISED 2021 (Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 811) Biswajit Mishra (Editor) 2024 Scribd Download
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Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering 811
Biswajit Mishra
Jimson Mathew
Priyadarsan Patra Editors
Artificial
Intelligence
Driven Circuits
and Systems
Select Proceedings of ISED 2021
Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering
Volume 811
Series Editors
Leopoldo Angrisani, Department of Electrical and Information Technologies Engineering, University of Napoli
Federico II, Naples, Italy
Marco Arteaga, Departament de Control y Robótica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán,
Mexico
Bijaya Ketan Panigrahi, Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi, India
Samarjit Chakraborty, Fakultät für Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik, TU München, Munich, Germany
Jiming Chen, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
Shanben Chen, Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
Tan Kay Chen, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore,
Singapore, Singapore
Rüdiger Dillmann, Humanoids and Intelligent Systems Laboratory, Karlsruhe Institute for Technology,
Karlsruhe, Germany
Haibin Duan, Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Beijing, China
Gianluigi Ferrari, Università di Parma, Parma, Italy
Manuel Ferre, Centre for Automation and Robotics CAR (UPM-CSIC), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid,
Madrid, Spain
Sandra Hirche, Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Science, Technische Universität
München, Munich, Germany
Faryar Jabbari, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA,
USA
Limin Jia, State Key Laboratory of Rail Traffic Control and Safety, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
Janusz Kacprzyk, Systems Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
Alaa Khamis, German University in Egypt El Tagamoa El Khames, New Cairo City, Egypt
Torsten Kroeger, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
Yong Li, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China
Qilian Liang, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
Ferran Martín, Departament d’Enginyeria Electrònica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra,
Barcelona, Spain
Tan Cher Ming, College of Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
Wolfgang Minker, Institute of Information Technology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
Pradeep Misra, Department of Electrical Engineering, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
Sebastian Möller, Quality and Usability Laboratory, TU Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Subhas Mukhopadhyay, School of Engineering & Advanced Technology, Massey University,
Palmerston North, Manawatu-Wanganui, New Zealand
Cun-Zheng Ning, Electrical Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
Toyoaki Nishida, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
Federica Pascucci, Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi "Roma Tre", Rome, Italy
Yong Qin, State Key Laboratory of Rail Traffic Control and Safety, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
Gan Woon Seng, School of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University,
Singapore, Singapore
Joachim Speidel, Institute of Telecommunications, Universität Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
Germano Veiga, Campus da FEUP, INESC Porto, Porto, Portugal
Haitao Wu, Academy of Opto-electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Walter Zamboni, DIEM - Università degli studi di Salerno, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
Junjie James Zhang, Charlotte, NC, USA
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Contents
v
vi Contents
vii
viii About the Editors
and the Design of Low-power and Intelligent systems. Prof. Patra had developed an
architecture for building Single Flux Quantum Circuits and adiabatic circuits for his
dissertation.
Elected Senior Member of both the IEEE and the ACM and an IE Fellow, Prof.
Patra is the Founding Chair of the global IEEE System Validation and Debug Tech-
nology Committee and serves on several international Boards of Advisors. Dr. Patra
holds a Ph.D. degree in Computer Sciences from the University of Texas at Austin,
an M.S. from the University of Massachusetts at Amherst, and a B.Engg from the
Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore.
An Efficient and Affordable R-Pi Based
Cardiac Disease Detection System
1 Introduction
ECG recordings are frequently used to detect Arrhythmias that are relatively quiet
in the early stages. However, they may provide valuable knowledge about an indi-
vidual’s fitness and aid in the detection of underlying heart anomalies and the timely
detection can prove to be life saving. While not all of arrhythmias are permanent
or necessitate medical treatment, they can signal the onset of serious heart diseases.
An ECG depicts the electrical activity of the heart and provides a large amount of
information on the functionality of the heart required for the proper diagnosis of
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022 1
B. Mishra et al. (eds.), Artificial Intelligence Driven Circuits and Systems,
Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering 811,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6940-8_1
2 N. Arora and B. Mishra
rate variability based on ECG data in order to obtain the values. In [7], ECG sensors
gathered patient physiological data, which was then analyzed by an Arduino micro-
controller. LabVIEW software was installed on the doctor’s phone, which accessed
the patient’s health details via email.
Our proposed system overcomes the dependency on offline processing by deploy-
ing the processing and disease detection algorithms on R-Pi. Equal to the size of a
credit card, R-Pi operates as if it were a regular machine at a lower cost without
any significant trade-off. Our system provides the results for most of the atrial and
ventricular cardiac diseases such as Arrhythmias, Atrial Fibrillation, Hypocalcemia,
Hypercalcemia, AV Blocks, and Myocardial infarction. Due to the Internet enabled
and compact size of the system, it is easily deployed even at remote locations.
The proposed system architecture is shown in Fig. 2. To make the system more flexible
to home environments, four limb reusable ECG clamp electrodes are used. The four
electrodes, namely, RA (right arm), LA (left arm), LL (left leg), RL (right leg) are
paired into two different leads with a pairing of RL, RA, and LA in Lead I and RL,
RA, and LL in Lead II. These two leads are fed into two different AD8232 sensors
through a 3.5 mm jack present on the board. The analog output from the sensors is
fed into Arduino nano as it has the inbuilt ADC to convert the Analog ECG data to
discrete sampled one and it is transmitted to R-Pi at a baud rate of 19200. Our system
operates at a sampling frequency 184 Hz.
Additionally, our system considers specific criteria to assess the individual’s pre-
liminary health status. These factors include the individual’s age, gender, and smok-
ing status through an Android Mobile Application.
details filled will be stored in R-Pi in the text format. Figure 3 shows the screenshots
of the developed android application and the proposed system architecture.
After receiving the user specific information the R-Pi starts storing the Lead I
and Lead II ECG signals. Lead I and Lead II signals are utilized to obtain remaining
frontal leads that are processed to classify various atrial and ventricular diseases.
The obtained results include the Heart Rate Variability analysis of ECG and the
summarized report on Arrhythmias, Atrial Fibrillation, PR anomalies, QT anomalies,
and ST-T deviations.
After determining all the frontal leads, the leads are processed for R peaks, QRS
Complex, J point, baseline, P, and T waves of the ECG signal.
An Efficient and Affordable R-Pi Based Cardiac Disease Detection System 5
For detecting the R peaks, the widely accepted Pan Tompkins algorithm [8, 9] has
been used. The QRS complex has been detected by the difference operation method
stated in [10]. Detection of J point is done by creating a search space between t R +
20 ms to t R + 100 ms duration, where t R represents the location of the corresponding
R peak. Three consecutive points with a slope less than or equal to 2.5 µV/sec are
obtained and if the above-stated condition is satisfied, the midpoint is considered
as the J point. Otherwise, 60 ms is added to the S point to be the J point [11]. The
detection of the baseline of the signal is considered within a window spanning from
t R − 100 ms to t R − 40 ms. The window is further searched for 20 ms with an average
minimum slope value. The selected duration’s average amplitude is considered as
the baseline level of the signal. Search space for J point and Baseline is shown in
Fig. 4. Baseline detection plays an important role in MI detection.
The T wave may be biphasic or monophasic in nature in one or the other leads and
are necessary for detecting the cardiac anomalies such as MI, hypocalcemia, and
hypercalcemia. To obtain T waves that may be biphasic or monophasic in nature,
6 N. Arora and B. Mishra
we propose an algorithm that makes use of QRS complex, J point, and baseline of
the signal as inputs with the ECG signal. This information is vital to create accurate
search spaces for the probable T waves. The algorithm begins with the local maxima
in the probable search spaces. During the course of experimentation, we observed that
the signal is mainly affected by the baseline wandering and subtraction of adaptive
baseline levels from the signal leads to improvement in results.
The ECG signal that is preprocessed with 0.5–10 Hz bandpass filter optimizes the
T wave energy. Search space of 200 ms duration is created starting with the Star tT
point. t J represents the J point location and RR(i) represents the corresponding RR
interval. To make the search space adaptive of baseline changes and other drifts
present in the signal, the baseline level has been subtracted from the search space.
Further, we have determined maximum and minimum values in the adaptive search
space with the respective locations. The proposed algorithm for T wave detection
is shown in Fig. 5. Following this, the absolute maximum and minimum values are
compared to obtain the biphasic or monophasic T wave location.
The detection algorithm of the P wave consists of preprocessing band pass filter
to optimize the P wave frequencies and a stage to fix the QRS amplitude levels. It is
done so that the QRS signal does not interfere in the detection of the P wave. After
the preprocessing stage, we categorized the RR segments based on the Premature
Ventricular Contractions (PVC) conditions. If the signal belongs to the PVC class
then, the P wave detection for that particular case is not possible. Otherwise, a
temporal search space for P wave as mentioned in [12] is considered. However, the
mentioned literature utilized the phasor transform of the ECG signal, whereas we
are processing the signal in the time domain.
The maximum’s location in the search space is further compared with the previous
cycle’s T wave location. If the T wave location (tT ) and the P wave location (t P ) is
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different content
de la terra, y la elecció d’uns ó altres, tant pot confiarse al poble
directament, com al poder executiu ab aprobació d’una part del
llegislatiu, com á las Cámaras d’aquest. Tot cap dins de la organisació
particularista sens alterarla essencialment. Filla del reconeixement
de las varietats, en res renega de son orígen.
Un Estat, com tots los sers naturals ó jurídichs, desde lo moment que
gosa de personalitat propia, té duas missions capitals que cumplir.
La primera comprén tot lo que’s refereix á sa vida íntima; la segona
tot que’s té que veure ab sa vida exterior. Negada la possibilitat de
que tota la humanitat y tota la terra formin un sol Estat, han de
coexistirne varis, y puig que’ls Estats son conjunts d’homens,
necessaria y precisament han de relacionarse los uns ab los altres.
Aixis com no’s concebeix l’individuo sinó formant societat ab altres
individuos, tampoch se pot imaginar un Estat aislat de tots los altres.
La associació d’Estats té com un de sos objectes donar al conjunt de
molts de petits las condicions d’un de gran, sens que hagin de
renunciar á las ventatjas que’ls són propias, y perdent, per contra, las
desventatjas que de llur petitesa se originan. Los Estats associats van
á ferse forts per medi de la unió. Pera alcansar aquest resultat, al
dividirse las atribucions de la soberanía, deuhen encarregarse al
conjunt ó Estat general totas las que son indispensables pera la vida
exterior de la Confederació. Aquesta ha de presentarse unida y
compacta davant de las altras nacions, que han d’ignorar
diplomáticament la existencia de las varietats interiors.
En algun dels capítols anteriors hem indicat que certas brancas del
dret privat poden ser concentradas ab benefici de tots aquells á quins
han de obligar, puig per llur naturalesa especial no afectan á una sola
comarca, ni á una sola agrupació nacional, sinó á totas las societats
civilisadas. Molts contractes mercantils se troban en aquest cas. Se
pot, donchs, confiar sens inconvenient algunas atribucions relativas
á tals materias als poders generals de l’associació d’Estats.
Tal vegada á molts los semblará que aquesta ventatja del Estat
compost es molt bona pera ser exposada en teoria, y no creurán que
pugui manifestarse en fets práctichs. Si tal los semblés ó aixó
creguessin, s’enganyarian completament. No sóls aquellas ventatjas
se manifestan en la práctica, sino que son conseqüencia precisa de la
organisació particularista.
¿Se’n volen exemples? No hem de fer més que girar la vista cap á
qualsevol de las associacions d’Estats, y’n trovarem de tota classe.
¿Se’n volen en lo terreno del dret polítich? A Suissa tenim lo Veto, lo
Referendum, la Iniciativa, etc., quinas institucions s’han anat
introduhint en la majoría dels Cantons, en vista dels bons resultats
obtinguts per lo que primer va ferne la proba. Lo dret de revisar las
lleys dictadas per la autoritat llegislativa per medi de votacions
populars ad Referendum va naixer en los Cantons del Valais y dels
Grisons, en los quals hi havia d’antich la costum de referir ó donar
compte de las lleys fetas per lo Concell á las decenas ó municipalitats,
á fi y efecte que resolguessin sobre d’ellas en definitiva. Al acomodar
los Cantons la tradició ab las aspiracions, van modernisar la
institució, y copiantla los que no la havian encara adoptada dels que
ja la tenian, van anarla perfeccionant y extenent fins al punt, de que
avuy forma ja part del dret federal, puig que las lleys que dictan las
autoritats representativas del conjunt han de ser subjectadas á la
revisió popular de tota la Confederació, sempre que
constitucionalment ho demanan trenta mil ciutadans actius ó vuit
dels Cantons confederats. Y tot passant dels uns Cantons als altres, la
institució ha anat prenent formas tan variadas, que mentres en
alguns es lo Referendum obligatori pera totas las lleys, en altres ho es
sóls pera las que importin un gasto que passi d’una quantitat fixada,
y en altres es purament facultatiu ó condicional, no tenint efecte sinó
que ho demani lo número de ciutadans actius que está fixat en las
lleys fonamentals. De la meteixa manera que’l Referendum han anat
extenentse las demés institucions que havem citat y moltas altras.
La lley ó Act Torrens, que porta lo nom de son autor, Sir Robert
Torrens —(tal vegada una gloria catalana que ignorem, puig
l’apellido indica que ha de ser fill ó descendent al menys de la nostra
terra,)— té per objecte movilisar la propietat inmoble, y ho
consegueix pels medis més senzills. Lo qui vol col·locar sa propietat
baix lo régimen de la lley, —puig que aquesta no es obligatoria, y
otorga sas ventatjas sóls als que las volen disfrutar,— envia un plan
de la finca, una descripció y’ls títols de la meteixa, á la oficina
encarregada del registre. Aquesta examina’ls títols com si hagués de
comprar la propietat, y si’ls troba corrents, ho anuncia al públich. Si’s
presentan reclamacions, las ha de resoldre lo propietari: si no se’n
presentan, ó una volta resoltas las presentadas, la oficina inscriu lo
títol en un llibre talonari en que hi constan totas las cargas y
gravámens, y dona’l taló al propietari. Desde aquest moment la
propietat está col·locada al amparo de la lley Torrens, y la
administració la garanteix contra qualsevol reclamació que pugui
venir, encarregantse de sostenir los plets y de pagar las
indemnizacions que procedeixin, cobrant al efecte un dret de
asseguració que no passa jamay del dos per mil. Las operacions sobre
la propietat garantida son desde aquell moment facilíssimas y’s fan
totas sobre’l taló. Aquest es endossable, divisible, hipotecable, etc.,
etc., lo meteix que un document de comers. Totas las operacions
s’escriuhen en lo meteix títol, com en una lletra de cambi. Ab aquesta
senzillesa, la lley Torrens reemplassa lo registre engorrós y complicat
dels contractes, per lo registre de un títol en lo qual está condensada
la propietat. Pera’ls empenyos á curt plasso, ni tant sóls se n’ha de
pendre nota. Lo propietari deixa lo taló en poder del prestador, y
aquest té la seguretat de que aquell no fará cap operació nova que
comprometi’l seu crédit, puig que no disposant del taló, no pot
contreure cap obligació que afecti á la propietat que ha donat en
garantía.
Mes, no cal anar á cercar los exemples fora de casa, puig ne tenim
prous á casa nostra, en la época anterior á la unificació. Lo
particularisme de la Confederació aragonesa-catalana, encara que no
ab la amplitut que ha alcansat lo sistema en son desenrotllo modern,
produhia efectes semblants als que hem presentat com exemple.